US Codex
Bill
Notes

S. 3696 — what changed

Disrupt Explicit Forged Images and Non-Consensual Edits Act of 2024

From Introduced in Senate to Engrossed in Senate. 3 sections amended and 1 added between Introduced in Senate and Engrossed in Senate.

Section 1 Short title

changed This Act may be cited as the “Disrupt Explicit Forged Images And and Non-Consensual Edits Act of 2024” or the “DEFIANCE Act of 2024”.

Sec. 2 Findings

added Congress finds that:

(a)
removed Definitions— Section 1309(a) of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (15 U.S.C. 6851(a)) is amended—
(1)
removed in paragraph (2), by inserting “competent,” after “conscious,”;
(2)
removed by redesignating paragraphs (5) and (6) as paragraphs (6) and (7), respectively;
(3)
removed by redesignating paragraph (3) as paragraph (5);
(4)
removed by inserting after paragraph (2) the following:

removed “(3) Digital forgery—The term digital forgery means any intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual created through the use of software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or any other computer-generated or technological means, including by adapting, modifying, manipulating, or altering an authentic visual depiction, to appear to a reasonable person to be indistinguishable from an authentic visual depiction of the individual, regardless of whether the visual depiction indicates, through a label or some other form of information published with the visual depiction, that the visual depiction is not authentic.”

(5)
removed in paragraph (5), as so redesignated—
(A)
removed by striking “(5) Depicted” and inserting “(5) Identifiable”; and
(B)
removed by striking “depicted individual” and inserting “identifiable individual”; and
(6)
removed in paragraph (6)(A), as so redesignated—
(A)
removed in clause (i), by striking “; or” and inserting a semicolon;
(B)
removed in clause (ii)—
(i)
removed in subclause (I), by striking “individual;” and inserting “individual; or”; and
(ii)
removed by striking subclause (III); and
(C)
removed by adding at the end the following:

removed “(iii) an identifiable individual engaging in sexually explicit conduct; and”

(1)
changed Civil action— Section 1309(b) Digital forgeries, often called deepfakes, are synthetic images and videos that look realistic. The technology to create digital forgeries is now ubiquitous and easy to use. Hundreds of apps are available that can quickly generate digital forgeries without the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (15 U.S.C. 6851(b)) is amended—need for any technical expertise.
(2)
added Digital forgeries can be wholly fictitious but can also manipulate images of real people to depict sexually intimate conduct that did not occur. For example, some digital forgeries will paste the face of an individual onto the body of a real or fictitious individual who is nude or who is engaging in sexual activity. Another example is a photograph of an individual that is manipulated to digitally remove the clothing of the individual so that the person appears to be nude.
(3)
added The individuals depicted in such digital forgeries are profoundly harmed when the content is produced, disclosed, or obtained without the consent of those individuals. These harms are not mitigated through labels or other information that indicates that the depiction is fake.
(4)
added It can be destabilizing to victims whenever those victims are depicted in sexual digital forgeries against their will, as the privacy of those victims is violated and the victims lose control over their likeness and identity.
(5)
added Victims can feel helpless because the victims—
(A)
added may not be able to determine who has created the content; and
(B)
added do not know how to prevent further disclosure of the digital forgery or how to prevent more forgeries from being made.
(6)
added Victims may be fearful of being in public out of concern that individuals the victims encounter have seen the digital forgeries. This leads to social rupture through the loss of the ability to trust, stigmatization, and isolation.
(7)
added Victims of non-consensual, sexually intimate digital forgeries may experience depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. These victims may also experience the “silencing effect” in which the victims withdraw from online spaces and public discourse to avoid further abuse.
(8)
added Digital forgeries are often used to—
(A)
added harass victims, interfering with their employment, education, reputation, or sense of safety; or
(B)
added commit extortion, sexual assault, domestic violence, and other crimes.
(9)
added Because of the harms caused by non-consensual, sexually intimate digital forgeries, such digital forgeries are considered to be a form of image-based sexual abuse.
(1)
removed in paragraph (1)—
(A)
removed by striking paragraph (A) and inserting the following:

