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Notes

40 C.F.R. §§ 63.443–63.447

5 sections in range

§63.443. Standards for the pulping system at kraft, soda, and semi-chemical processes.

40 C.F.R. § 63.443

(a)
The owner or operator of each pulping system using the kraft process subject to the requirements of this subpart shall control the total HAP emissions from the following equipment systems, as specified in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section.
(1)
At existing affected sources, the total HAP emissions from the following equipment systems shall be controlled:
(i)
Each LVHC system;
(ii)
Each knotter or screen system with total HAP mass emission rates greater than or equal to the rates specified in paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A) or (a)(1)(ii)(B) of this section or the combined rate specified in paragraph (a)(1)(ii)(C) of this section.
(A)
Each knotter system with emissions of 0.05 kilograms or more of total HAP per megagram of ODP (0.1 pounds per ton).
(B)
Each screen system with emissions of 0.10 kilograms or more of total HAP per megagram of ODP (0.2 pounds per ton).
(C)
Each knotter and screen system with emissions of 0.15 kilograms or more of total HAP per megagram of ODP (0.3 pounds per ton).
(iii)
Each pulp washing system;
(iv)
Each decker system that—
(A)
Uses any process water other than fresh water or paper machine white water; or
(B)
Uses any process water with a total HAP concentration greater than 400 parts per million by weight; and
(v)
Each oxygen delignification system.
(2)
At new affected sources, the total HAP emissions from the equipment systems listed in paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (a)(1)(iii), and (a)(1)(v) of this section and the following equipment systems shall be controlled:
(i)
Each knotter system;
(ii)
Each screen system;
(iii)
Each decker system; and
(iv)
Each weak liquor storage tank.
(b)
The owner or operator of each pulping system using a semi-chemical or soda process subject to the requirements of this subpart shall control the total HAP emissions from the following equipment systems as specified in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section.
(1)
At each existing affected source, the total HAP emissions from each LVHC system shall be controlled.
(2)
At each new affected source, the total HAP emissions from each LVHC system and each pulp washing system shall be controlled.
(c)
Equipment systems listed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section shall be enclosed and vented into a closed-vent system and routed to a control device that meets the requirements specified in paragraph (d) of this section. The enclosures and closed-vent system shall meet the requirements specified in § 63.450.
(d)
The control device used to reduce total HAP emissions from each equipment system listed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section shall:
(1)
Reduce total HAP emissions by 98 percent or more by weight; or
(2)
Reduce the total HAP concentration at the outlet of the thermal oxidizer to 20 parts per million or less by volume, corrected to 10 percent oxygen on a dry basis; or
(3)
Reduce total HAP emissions using a thermal oxidizer designed and operated at a minimum temperature of 871 °C (1600 °F) and a minimum residence time of 0.75 seconds; or
(4)
Reduce total HAP emissions using one of the following—
(i)
A boiler, lime kiln, or recovery furnace by introducing the HAP emission stream with the primary fuel or into the flame zone; or
(ii)
A boiler or recovery furnace with a heat input capacity greater than or equal to 44 megawatts (150 million British thermal units per hour) by introducing the HAP emission stream with the combustion air.
(e)
Periods of excess emissions reported under § 63.455 shall not be a violation of § 63.443(c) and (d) provided that the time of excess emissions divided by the total process operating time in a semi-annual reporting period does not exceed the following levels:
(1)
One percent for control devices used to reduce the total HAP emissions from the LVHC system; and
(2)
Four percent for control devices used to reduce the total HAP emissions from the HVLC system; and
(3)
Four percent for control devices used to reduce the total HAP emissions from both the LVHC and HVLC systems.
Notes, amendments, and revision history

Amendments

[63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998, as amended at 64 FR 17563, Apr. 12, 1999; 66 FR 80762, Dec. 22, 2000; 77 FR 55710, Sept. 11, 2012]

Source

Source: 63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998, unless otherwise noted.

Authority

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Source

Source: 57 FR 61992, Dec. 29, 1992, unless otherwise noted.

