18 U.S.C. §§ 1028–1030

(Added Pub. L. 97–398, § 2, Dec. 31, 1982, 96 Stat. 2009; amended Pub. L. 99–646, § 44(a), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3601; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7023, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4397; Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, § 1205(e), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4831; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, § 330016(1)(K), (M), (O), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2147, 2148; Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title II, § 211(a)(1), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–569; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, § 601(a)(3), (p), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3498, 3502; Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(a)–(h)(1), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3007–3009; Pub. L. 106–578, § 3, Dec. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 3076; Pub. L. 108–21, title VI, § 607(b), Apr. 30, 2003, 117 Stat. 689; Pub. L. 108–275, §§ 2(c), 3, July 15, 2004, 118 Stat. 832; Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, § 7216, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3833; Pub. L. 109–13, div. B, title II, § 203(a), May 11, 2005, 119 Stat. 315; Pub. L. 109–177, title VI, § 603, Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 253.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2006—Subsecs. (a)(6), (c)(1). Pub. L. 109–177, § 603(1), (2), inserted “or a sponsoring entity of an event designated as a special event of national significance” after “United States”.

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 109–177, § 603(3), inserted “a sponsoring entity of an event designated as a special event of national significance,” after “political subdivision of a State,”.

Subsec. (d)(4)(B), (6)(B). Pub. L. 109–177, § 603(4), inserted “a sponsoring entity of an event designated by the President as a special event of national significance,” after “political subdivision of a State,”.

2005—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 109–13 substituted “false or actual authentication features” for “false authentication features”.

2004—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 108–275, § 3(1), substituted “transfers, possesses,” for “transfers” and “abet, or in connection with,” for “abet,”.

Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub. L. 108–275, § 3(2), substituted “transfer, possession,” for “transfer”.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–275, § 3(3), substituted “5 years” for “three years” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 108–458 substituted “30 years” for “25 years”.

Pub. L. 108–275, § 3(4), inserted “an act of domestic terrorism (as defined under section 2331(5) of this title) or” after “facilitate”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–275, § 2(c), inserted “and section 1028A” after “In this section” in introductory provisions.

2003—Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(6), inserted “, authentication features,” after “documents” in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(1)(A), inserted “, authentication feature,” after “an identification document”.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(1)(B), inserted “, authentication feature,” after “an identification document” and “or feature” after “such document”.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(1)(C), inserted “, authentication features,” after “possessor)”.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(1)(D), inserted “, authentication feature,” after “possessor)” and “or feature” after “such document”.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(1)(E), inserted “or authentication feature” after “implement” wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(1)(F), inserted “or authentication feature” before “that is or appears”, “or authentication feature” before “of the United States” and “or feature” after “such document” and struck out “or” at end.

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(1)(G), inserted “or” after semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(1)(H), added par. (8).

Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(2)(A)(i)(I), inserted “, authentication feature,” before “or false” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(A)(i). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(2)(A)(i)(II), inserted “or authentication feature” after “document”.

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(2)(A)(ii), inserted “, authentication features,” before “or false”.

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(2)(B), inserted “, authentication feature,” before “or a false”.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(3), inserted “, authentication feature,” before “or false” in two places.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(4), added pars. (1), (5), (6) and (12), redesignated former pars. (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), and (8) as pars. (2), (3), (4), (7), (8), (9), (10), and (11), respectively, and in par. (4)(A) inserted “or was issued under the authority of a governmental entity but was subsequently altered for purposes of deceit” after “entity”.

Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 108–21, § 607(b)(5), added subsec. (h) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i).

2000—Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 106–578, § 3(1), inserted “, including the transfer of a document by electronic means” after “commerce”.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 106–578, § 3(2)(A), inserted “template, computer file, computer disc,” after “impression,”.

Subsec. (d)(3) to (8). Pub. L. 106–578, § 3(2)(B)–(F), added pars. (3) and (7) and redesignated former pars. (3), (4), (5), and (6) as (4), (5), (6), and (8), respectively.

1998—Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(h)(1), inserted “and information” at end of section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(a)(3), struck out “or attempts to do so,” before “shall be punished” in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(a)(1), (2), (4), added par. (7).

Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(b)(1), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(b)(2)(A), substituted “, transfer, or use of a means of identification, an identification document, or a” for “or transfer of an identification document or”.

Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(b)(2)(B), inserted “or (7)” after “(3)”.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(b)(3), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: “a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 20 years, or both, if the offense is committed to facilitate a drug trafficking crime (as defined in section 929(a)(2) of this title);”.

