Section 1 Short title
This Act may be cited as the “Nigeria Religious Freedom and Accountability Act of 2026”.
Nigeria Religious Freedom and Accountability Act of 2026
A BILL
To require a comprehensive report on United States efforts to address religious persecution and mass atrocities in Nigeria.
Sec. 2 Findings
Congress finds the following:
Systemic religious persecution has persisted in Nigeria since at least 2009, including mass murder, kidnappings, rape, village destruction, and forced displacement of persons, perpetrated by Boko Haram, the Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP), Fulani militant groups, and other extremist organizations.
Estimates indicate that between 50,000 to 125,000 Christians have been martyred between 2009 and 2025, with more than 19,000 Christian churches attacked or destroyed.
Fulani-ethnic militias in Nigeria—including networks of armed groups engaged in organized attacks on civilian communities—have carried out repeated acts of violence that meet the statutory definition of terrorist activity under section 212(a)(3) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(3)).
These militias have conducted attacks involving targeted killings, hostage-taking, hijackings, armed assaults, massacres of civilians, destruction of property, and forced displacement of local population.
Between May 2023 and May 2025, Fulani-ethnic militias carried out major massacres in Benue and Plateau States—including attacks in Umogidi, Mgban, Yelwata, the Christmas Eve massacres of 2023 and 2024, and the Holy Week and Easter attacks of 2024 and 2025—killing more than 9,500 people, mostly Christians, and displacing over half a million others.
The acts carried out by these militias are intended to intimidate, coerce, and displace civilian populations, disrupt local governance, and assert control over territory—actions that meet the criteria for designation as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189).
The expansion of these militias undermines United States national security and foreign policy interests, destabilizes a strategically important region, jeopardizes religious freedom rights, and exacerbates the threat environment facing West Africa.
Nigerian Christian clergy and imams who have advocated for tolerance have been kidnapped, tortured, or murdered, with more than 250 religious leaders attacked or killed in the past decade, including Father Sylvester Okechukwu in 2025.
Christian leaders such as Father Remigius Iyhula and Bishop Wilfred Anagbe, who testified before Congress in March 2025 and November 2025, have faced intimidation and harassment as a direct result of their testimony regarding the sustained persecution they face.
Nigeria accounts for 72 percent of all Christians martyred worldwide, according to Open Doors’ 2026 Watch List.
Approximately 3.5 to 5 million Nigerians are internally displaced, and more than 343,000 remain refugees in the Lake Chad region.
It remains unclear whether any of the limited investigations into these violent attacks have led to prosecutions or convictions of jihadists.
Defending oneself from an attack can also lead to a death sentence like in the case of Sunday Jackson, a Christian farmer from Adamawa State, who was sentenced to death in 2021 for the killing of an armed Fulani herder, despite credible evidence that Mr. Jackson acted in self-defense after being violently attacked while working on his farmland.
In a show of good faith from the Nigerian Government, Jackson was pardoned in December 2025 after spending a decade in prison.
Nigeria retains and enforces blasphemy laws carrying the death penalty in 12 northern states under Sharia criminal law; such laws have been used to target Christians, Muslims, and dissenters.
Victims, such as Christians Rhoda Jatau and Deborah Yakubu, have suffered mob violence, imprisonment, or death for alleged blasphemy, while known perpetrators frequently face no punishment.
Sufi musician Yahaya Sharif-Aminu has been detained for 6 years in Kano State on blasphemy charges and faces the death penalty related to peaceful song lyrics; he is appealing his case to the Supreme Court of Nigeria.
The Nigerian Government routinely denies that religious persecution exists and has failed to adequately intervene, including on early warning notifications of upcoming attacks, including the October 14, 2025, Plateau State massacre.
The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) has recommended Nigeria’s designation as a Country of Particular Concern (CPC) every year since 2009.
In 2020 and again in October 2025, President Donald J. Trump designated Nigeria a CPC pursuant to the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6401 et seq.).
The prior administration’s removal of Nigeria from the CPC list in 2021 coincided with a marked escalation in religiously motivated violence.
Designating Nigeria as a CPC enhances diplomatic tools—including sanctions—to pressure the Nigerian Government to halt religious persecution, prosecute perpetrators, and protect vulnerable communities.