removed “(A) In general—Except as provided in paragraph (5)—

removed “(i) an identifiable individual whose intimate visual depiction is disclosed, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce, without the consent of the identifiable individual, where such disclosure was made by a person who knows or recklessly disregards that the identifiable individual has not consented to such disclosure, may bring a civil action against that person in an appropriate district court of the United States for relief as set forth in paragraph (3);

removed “(ii) an identifiable individual who is the subject of a digital forgery may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States for relief as set forth in paragraph (3) against any person that knowingly produced or possessed the digital forgery with intent to disclose it, or knowingly disclosed or solicited the digital forgery, if—

removed “(I) the identifiable individual did not consent to such production, disclosure, solicitation, or possession;

removed “(II) the person knew or recklessly disregarded that the identifiable individual did not consent to such production, disclosure, solicitation, or possession; and

removed “(III) such production, disclosure, solicitation, or possession is in or affects interstate or foreign commerce or uses any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce; and

removed “(iii) an identifiable individual who is the subject of a digital forgery may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States for relief as set forth in paragraph (3) against any person that knowingly produced the digital forgery if—

removed “(I) the identifiable individual did not consent to such production;

removed “(II) the person knew or recklessly disregarded that the identifiable individual did not consent to such production; and

removed “(III) such production is in or affects interstate or foreign commerce or uses any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce.”

(B)
removed in subparagraph (B)—
(i)
removed in the heading, by inserting “identifiable” before “individuals”; and
(ii)
removed by striking “an individual who is under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or deceased, the legal guardian of the individual” and inserting “an identifiable individual who is under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or deceased, the legal guardian of the identifiable individual”;
(2)
removed in paragraph (2)—
(A)
removed in subparagraph (A)—
(i)
removed by inserting “identifiable” before “individual”;
(ii)
removed by striking “depiction” and inserting “intimate visual depiction or digital forgery”; and
(iii)
removed by striking “distribution” and inserting “disclosure, solicitation, or possession”; and
(B)
removed in subparagraph (B)—
(i)
removed by inserting “identifiable” before individual;
(ii)
removed by inserting “or digital forgery” after each place the term “depiction” appears; and
(iii)
removed by inserting “, solicitation, or possession” after “disclosure”;
(3)
removed by redesignating paragraph (4) as paragraph (5);
(4)
removed by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following:

removed “(3) Relief—In a civil action filed under this section—

removed “(A) an identifiable individual may recover the actual damages sustained by the individual or liquidated damages in the amount of $150,000, and the cost of the action, including reasonable attorney’s fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred; and

removed “(B) the court may, in addition to any other relief available at law, order equitable relief, including a temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, or a permanent injunction ordering the defendant to cease display or disclosure of the intimate visual depiction or digital forgery.

removed “(4) Preservation of privacy—In a civil action filed under this section, the court may issue an order to protect the privacy of a plaintiff, including by—

removed “(A) permitting the plaintiff to use a pseudonym;

removed “(B) requiring the parties to redact the personal identifying information of the plaintiff from any public filing, or to file such documents under seal; and

removed “(C) issuing a protective order for purposes of discovery, which may include an order indicating that any intimate visual depiction or digital forgery shall remain in the care, custody, and control of the court.”

(5)
removed in paragraph (5)(A), as so redesignated—
(A)
removed by striking “image” and inserting “visual depiction or digital forgery”; and
(B)
removed by striking “depicted” and inserting “identifiable”; and
(6)
removed by adding at the end the following:

removed “(6) Statute of limitations—Any action commenced under this section shall be barred unless the complaint is filed not later than 10 years from the later of—

removed “(A) the date on which the identifiable individual reasonably discovers the violation that forms the basis for the claim; or

removed “(B) the date on which the identifiable individual reaches 18 years of age.

removed “(7) Duplicative recovery barred—No relief may be ordered under paragraph (3) against a person who is subject to a judgment under section 2255 of title 18, United States Code, for the same conduct involving the same identifiable individual and the same intimate visual depiction or digital forgery.”