Subsec. (b)(5), (6). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(b)(4)–(6), added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as (6).

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(c), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: “the production, transfer, or possession prohibited by this section is in or affects interstate or foreign commerce, or the identification document, false identification document, or document-making implement is transported in the mail in the course of the production, transfer, or possession prohibited by this section.”

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(d), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) consisted of pars. (1) to (5) defining “identification document”, “produce”, “document-making implement”, “personal identification card”, and “State” as used in this section.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(e), added subsec. (f).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(f), added subsec. (g).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–318, § 3(g), added subsec. (h).

1996—Subsec. (a)(4), (5). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(p), struck out “or” after semicolon in par. (4) and inserted “or” after semicolon in par. (5).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(a)(3), substituted “fine under this title” for “fine of under this title” wherever appearing.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 104–208, § 211(a)(1)(A), in introductory provisions inserted “except as provided in paragraphs (3) and (4),” after “(1)” and substituted “15 years” for “five years”.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 104–208, § 211(a)(1)(B), inserted “except as provided in paragraphs (3) and (4),” after “(2)” in introductory provisions and struck out “and” at end.

Subsec. (b)(3) to (5). Pub. L. 104–208, § 211(a)(1)(C), (D), added pars. (3) and (4) and redesignated former par. (3) as (5).

1994—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(O), substituted “under this title” for “not more than $25,000”.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(M), substituted “under this title” for “not more than $15,000”.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(1)(K), substituted “under this title” for “not more than $5,000”.

1990—Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 101–647 inserted “commonwealth,” before “possession or territory of the United States”.

1988—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 100–690 inserted “knowingly” before “possesses”, “lawful” before first reference to “authority”, and “such” before second reference to “authority”.

1986—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–646 substituted “chapter 224 of this title” for “title V of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (18 U.S.C. note prec. 3481)”.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2000 Amendment

Pub. L. 106–578, § 5, Dec. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 3077, provided that: “This Act [amending this section, repealing section 1738 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note below] and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 28, 2000].”

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Pub. L. 104–208, div. C, title II, § 211(c), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–570, provided that: “This section [amending this section and sections 1425 to 1427, 1541 to 1544, and 1546 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 994 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] and the amendments made by this section shall apply with respect to offenses occurring on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 1996].”

Coordinating Committee on False Identification

Pub. L. 106–578, § 2, Dec. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 3075, provided that: In General.—The Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury shall establish a coordinating committee to ensure, through existing interagency task forces or other means, that the creation and distribution of false identification documents (as defined in section 1028(d)(3) [now 1028(d)(4)] of title 18, United States Code, as added by section 3(2) of this Act) is vigorously investigated and prosecuted. Membership.—The coordinating committee shall consist of the Director of the United States Secret Service, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Attorney General, the Commissioner of Social Security, and the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, or their respective designees. Term.—The coordinating committee shall terminate 2 years after the effective date of this Act [see Effective Date of 2000 Amendment note above].Report.— In general.—The Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, at the end of each year of the existence of the committee, shall report to the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives on the activities of the committee. Contents.—The report referred to in paragraph (1) shall include— the total number of indictments and informations, guilty pleas, convictions, and acquittals resulting from the investigation and prosecution of the creation and distribution of false identification documents during the preceding year; identification of the Federal judicial districts in which the indictments and informations were filed, and in which the subsequent guilty pleas, convictions, and acquittals occurred; specification of the Federal statutes utilized for prosecution; a brief factual description of significant investigations and prosecutions; specification of the sentence imposed as a result of each guilty plea and conviction; and recommendations, if any, for legislative changes that could facilitate more effective investigation and prosecution of the creation and distribution of false identification documents.”

[For transfer of the functions, personnel, assets, and obligations of the United States Secret Service, including the functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 381, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.]

[For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.]

Constitutional Authority

Pub. L. 105–318, § 2, Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3007, provided that: “The constitutional authority upon which this Act [see Short Title of 1998 Amendments note set out under section 1001 of this title] rests is the power of Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several States, and the authority to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States or in any department or officer thereof, as set forth in article I, section 8 of the United States Constitution.”