Sec. 3 Sense of Congress
It is the sense of Congress that—
President Donald Trump acted justly by designating Nigeria as a Country of Particular Concern, in alignment with the recommendations provided by the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) and pursuant to the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6401 et seq.);
the Government of Nigeria has historically failed to adequately respond to or prevent religiously motivated violence and continues to tolerate impunity by extremist actors, in part by denying the religious nature of such extremism;
the United States should use all available diplomatic, humanitarian, economic, and security tools to pressure the Government of Nigeria to—
end impunity for perpetrators of mass atrocities and religious persecution;
protect Christian communities, clergy, and other targeted religious minorities;
enable the safe and voluntary return of internally displaced persons to their homelands, prioritizing persecuted Christian communities; and
ensure freedom of religion is protected by every level of government and that the proper legal channels ensure this right remains wholly intact, including the repeal of blasphemy laws and release prisoners detained for their faith;
United States Government engagement has encouraged the Nigerian Government to take positive steps towards addressing these threats by extremist groups and are encouraged to engage in a bilateral agreement to protect these vulnerable communities, eliminate jihadist terror activities, further economic cooperation, and counter mutual adversaries in the region;
there is bipartisan congressional support to consider appropriate security cooperation with Nigeria, including conditioning of foreign assistance as was done in the Fiscal Year 2026 National Security, Department of State, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill signed into law by President Trump as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2026, to enhance efforts to protect innocent lives;
the United States should deliver humanitarian assistance, co-funded by the Government of Nigeria, through trusted civil society organizations, including faith-based organizations, in Nigeria’s middle belt states;
the Department of State and the Department of the Treasury should impose targeted sanctions, including visa bans and asset freezes under the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, on individuals or entities responsible for severe religious freedom violations, or report to Congress the reasons such sanctions have not been imposed, including—
Fulani-ethnic nomad militias in Nigeria;
Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso, former Kano State Governor;
Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (MACBAN); and
Miyetti Allah Kautal Hore;
the Secretary of State should determine whether certain Fulani-ethnic militias in Nigeria qualify as a foreign terrorist organization under section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189);
individuals and networks—domestic or foreign—that provide support to these Fulani-ethnic militias should be investigated and held accountable;
the Secretary of State should consider technical support to the Government of Nigeria to reduce and then eliminate violence from armed Fulani militias, including disarmament programs and comprehensive counter-terrorism cooperation to rid the region of Foreign Terrorist Organizations that pose a direct threat to the American homeland;
the Secretary of State should work with the Government of Nigeria to counteract the hostile foreign exploitation of Chinese illegal mining operations and their destabilizing practice of paying protection money to Fulani militias;
the Nigerian Government should thoroughly investigate instances of penalties or imprisonment under blasphemy laws or Sharia law and work to end these practices and repeal such laws;
the United States stands in solidarity with Christians and all persecuted religious minorities in Nigeria in their right to practice their faith without fear of violence, persecution, or death, and a future goodwill relationship between the United States and Nigeria hinges upon the Nigerian Government’s response moving forward to adequately address the atrocities described in this Act;
the Department of State is encouraged to enlist the support of international partners, including France, Hungary, and the United Kingdom, to work with the Government of Nigeria to promote religious freedom and peace; and
the Government of Nigeria can play a key stabilizing role in the Sahel region and across the continent and is poised to deepen and strengthen their relationship with the United States if they will work with us to combat the persecution of Christians in Nigeria.
Sec. 4 Reporting requirement
In general— Not later than 90 days after the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter until Nigeria is no longer designated as a Country of Particular Concern pursuant to the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6401 et seq.) and in accordance with the recommendations provided by the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), the Secretary of State shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate a comprehensive report on United States efforts to address religious persecution and mass atrocities in Nigeria.
Elements— Each report required by subsection (a) shall include the following:
An assessment of Nigeria’s compliance with the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, including specific actions taken, or not taken, by the Government of Nigeria to prevent persecution, prosecute perpetrators, repeal blasphemy laws, protect vulnerable communities, and facilitate the safe return of internally displaced persons.
Identification of all individuals and entities sanctioned, or under consideration for sanctions, under the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act or the Entities of Particular Concern list.
A description of co-investments and collaborative efforts between the Government of Nigeria and the United States to provide and deliver humanitarian assistance to Christians displaced by the attacks from Fulani-ethnic militias, through faith-based or nongovernmental partners, including amounts, recipients, type of assistance provided, and measurable outcomes.
An evaluation and description of historical, ongoing, and planned United States security assistance to Nigeria, and a comprehensive assessment of whether such assistance risks enabling or exacerbating religious persecution.
Whether the Government of Nigeria is taking appropriate steps to cease enforcement of and repeal blasphemy laws, and to investigate instances of non-Muslims, Muslims, and dissenters being subjected to Sharia law or blasphemy laws.
An assessment of conditions of internally displaced persons, including safety, humanitarian needs, and prospects for return.
Recommendations for further executive actions or congressional authority determined to be necessary and most helpful to halt the religious persecution and mass atrocities occurring in Nigeria.
An evaluation of any steps taken by the Government of Nigeria during the reporting period to address religious persecution, dismantle extremist networks, prosecute attackers, reform security forces, or improve protection for at-risk communities.