Amendments

[63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998, as amended at 64 FR 17563, Apr. 12, 1999; 66 FR 80762, Dec. 22, 2000; 77 FR 55710, Sept. 11, 2012]

§63.444. Standards for the pulping system at sulfite processes.

40 C.F.R. § 63.444

(a)
The owner or operator of each sulfite process subject to the requirements of this subpart shall control the total HAP emissions from the following equipment systems as specified in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section.
(1)
At existing sulfite affected sources, the total HAP emissions from the following equipment systems shall be controlled:
(i)
Each digester system vent;
(ii)
Each evaporator system vent; and
(iii)
Each pulp washing system.
(2)
At new affected sources, the total HAP emissions from the equipment systems listed in paragraph (a)(1) of this section and the following equipment shall be controlled:
(i)
Each weak liquor storage tank;
(ii)
Each strong liquor storage tank; and
(iii)
Each acid condensate storage tank.
(b)
Equipment listed in paragraph (a) of this section shall be enclosed and vented into a closed-vent system and routed to a control device that meets the requirements specified in paragraph (c) of this section. The enclosures and closed-vent system shall meet the requirements specified in § 63.450. Emissions from equipment listed in paragraph (a) of this section that is not necessary to be reduced to meet paragraph (c) of this section is not required to be routed to a control device.
(c)
The total HAP emissions from both the equipment systems listed in paragraph (a) of this section and the vents, wastewater, and condensate streams from the control device used to reduce HAP emissions, shall be controlled as follows.
(1)
Each calcium-based or sodium-based sulfite pulping process shall—
(i)
Emit no more than 0.44 kilograms of total HAP or methanol per megagram (0.89 pounds per ton) of ODP; or
(ii)
Remove 92 percent or more by weight of the total HAP or methanol.
(2)
Each magnesium-based or ammonium-based sulfite pulping process shall—
(i)
Emit no more than 1.1 kilograms of total HAP or methanol per megagram (2.2 pounds per ton) of ODP; or
(ii)
Remove 87 percent or more by weight of the total HAP or methanol.
Notes, amendments, and revision history

Source

Source: 63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998, unless otherwise noted.

Authority

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Source

Source: 57 FR 61992, Dec. 29, 1992, unless otherwise noted.

§63.445. Standards for the bleaching system.

40 C.F.R. § 63.445

(a)
Each bleaching system that does not use any chlorine or chlorinated compounds for bleaching is exempt from the requirements of this section. Owners or operators of the following bleaching systems shall meet all the provisions of this section:
(1)
Bleaching systems that use chlorine;
(2)
Bleaching systems bleaching pulp from kraft, sulfite, or soda pulping processes that use any chlorinated compounds; or
(3)
Bleaching systems bleaching pulp from mechanical pulping processes using wood or from any process using secondary or non-wood fibers, that use chlorine dioxide.
(b)
The equipment at each bleaching stage, of the bleaching systems listed in paragraph (a) of this section, where chlorinated compounds are introduced shall be enclosed and vented into a closed-vent system and routed to a control device that meets the requirements specified in paragraph (c) of this section. The enclosures and closed-vent system shall meet the requirements specified in § 63.450. If process modifications are used to achieve compliance with the emission limits specified in paragraphs (c)(2) or (c)(3), enclosures and closed-vent systems are not required, unless appropriate.
(c)
The control device used to reduce chlorinated HAP emissions (not including chloroform) from the equipment specified in paragraph (b) of this section shall:
(1)
Reduce the total chlorinated HAP mass in the vent stream entering the control device by 99 percent or more by weight;
(2)
Achieve a treatment device outlet concentration of 10 parts per million or less by volume of total chlorinated HAP; or
(3)
Achieve a treatment device outlet mass emission rate of 0.001 kg of total chlorinated HAP mass per megagram (0.002 pounds per ton) of ODP.
(d)
The owner or operator of each bleaching system subject to paragraph (a)(2) of this section shall comply with paragraph (d)(1) or (d)(2) of this section to reduce chloroform air emissions to the atmosphere, except the owner or operator of each bleaching system complying with extended compliance under § 63.440(d)(3)(ii) shall comply with paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
(1)
Comply with the following applicable effluent limitation guidelines and standards specified in 40 CFR part 430:
(i)
Dissolving-grade kraft bleaching systems and lines, 40 CFR 430.14 through 430.17;
(ii)
Paper-grade kraft and soda bleaching systems and lines, 40 CFR 430.24(a)(1) and (e), and 40 CFR 430.26 (a) and (c);
(iii)
Dissolving-grade sulfite bleaching systems and lines, 40 CFR 430.44 through 430.47; or
(iv)
Paper-grade sulfite bleaching systems and lines, 40 CFR 430.54(a) and (c), and 430.56(a) and (c).
(2)
Use no hypochlorite or chlorine for bleaching in the bleaching system or line.
Notes, amendments, and revision history