Centralized Complaint and Consumer Education Service for Victims of Identity Theft

Pub. L. 105–318, § 5, Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3010, provided that: In General.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 30, 1998], the Federal Trade Commission shall establish procedures to— log and acknowledge the receipt of complaints by individuals who certify that they have a reasonable belief that 1 or more of their means of identification (as defined in section 1028 of title 18, United States Code, as amended by this Act) have been assumed, stolen, or otherwise unlawfully acquired in violation of section 1028 of title 18, United States Code, as amended by this Act; provide informational materials to individuals described in paragraph (1); and refer complaints described in paragraph (1) to appropriate entities, which may include referral to— the 3 major national consumer reporting agencies; and appropriate law enforcement agencies for potential law enforcement action. Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section.”

Fraud and Related Activity in Connection With Identification Documents

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 609L, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2103, provided that: For purposes of section 1028 of title 18, United States Code, to the maximum extent feasible, personal descriptors or identifiers utilized in identification documents, as defined in such section, shall utilize common descriptive terms and formats designed to— reduce the redundancy and duplication of identification systems by providing information which can be utilized by the maximum number of authorities, and facilitate positive identification of bona fide holders of identification documents. The President shall, no later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 12, 1984], and after consultation with Federal, State, local, and international issuing authorities, and concerned groups make recommnedations [recommendations] to the Congress for the enactment of comprehensive legislation on Federal identification systems. Such legislation shall— give due consideration to protecting the privacy of persons who are the subject of any identification system, recommend appropriate civil and criminal sanctions for the misuse or unauthorized disclosure of personal identification information, and make recommendations providing for the exchange of personal identification information as authorized by Federal or State law or Executive order of the President or the chief executive officer of any of the several States.”

(Added Pub. L. 108–275, § 2(a), July 15, 2004, 118 Stat. 831.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(10), is act June 27, 1952, ch. 477, 66 Stat. 163. Chapter 8 of title II of the Act is classified generally to part VIII (§ 1321 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 12 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1101 of Title 8 and Tables.

The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(11), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (§ 301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.

(Added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 1602(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2183; amended Pub. L. 99–646, § 44(b), Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3601; Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, § 1205(f), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4831; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXV, § 250007, title XXXIII, § 330016(2)(I), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2087, 2148; Pub. L. 103–414, title II, § 206, Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4291; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, § 601(l), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3501; Pub. L. 105–172, § 2(a)–(d), Apr. 24, 1998, 112 Stat. 53, 54; Pub. L. 107–56, title III, § 377, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 342; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, § 4002(b)(11), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1808; Pub. L. 114–113, div. N, title IV, § 407, Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2985.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 413 of the Controlled Substances Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is classified to section 853 of Title 21, Food and Drugs.

The Communications Act of 1934, referred to in subsec. (e)(10), is act June 19, 1934, ch. 652, 48 Stat. 1964. Title III of the Act is classified generally to subchapter III (§ 301 et seq.) of chapter 5 of Title 47, Telecommunications. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 609 of Title 47 and Tables.

Amendments

2015—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–113 substituted “title if the offense involves an access device issued, owned, managed, or controlled by a financial institution, account issuer, credit card system member, or other entity organized under the laws of the United States, or any State, the District of Columbia, or other territory of the United States.” for “title if—

“(1) the offense involves an access device issued, owned, managed, or controlled by a financial institution, account issuer, credit card system member, or other entity within the jurisdiction of the United States; and

“(2) the person transports, delivers, conveys, transfers to or through, or otherwise stores, secrets, or holds within the jurisdiction of the United States, any article used to assist in the commission of the offense or the proceeds of such offense or property derived therefrom.”

2002—Subsec. (c)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 107–273, § 4002(b)(11)(A), substituted “(9)” for “(9),”.

Subsec. (e)(8). Pub. L. 107–273, § 4002(b)(11)(B), inserted semicolon at end.

2001—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 107–56 added subsec. (h).

1998—Subsec. (a)(8) to (10). Pub. L. 105–172, § 2(a), added pars. (8) and (9), redesignated former par. (9) as (10), and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: “knowingly and with intent to defraud uses, produces, traffics in, has control or custody of, or possesses—

“(A) a scanning receiver; or

“(B) hardware or software used for altering or modifying telecommunications instruments to obtain unauthorized access to telecommunications services, or”.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–172, § 2(b)(2), substituted “subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense attempted” for “punished as provided in subsection (c) of this section”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–172, § 2(b)(1), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: “The punishment for an offense under subsection (a) or (b)(1) of this section is—

“(1) a fine under this title or twice the value obtained by the offense, whichever is greater, or imprisonment for not more than ten years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(2), (3), (5), (6), (7), (8), or (9) of this section which does not occur after a conviction for another offense under either such subsection, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this paragraph;

“(2) a fine under this title or twice the value obtained by the offense, whichever is greater, or imprisonment for not more than fifteen years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(1), (4), (5), (6), (7), or (8) of this section which does not occur after a conviction for another offense under either such subsection, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this paragraph; and

“(3) a fine under this title or twice the value obtained by the offense, whichever is greater, or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a) of this section which occurs after a conviction for another offense under such subsection, or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this paragraph.”