(c)
removed Continued applicability of Federal, State, and Tribal law—
(1)
removed In general— This Act shall not be construed to impair, supersede, or limit a provision of Federal, State, or Tribal law.
(2)
removed No preemption— Nothing in this Act shall prohibit a State or Tribal government from adopting and enforcing a provision of law governing nonconsensual activity involving a digital forgery, as defined in section 1309(a) of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (15 U.S.C. 6851(a)), as amended by this Act, that is at least as protective of the rights of a victim as this Act.

Sec. 3 Civil action relating to disclosure of intimate images

(a)
added Definitions— Section 1309 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (15 U.S.C. 6851) is amended—
(1)
added in the heading, by inserting “or nonconsensual activity involving digital forgeries” after “intimate images”; and
(2)
added in subsection (a)—
(A)
added in paragraph (2), by inserting “competent,” after “conscious,”;
(B)
added by redesignating paragraphs (5) and (6) as paragraphs (6) and (7), respectively;
(C)
added by redesignating paragraph (3) as paragraph (5);
(D)
added by inserting after paragraph (2) the following:

added “(3) Digital forgery

added “(A) In general—The term digital forgery means any intimate visual depiction of an identifiable individual created through the use of software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or any other computer-generated or technological means, including by adapting, modifying, manipulating, or altering an authentic visual depiction, that, when viewed as a whole by a reasonable person, is indistinguishable from an authentic visual depiction of the individual.

added “(B) Labels, disclosure, and context—Any visual depiction described in subparagraph (A) constitutes a digital forgery for purposes of this paragraph regardless of whether a label, information disclosed with the visual depiction, or the context or setting in which the visual depiction is disclosed states or implies that the visual depiction is not authentic.”

(E)
added in paragraph (5), as so redesignated—
(i)
added by striking “(5) Depicted” and inserting “(5) Identifiable”; and
(ii)
added by striking “depicted individual” and inserting “identifiable individual”; and
(F)
added in paragraph (6)(A), as so redesignated—
(i)
added in clause (i), by striking “; or” and inserting a semicolon;
(ii)
added in clause (ii)—
(I)
added in subclause (I), by striking “individual;” and inserting “individual; or”; and
(II)
added by striking subclause (III); and
(iii)
added by adding at the end the following:

added “(iii) an identifiable individual engaging in sexually explicit conduct; and”

(b)
added Civil action— Section 1309(b) of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (15 U.S.C. 6851(b)) is amended—
(1)
added in paragraph (1)—
(A)
added by striking paragraph (A) and inserting the following:

added “(A) In general—Except as provided in paragraph (5)—

added “(i) an identifiable individual whose intimate visual depiction is disclosed, in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce or using any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce, without the consent of the identifiable individual, where such disclosure was made by a person who knows or recklessly disregards that the identifiable individual has not consented to such disclosure, may bring a civil action against that person in an appropriate district court of the United States for relief as set forth in paragraph (3);

added “(ii) an identifiable individual who is the subject of a digital forgery may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States for relief as set forth in paragraph (3) against any person that knowingly produced or possessed the digital forgery with intent to disclose it, or knowingly disclosed or solicited the digital forgery, if—

added “(I) the identifiable individual did not consent to such production or possession with intent to disclose, disclosure, or solicitation;

added “(II) the person knew or recklessly disregarded that the identifiable individual did not consent to such production or possession with intent to disclose, disclosure, or solicitation; and

added “(III) such production, disclosure, solicitation, or possession is in or affects interstate or foreign commerce or uses any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce; and

added “(iii) an identifiable individual who is the subject of a digital forgery may bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States for relief as set forth in paragraph (3) against any person that knowingly produced the digital forgery if—

added “(I) the identifiable individual did not consent to such production;

added “(II) the person knew or recklessly disregarded that the identifiable individual—

added “(aa) did not consent to such production; and

added “(bb) was harmed, or was reasonably likely to be harmed, by the production; and

added “(III) such production is in or affects interstate or foreign commerce or uses any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce.”