Amendments

[63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998, as amended at 64 FR 17563, Apr. 12, 1999]

Source

Source: 63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998, unless otherwise noted.

Authority

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Source

Source: 57 FR 61992, Dec. 29, 1992, unless otherwise noted.

Amendments

[63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998, as amended at 64 FR 17563, Apr. 12, 1999]

§63.446. Standards for kraft pulping process condensates.

40 C.F.R. § 63.446

(a)
The requirements of this section apply to owners or operators of kraft processes subject to the requirements of this subpart.
(b)
The pulping process condensates from the following equipment systems shall be treated to meet the requirements specified in paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of this section:
(1)
Each digester system;
(2)
Each turpentine recovery system;
(3)
Each evaporator system condensate from—
(i)
The vapors from each stage where weak liquor is introduced (feed stages); and
(ii)
Each evaporator vacuum system for each stage where weak liquor is introduced (feed stages).
(4)
Each HVLC collection system; and
(5)
Each LVHC collection system.
(c)
One of the following combinations of HAP-containing pulping process condensates generated, produced, or associated with the equipment systems listed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be subject to the requirements of paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section:
(1)
All pulping process condensates from the equipment systems specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(5) of this section.
(2)
The combined pulping process condensates from the equipment systems specified in paragraphs (b)(4) and (b)(5) of this section, plus pulping process condensate stream(s) that in total contain at least 65 percent of the total HAP mass from the pulping process condensates from equipment systems listed in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(3) of this section.
(3)
The pulping process condensates from equipment systems listed in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(5) of this section that in total contain a total HAP mass of 3.6 kilograms or more of total HAP per megagram (7.2 pounds per ton) of ODP for mills that do not perform bleaching or 5.5 kilograms or more of total HAP per megagram (11.1 pounds per ton) of ODP for mills that perform bleaching.
(d)
The pulping process condensates from the equipment systems listed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be conveyed in a closed collection system that is designed and operated to meet the requirements specified in paragraphs (d)(1) and (d)(2) of this section.
(1)
Each closed collection system shall meet the individual drain system requirements specified in §§ 63.960, 63.961, and 63.962 of subpart RR of this part, except for closed vent systems and control devices shall be designed and operated in accordance with §§ 63.443(d) and 63.450, instead of in accordance with § 63.693 as specified in § 63.962 (a)(3)(ii), (b)(3)(ii)(A), and (b)(5)(iii); and
(2)
If a condensate tank is used in the closed collection system, the tank shall meet the following requirements:
(i)
The fixed roof and all openings (e.g., access hatches, sampling ports, gauge wells) shall be designed and operated with no detectable leaks as indicated by an instrument reading of less than 500 parts per million above background, and vented into a closed-vent system that meets the requirements in § 63.450 and routed to a control device that meets the requirements in § 63.443(d); and
(ii)
Each opening shall be maintained in a closed, sealed position (e.g., covered by a lid that is gasketed and latched) at all times that the tank contains pulping process condensates or any HAP removed from a pulping process condensate stream except when it is necessary to use the opening for sampling, removal, or for equipment inspection, maintenance, or repair.
(e)