Subsec. (e)(8). Pub. L. 105–172, § 2(c), inserted “or to intercept an electronic serial number, mobile identification number, or other identifier of any telecommunications service, equipment, or instrument” before the period at end.

Subsec. (e)(9) to (11). Pub. L. 105–172, § 2(d)(2), added pars. (9) to (11).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–172, § 2(d)(1), added subsec. (g).

1996—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(l)(1)(A), redesignated par. (5), relating to instruments that have been modified or altered to obtain unauthorized access to telecommunications services, as (7).

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(l)(1)(C), in par. (6) relating to solicitations, struck out “or” at end.

Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(l)(1)(A), redesignated par. (6), relating to scanning receivers or other hardware or software used to obtain unauthorized access to telecommunications services, as (8).

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(l)(1)(A), (C), redesignated par. (5), relating to instruments that have been modified or altered to obtain unauthorized access to telecommunications services, as (7), and struck out “or” at end. Par. transferred to appear in numerical order to reflect probable intent of Congress. Former par. (7) redesignated (9).

Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(l)(1)(B), redesignated par. (7) as (9).

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(l)(1)(A), (D), redesignated par. (6), relating to scanning receivers or other hardware or software used to obtain unauthorized access to telecommunications services, as (8) and inserted “or” at end. Par. transferred to appear in numerical order to reflect probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(l)(1)(B), redesignated par. (7) as (9).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(l)(3)(A), substituted “(7), (8), or (9)” for “or (7)”.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(l)(3)(B), substituted “(6), (7), or (8)” for “or (6)”.

Subsec. (e)(7), (8). Pub. L. 104–294, § 601(l)(2), redesignated par. (7), defining “scanning receiver”, as (8).

1994—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–322, § 250007(1)(A), and Pub. L. 103–414, § 206(a)(1), amended par. (3) identically, striking “or” at end.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 103–414, § 206(a)(2), added par. (5) relating to instruments that have been modified or altered to obtain unauthorized use of telecommunications services.

Pub. L. 103–322, § 250007(1)(B), added par. (5) relating to transactions involving use of access devices issued to persons other than user.

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 103–414, § 206(a)(2), added par. (6) relating to scanning receivers or other hardware or software used to obtain unauthorized access to telecommunications services.

Pub. L. 103–322, § 250007(1)(B), added par. (6) relating to solicitations which offer access devices or information regarding access devices.

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 103–322, § 250007(1)(B), added par. (7).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(2)(I), substituted “fine under this title or twice the value obtained by the offense, whichever is greater, or imprisonment” for “fine of not more than the greater of $10,000 or twice the value obtained by the offense or imprisonment”.

Pub. L. 103–322, § 250007(2), substituted “(a)(2), (3), (5), (6), or (7)” for “(a)(2) or (a)(3)”.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 103–414, § 206(b), substituted “(a)(1), (4), (5), or (6)” for “(a)(1) or (a)(4)”.

Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(2)(I), substituted “fine under this title or twice the value obtained by the offense, whichever is greater, or imprisonment” for “fine of not more than the greater of $50,000 or twice the value obtained by the offense or imprisonment”.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 103–322, § 330016(2)(I), substituted “fine under this title or twice the value obtained by the offense, whichever is greater, or imprisonment” for “fine of not more than the greater of $100,000 or twice the value obtained by the offense or imprisonment”.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 103–414, § 206(c)(1), inserted “electronic serial number, mobile identification number, personal identification number, or other telecommunications service, equipment, or instrument identifier,” after “account number,”.

Subsec. (e)(5), (6). Pub. L. 103–322, § 250007(3)(A), (B), and Pub. L. 103–414, § 206(c)(2), (3), amended subsec. (e) identically, striking “and” at end of par. (5) and substituting “; and” for period at end of par. (6).

Subsec. (e)(7). Pub. L. 103–414, § 206(c)(4), added par. (7) defining “scanning receiver”.

Pub. L. 103–322, § 250007(3)(C), added par. (7) defining “credit card system member”.

1990—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–647 inserted at end “For purposes of this subsection, the term ‘State’ includes a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United States.”

1986—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–646 which directed that subsec. (f) be amended by substituting “chapter 224 of this title” for “title V of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (18 U.S.C. note prec. 3481)” was executed by making the substitution for “title V of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970) 18 U.S.C. note prec. 3481)” to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of the functions, personnel, assets, and obligations of the United States Secret Service, including the functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 381, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

Report to Congress

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 1603, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2184, directed Attorney General to report to Congress annually, during first three years following Oct. 12, 1984, concerning prosecutions under this section.

(Added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 2102(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2190; amended Pub. L. 99–474, § 2, Oct. 16, 1986, 100 Stat. 1213; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7065, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4404; Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, § 962(a)(5), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 502; Pub. L. 101–647, title XII, § 1205(e), title XXV, § 2597(j), title XXXV, § 3533, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4831, 4910, 4925; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXIX, § 290001(b)–(f), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2097–2099; Pub. L. 104–294, title II, § 201, title VI, § 604(b)(36), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3491, 3508; Pub. L. 107–56, title V, § 506(a), title VIII, § 814(a)–(e), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 366, 382–384; Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title IV, §§ 4002(b)(1), (12), 4005(a)(3), (d)(3), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1807, 1808, 1812, 1813; Pub. L. 107–296, title XXII, § 2207(g), formerly title II, § 225(g), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2158, renumbered § 2207(g), Pub. L. 115–278, § 2(g)(2)(I), Nov. 16, 2018, 132 Stat. 4178; Pub. L. 110–326, title II, §§ 203, 204(a), 205–208, Sept. 26, 2008, 122 Stat. 3561, 3563; Pub. L. 116–179, § 2, Oct. 20, 2020, 134 Stat. 855.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 11 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is classified to section 2014 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Section 1602(n) of title 15, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), was redesignated section 1602(o) of title 15 by Pub. L. 111–203, title X, § 1100A(1)(A), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2107.

The Fair Credit Reporting Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), is title VI of Pub. L. 90–321, as added by Pub. L. 91–508, title VI, § 601, Oct. 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1127, which is classified generally to subchapter III (§ 1681 et seq.) of chapter 41 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 15 and Tables.

The Farm Credit Act of 1971, referred to in subsec. (e)(4)(E), is Pub. L. 92–181, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 583, which is classified generally to chapter 23 (§ 2001 et seq.) of Title 12, Banks and Banking. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2001 of Title 12 and Tables.

Section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, referred to in subsec. (e)(4)(F), is classified to section 78o of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Section 1(b) of the International Banking Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. (e)(4)(H), is classified to section 3101 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

Section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(4)(I), is classified to subchapter I (§ 601 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12. Section 25(a) of the Federal Reserve Act, which is classified to subchapter II (§ 611 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12, was renumbered section 25A of that act by Pub. L. 102–242, title I, § 142(e)(2), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2281.

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (h), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 103–322, which was approved Sept. 13, 1994.

Amendments

2020—Subsec. (e)(2)(C). Pub. L. 116–179, § 2(1), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (e)(13), (14). Pub. L. 116–179, § 2(2)–(4), added pars. (13) and (14).

2008—Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 110–326, § 203, struck out “if the conduct involved an interstate or foreign communication” after “computer”.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 110–326, § 204(a)(1), redesignated cls. (i) to (iii) of subpar. (A) as subpars. (A) to (C), respectively, substituted “damage and loss.” for “damage; and” in subpar. (C), and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows:

“(B) by conduct described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of subparagraph (A), caused (or, in the case of an attempted offense, would, if completed, have caused)—

“(i) loss to 1 or more persons during any 1-year period (and, for purposes of an investigation, prosecution, or other proceeding brought by the United States only, loss resulting from a related course of conduct affecting 1 or more other protected computers) aggregating at least $5,000 in value;

“(ii) the modification or impairment, or potential modification or impairment, of the medical examination, diagnosis, treatment, or care of 1 or more individuals;

“(iii) physical injury to any person;

“(iv) a threat to public health or safety; or

“(v) damage affecting a computer system used by or for a government entity in furtherance of the administration of justice, national defense, or national security;”.

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 110–326, § 205, amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: “with intent to extort from any person any money or other thing of value, transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat to cause damage to a protected computer;”.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–326, § 206, inserted “conspires to commit or” after “Whoever”.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 110–326, § 204(a)(2)(A), struck out “(a)(5)(A)(iii),” after “(a)(3),”.

Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 110–326, § 204(a)(2)(B), struck out “(a)(5)(A)(iii),” after “(a)(4),”.

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 110–326, § 204(a)(2)(C), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) related to fines and imprisonment for intentionally or recklessly causing damage to a protected computer without authorization.

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 110–326, § 204(a)(2)(D), struck out par. (5) which related to fine or imprisonment for knowingly or recklessly causing or attempting to cause serious bodily injury or death from certain conduct damaging a protected computer.

Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 110–326, § 207, inserted “or affecting” after “which is used in”.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 110–326, § 204(a)(3)(B), in the third sentence, substituted “subsection (c)(4)(A)(i)(I)” for “subsection (a)(5)(B)(i)”.

Pub. L. 110–326, § 204(a)(3)(A), which directed substitution of “in subclauses (I), (II), (III), (IV), or (V) of subsection (c)(4)(A)(i)” for “in clauses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v) of subsection (a)(5)(B)” in the second sentence, was executed by making the substitution for “in clause (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v) of subsection (a)(5)(B)” to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 110–326, § 208, added subsecs. (i) and (j).

2002—Subsec. (a)(5)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, § 4005(a)(3), realigned margins.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, § 4002(b)(1), realigned margins.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 107–273, § 4002(b)(12)(A), inserted “and” at end.

Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, § 4005(d)(3), inserted comma after “(a)(4)”.

Subsec. (c)(4)(A), (C). Pub. L. 107–296, § 2207(g)(2), formerly § 225(g)(2), as renumbered by Pub. L. 115–278, § 2(g)(2)(I), inserted “except as provided in paragraph (5),” before “a fine under this title”.

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 107–296, § 2207(g)(1), (3), (4), formerly § 225(g)(1), (3), (4), as renumbered by Pub. L. 115–278, § 2(g)(2)(I), added par. (5).

Subsec. (e)(4)(I). Pub. L. 107–273, § 4002(b)(12)(B), substituted semicolon for period at end.

2001—Subsec. (a)(5)(A). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(a)(1)–(3), designated existing provisions as cl. (i), redesignated subpars. (B) and (C) as cls. (ii) and (iii), respectively, of subpar. (A), and inserted “and” at end of cl. (iii).

Subsec. (a)(5)(B). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(a)(4), added subpar. (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated cl. (ii) of subpar. (A).

Subsec. (a)(5)(C). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(a)(2), redesignated subpar. (C) as cl. (iii) of subpar. (A).

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(b), struck out “, firm, association, educational institution, financial institution, government entity, or other legal entity,” before “any money or other thing of value”.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(c)(1)(A), inserted “except as provided in subparagraph (B),” before “a fine”, substituted “(a)(5)(A)(iii)” for “(a)(5)(C)”, and struck out “and” at end.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(c)(1)(B), inserted “or an attempt to commit an offense punishable under this subparagraph,” after “subsection (a)(2),” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(c)(1)(C), struck out “and” at end.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(c)(2), struck out “, (a)(5)(A), (a)(5)(B),” after “subsection (a)(4)” in subpars. (A) and (B) and substituted “(a)(5)(A)(iii)” for “(a)(5)(C)” in subpar. (B).

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(c)(3), added par. (4).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–56, § 506(a), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: “The United States Secret Service shall, in addition to any other agency having such authority, have the authority to investigate offenses under subsections (a)(2)(A), (a)(2)(B), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5), and (a)(6) of this section. Such authority of the United States Secret Service shall be exercised in accordance with an agreement which shall be entered into by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General.”

Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(d)(1), inserted “, including a computer located outside the United States that is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce or communication of the United States” before semicolon.

Subsec. (e)(7). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(d)(2), struck out “and” at end.

Subsec. (e)(8). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(d)(3), added par. (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: “the term ‘damage’ means any impairment to the integrity or availability of data, a program, a system, or information, that—

“(A) causes loss aggregating at least $5,000 in value during any 1-year period to one or more individuals;

“(B) modifies or impairs, or potentially modifies or impairs, the medical examination, diagnosis, treatment, or care of one or more individuals;

“(C) causes physical injury to any person; or

“(D) threatens public health or safety; and”.