Each pulping process condensate from the equipment systems listed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be treated according to one of the following options:
(1)
Recycle the pulping process condensate to an equipment system specified in § 63.443(a) meeting the requirements specified in § 63.443(c) and (d); or
(2)
Discharge the pulping process condensate below the liquid surface of a biological treatment system and treat the pulping process condensates to meet the requirements specified in paragraph (e)(3), (4), or (5) of this section, and total HAP shall be measured as specified in § 63.457(g); or
(3)
Treat the pulping process condensates to reduce or destroy the total HAPs by at least 92 percent or more by weight; or
(4)
At mills that do not perform bleaching, treat the pulping process condensates to remove 3.3 kilograms or more of total HAP per megagram (6.6 pounds per ton) of ODP, or achieve a total HAP concentration of 210 parts per million or less by weight at the outlet of the control device; or
(5)
At mills that perform bleaching, treat the pulping process condensates to remove 5.1 kilograms or more of total HAP per megagram (10.2 pounds per ton) of ODP, or achieve a total HAP concentration of 330 parts per million or less by weight at the outlet of the control device.
(f)
Each HAP removed from a pulping process condensate stream during treatment and handling under paragraphs (d) or (e) of this section, except for those treated according to paragraph (e)(2) of this section, shall be controlled as specified in § 63.443(c) and (d).
(g)
For each control device (e.g., steam stripper system or other equipment serving the same function) used to treat pulping process condensates to comply with the requirements specified in paragraphs (e)(3) through (5) of this section, periods of excess emissions reported under § 63.455 shall not be a violation of paragraphs (d), (e)(3) through (5), and (f) of this section provided that the time of excess emissions divided by the total process operating time in a semi-annual reporting period does not exceed 10 percent. The 10 percent excess emissions allowance does not apply to treatment of pulping process condensates according to paragraph (e)(2) of this section (e.g., the biological wastewater treatment system used to treat multiple (primarily non-condensate) wastewater streams to comply with the Clean Water Act).
(h)
Each owner or operator of a new or existing affected source subject to the requirements of this section shall evaluate all new or modified pulping process condensates or changes in the annual bleached or non-bleached ODP used to comply with paragraph (i) of this section, to determine if they meet the applicable requirements of this section.
(i)
For the purposes of meeting the requirements in paragraph (c)(2) or (3) or paragraph (e)(4) or (5) of this section at mills producing both bleached and unbleached pulp products, owners and operators may meet a prorated mass standard that is calculated by prorating the applicable mass standards (kilograms of total HAP per megagram of ODP) for bleached and unbleached mills specified in paragraph (c)(2) or (3) or paragraph (e)(4) or (5) of this section by the ratio of annual megagrams of bleached and unbleached ODP.
Notes, amendments, and revision history

Amendments

[63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998; 63 FR 42239, Aug. 7, 1998, as amended at 63 FR 49459, Sept. 16, 1998; 64 FR 17563, Apr. 12, 1999; 65 FR 80762, Dec. 22, 2000; 77 FR 55711, Sept. 11, 2012]

Source

Source: 63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998, unless otherwise noted.

Authority

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Source

Source: 57 FR 61992, Dec. 29, 1992, unless otherwise noted.

Amendments

[63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998; 63 FR 42239, Aug. 7, 1998, as amended at 63 FR 49459, Sept. 16, 1998; 64 FR 17563, Apr. 12, 1999; 65 FR 80762, Dec. 22, 2000; 77 FR 55711, Sept. 11, 2012]

§63.447. Clean condensate alternative.