Subsec. (e)(10) to (12). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(d)(4), (5), added pars. (10) to (12).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 107–56, § 814(e), substituted “A civil action for a violation of this section may be brought only if the conduct involves 1 of the factors set forth in clause (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), or (v) of subsection (a)(5)(B). Damages for a violation involving only conduct described in subsection (a)(5)(B)(i) are limited to economic damages.” for “Damages for violations involving damage as defined in subsection (e)(8)(A) are limited to economic damages.” and inserted at end “No action may be brought under this subsection for the negligent design or manufacture of computer hardware, computer software, or firmware.”

1996—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(1)(A), substituted “having knowingly accessed” for “knowingly accesses”, “exceeding authorized access” for “exceeds authorized access”, “such conduct having obtained information” for “such conduct obtains information”, and “could be used to the injury of the United States” for “is to be used to the injury of the United States”, struck out “the intent or” before “reason to believe”, and inserted before semicolon at end “willfully communicates, delivers, transmits, or causes to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted, or attempts to communicate, deliver, transmit or cause to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted the same to any person not entitled to receive it, or willfully retains the same and fails to deliver it to the officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it”.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(1)(B), inserted dash after “thereby obtains”, redesignated remainder of par. (2) as subpar. (A), and added subpars. (B) and (C).

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(1)(C), inserted “nonpublic” before “computer of a department or agency”, struck out “adversely” after “and such conduct”, and substituted “that use by or for the Government of the United States” for “the use of the Government’s operation of such computer”.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(1)(D), substituted “protected computer” for “Federal interest computer” and inserted “and the value of such use is not more than $5,000 in any 1-year period” before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(1)(E), inserted par. (5) and struck out former par. (5) which related to fraud in connection with computers in causing transmission of program, information, code, or command to a computer or computer system in interstate or foreign commerce which damages such system, program, information, or code, or causes a withholding or denial of use of hardware or software, or transmits viruses which causes damage in excess of $1,000 or more during any one-year period, or modifies or impairs medical examination, diagnosis, treatment or care of individuals.

Subsec. (a)(5)(B)(ii)(II)(bb). Pub. L. 104–294, § 604(b)(36)(A), which directed insertion of “or” at end of subsec., could not be executed because no subsec. (a)(5)(B)(ii)(II)(bb) existed subsequent to amendment by Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(1)(E). See above.

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(1)(F), added par. (7).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(2)(A), substituted “under this section” for “under such subsection” in subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 104–294, § 604(b)(36)(B), struck out “and” after semicolon at end.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(2)(B)(i), inserted “, (a)(5)(C),” after “(a)(3)” and substituted “under this section” for “under such subsection”.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(2)(B)(iii), added subpar. (B). Former subpar. (B) redesignated (C).

Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(2)(B)(iv), substituted “under this section” for “under such subsection” and inserted “and” at end.

Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(2)(B)(ii), redesignated subpar. (B) as (C).

Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(2)(C)(i), substituted “(a)(4), (a)(5)(A), (a)(5)(B), or (a)(7)” for “(a)(4) or (a)(5)(A)” and “under this section” for “under such subsection”.

Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(2)(C)(ii), substituted “(a)(4), (a)(5)(A), (a)(5)(B), (a)(5)(C), or (a)(7)” for “(a)(4) or (a)(5)” and “under this section” for “under such subsection”.

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(2)(D), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: “a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than 1 year, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(5)(B).”

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(3), inserted “subsections (a)(2)(A), (a)(2)(B), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5), and (a)(6) of” before “this section” in first sentence.

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(4)(A)(i), substituted “protected” for “Federal interest” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(2)(A). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(4)(A)(ii), substituted “that use by or for the financial institution or the Government” for “the use of the financial institution’s operation or the Government’s operation of such computer”.

Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(4)(A)(iii), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “which is one of two or more computers used in committing the offense, not all of which are located in the same State;”.

Subsec. (e)(8), (9). Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(4)(B)–(D), added pars. (8) and (9).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–294, § 604(b)(36)(C), substituted “violation of this section” for “violation of the section”.

Pub. L. 104–294, § 201(5), struck out “, other than a violation of subsection (a)(5)(B),” before “may maintain a civil action” and substituted “involving damage as defined in subsection (e)(8)(A)” for “of any subsection other than subsection (a)(5)(A)(ii)(II)(bb) or (a)(5)(B)(ii)(II)(bb)”.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 104–294, § 604(b)(36)(D), substituted “subsection (a)(5)” for “section 1030(a)(5) of title 18, United States Code” before period at end.