40 C.F.R. § 63.447

As an alternative to the requirements specified in § 63.443(a)(1)(ii) through (a)(1)(v) for the control of HAP emissions from pulping systems using the kraft process, an owner or operator must demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Administrator, by meeting all the requirements below, that the total HAP emissions reductions achieved by this clean condensate alternative technology are equal to or greater than the total HAP emission reductions that would have been achieved by compliance with § 63.443(a)(1)(ii) through (a)(1)(v).
(a)
For the purposes of this section only the following additional definitions apply.
(1)
Clean condensate alternative affected source means the total of all HAP emission points in the pulping, bleaching, causticizing, and papermaking systems (exclusive of HAP emissions attributable to additives to paper machines and HAP emission points in the LVHC system).
(2)
Causticizing system means all equipment associated with converting sodium carbonate into active sodium hydroxide. The equipment includes smelt dissolving tanks, lime mud washers and storage tanks, white and mud liquor clarifiers and storage tanks, slakers, slaker grit washers, lime kilns, green liquor clarifiers and storage tanks, and dreg washers ending with the white liquor storage tanks prior to the digester system, and any other equipment serving the same function as those previously listed.
(3)
Papermaking system means all equipment used to convert pulp into paper, paperboard, or market pulp, including the stock storage and preparation systems, the paper or paperboard machines, and the paper machine white water system, broke recovery systems, and the systems involved in calendering, drying, on-machine coating, slitting, winding, and cutting.
(b)
Each owner or operator shall install and operate a clean condensate alternative technology with a continuous monitoring system to reduce total HAP emissions by treating and reducing HAP concentrations in the pulping process water used within the clean condensate alternative affected source.
(c)
Each owner or operator shall calculate HAP emissions on a kilogram per megagram of ODP basis and measure HAP emissions according to the appropriate procedures contained in § 63.457.
(d)
Each owner or operator shall determine the baseline HAP emissions for each equipment system and the total of all equipment systems in the clean condensate alternative affected source based on the following:
(1)
Process and air pollution control equipment installed and operating on December 17, 1993, and
(2)
Compliance with the following requirements that affect the level of HAP emissions from the clean condensate alternative affected source:
(i)
The pulping process condensates requirements in § 63.446;
(ii)
The applicable effluent limitation guidelines and standards in 40 CFR part 430, subparts A, B, D, and E; and
(iii)
All other applicable requirements of local, State, or Federal agencies or statutes.
(e)
Each owner or operator shall determine the following HAP emission reductions from the baseline HAP emissions determined in paragraph (d) of this section for each equipment system and the total of all equipment systems in the clean condensate alternative affected source:
(1)
The HAP emission reduction occurring by complying with the requirements of § 63.443(a)(1)(ii) through (a)(1)(v); and
(2)
The HAP emissions reduction occurring by complying with the clean condensate alternative technology.
(f)
For the purposes of all requirements in this section, each owner or operator may use as an alternative, individual equipment systems (instead of total of all equipment systems) within the clean condensate alternative affected source to determine emissions and reductions to demonstrate equal or greater than the reductions that would have been achieved by compliance with § 63.443(a)(1)(ii) through (a)(1)(v).
(g)
The initial and updates to the control strategy report specified in § 63.455(b) shall include to the extent possible the following information:
(1)
A detailed description of—
(i)
The equipment systems and emission points that comprise the clean condensate alternative affected source;
(ii)
The air pollution control technologies that would be used to meet the requirements of § 63.443(a)(1)(ii) through (a)(1)(v); and
(iii)
The clean condensate alternative technology to be used.
(2)
Estimates and basis for the estimates of total HAP emissions and emission reductions to fulfill the requirements of paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) of this section.
(h)
Each owner or operator shall report to the Administrator by the applicable compliance date specified in § 63.440(d) or (e) the rationale, calculations, test procedures, and data documentation used to demonstrate compliance with all the requirements of this section.
Notes, amendments, and revision history

Amendments

[63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998; 63 FR 42239, Aug. 7, 1998, as amended at 64 FR 17563, Apr. 12, 1999]

Source

Source: 63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998, unless otherwise noted.

Authority

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Source

Source: 57 FR 61992, Dec. 29, 1992, unless otherwise noted.

Amendments

[63 FR 18617, Apr. 15, 1998; 63 FR 42239, Aug. 7, 1998, as amended at 64 FR 17563, Apr. 12, 1999]