1994—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–322, § 290001(f), inserted “adversely” before “affects the use of the Government’s”.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 103–322, § 290001(b), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: “intentionally accesses a Federal interest computer without authorization, and by means of one or more instances of such conduct alters, damages, or destroys information in any such Federal interest computer, or prevents authorized use of any such computer or information, and thereby—

“(A) causes loss to one or more others of a value aggregating $1,000 or more during any one year period; or

“(B) modifies or impairs, or potentially modifies or impairs, the medical examination, medical diagnosis, medical treatment, or medical care of one or more individuals; or”.

Subsec. (c)(3)(A). Pub. L. 103–322, § 290001(c)(2), inserted “(A)” after “(a)(5)”.

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 103–322, § 290001(c)(1), (3), (4), added par. (4).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–322, § 290001(d), added subsec. (g).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103–322, § 290001(e), added subsec. (h).

1990—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101–647, § 3533, substituted “paragraph y” for “paragraph r”.

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 101–647, § 1205(e), inserted “commonwealth,” before “possession or territory of the United States”.

Subsec. (e)(4)(G). Pub. L. 101–647, § 2597(j)(2), which directed substitution of a semicolon for a period at end of subpar. (G), could not be executed because it ended with a semicolon.

Subsec. (e)(4)(H), (I). Pub. L. 101–647, § 2597(j), added subpars. (H) and (I).

1989—Subsec. (e)(4)(A). Pub. L. 101–73, § 962(a)(5)(A), substituted “an institution,” for “a bank”.

Subsec. (e)(4)(C) to (H). Pub. L. 101–73, § 962(a)(5)(B), (C), redesignated subpars. (D) to (H) as (C) to (G), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: “an institution with accounts insured by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation;”.

1988—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–690 inserted a comma after “financial institution” and struck out the comma that followed a comma after “title 15”.

1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(b)(2), struck out last sentence which read as follows: “It is not an offense under paragraph (2) or (3) of this subsection in the case of a person having accessed a computer with authorization and using the opportunity such access provides for purposes to which such access does not extend, if the using of such opportunity consists only of the use of the computer.”

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(c), substituted “or exceeds authorized access” for “, or having accessed a computer with authorization, uses the opportunity such access provides for purposes to which such authorization does not extend”.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(a), (c), substituted “intentionally” for “knowingly”, substituted “or exceeds authorized access” for “, or having accessed a computer with authorization, uses the opportunity such access provides for purposes to which such authorization does not extend”, struck out “as such terms are defined in the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 (12 U.S.C. 3401 et seq.),” after “financial institution,”, inserted “or of a card issuer as defined in section 1602(n) of title 15,” and struck out “or” appearing at end.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(b)(1), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: “knowingly accesses a computer without authorization, or having accessed a computer with authorization, uses the opportunity such access provides for purposes to which such authorization does not extend, and by means of such conduct knowingly uses, modifies, destroys, or discloses information in, or prevents authorized use of, such computer, if such computer is operated for or on behalf of the Government of the United States and such conduct affects such operation;”.

Subsec. (a)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(d), added pars. (4) to (6).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(e), struck out par. (1) designation and par. (2) which provided a penalty for persons conspiring to commit an offense under subsec. (a).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(f)(9), substituted “(b)” for “(b)(1)” in introductory text.

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(f)(1), substituted “under this title” for “of not more than the greater of $10,000 or twice the value obtained by the offense”.

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(f)(2), substituted “under this title” for “of not more than the greater of $100,000 or twice the value obtained by the offense”.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(f)(3), (4), substituted “under this title” for “of not more than the greater of $5,000 or twice the value obtained or loss created by the offense” and inserted reference to subsec. (a)(6).

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(f)(3), (5)–(7), substituted “under this title” for “of not more than the greater of $10,000 or twice the value obtained or loss created by the offense”, “not more than” for “not than”, inserted reference to subsec. (a)(6), and substituted “; and” for the period at end of subpar. (B).

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(f)(8), added par. (3).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(g), substituted a dash for the comma after “As used in this section”, realigned remaining portion of subsection, inserted “(1)” before “the term”, substituted a semicolon for the period at the end, and added pars. (2) to (7).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 99–474, § 2(h), added subsec. (f).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–296 effective 60 days after Nov. 25, 2002, see section 4 of Pub. L. 107–296, set out as an Effective Date note under section 101 of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of the functions, personnel, assets, and obligations of the United States Secret Service, including the functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 381, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.

Reports to Congress

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 2103, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2192, directed Attorney General to report to Congress annually, during first three years following Oct. 12, 1984, concerning prosecutions under this section.