(B)
added in subparagraph (B)—
(i)
added in the heading, by inserting “identifiable” before “individuals”; and
(ii)
added by striking “an individual who is under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or deceased, the legal guardian of the individual” and inserting “an identifiable individual who is under 18 years of age, incompetent, incapacitated, or deceased, the legal guardian of the identifiable individual”;
(2)
added in paragraph (2)—
(A)
added in subparagraph (A)—
(i)
added by inserting “identifiable” before “individual”;
(ii)
added by striking “depiction” and inserting “intimate visual depiction or digital forgery”; and
(iii)
added by striking “distribution” and inserting “disclosure, solicitation, or possession”; and
(B)
added in subparagraph (B)—
(i)
added by inserting “identifiable” before individual;
(ii)
added by inserting “or digital forgery” after each place the term “depiction” appears; and
(iii)
added by inserting “, solicitation, or possession” after “disclosure”;
(3)
added by redesignating paragraph (4) as paragraph (5);
(4)
added by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following:

added “(3) Relief

added “(A) In general—In a civil action filed under this section, an identifiable individual may recover—

added “(i) damages as provided under subparagraph (C); and

added “(ii) the cost of the action, including reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred.

added “(B) Punitive damages and other relief—The court may, in addition to any other relief available at law, award punitive damages or order equitable relief, including a temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, or a permanent injunction ordering the defendant to delete, destroy, or cease display or disclosure of the intimate visual depiction or digital forgery.

added “(C) Damages—For purposes of subparagraph (A)(i), the identifiable individual may recover—

added “(i) liquidated damages in the amount of—

added “(I) $150,000; or

added “(II) $250,000 if the conduct at issue in the claim was—

added “(aa) committed in relation to actual or attempted sexual assault, stalking, or harassment of the identifiable individual by the defendant; or

added “(bb) the direct and proximate cause of actual or attempted sexual assault, stalking, or harassment of the identifiable individual by any person; or

added “(ii) actual damages sustained by the individual, which shall include any profits of the defendant that are attributable to the conduct at issue in the claim that are not otherwise taken into account in computing the actual damages.

added “(D) Calculation of defendant’s profit—For purposes of subparagraph (C)(ii), to establish the defendant’s profits, the identifiable individual shall be required to present proof only of the gross revenue of the defendant, and the defendant shall be required to prove the deductible expenses of the defendant and the elements of profit attributable to factors other than the conduct at issue in the claim.

added “(4) Preservation of privacy—In a civil action filed under this section, the court may issue an order to protect the privacy of a plaintiff, including by—

added “(A) permitting the plaintiff to use a pseudonym;

added “(B) requiring the parties to redact the personal identifying information of the plaintiff from any public filing, or to file such documents under seal; and

added “(C) issuing a protective order for purposes of discovery, which may include an order indicating that any intimate visual depiction or digital forgery shall remain in the care, custody, and control of the court.”

(5)
added in paragraph (5)(A), as so redesignated—
(A)
added by striking “image” and inserting “visual depiction or digital forgery”; and
(B)
added by striking “depicted” and inserting “identifiable”; and
(6)
added by adding at the end the following:

added “(6) Statute of limitations—Any action commenced under this section shall be barred unless the complaint is filed not later than 10 years from the later of—

added “(A) the date on which the identifiable individual reasonably discovers the violation that forms the basis for the claim; or

added “(B) the date on which the identifiable individual reaches 18 years of age.

added “(7) Duplicative recovery barred—No relief may be ordered under paragraph (3) against a person who is subject to a judgment under section 2255 of title 18, United States Code, for the same conduct involving the same identifiable individual and the same intimate visual depiction or digital forgery.”

(c)
added Continued applicability of Federal, State, and Tribal law—
(1)
added In general— This Act shall not be construed to impair, supersede, or limit a provision of Federal, State, or Tribal law.
(2)
added No preemption— Nothing in this Act shall prohibit a State or Tribal government from adopting and enforcing a provision of law governing disclosure of intimate images or nonconsensual activity involving a digital forgery, as defined in section 1309(a) of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (15 U.S.C. 6851(a)), as amended by this Act, that is at least as protective of the rights of a victim as this Act.

removed If any provision of this Act, an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such a provision or amendment to any person or circumstance, is held to be unconstitutional, the remaining provisions of and amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provision or amendment held to be unconstitutional to any other person or circumstance, shall not be affected thereby.

Sec. 4 Severability

added

added If any provision of this Act, an amendment made by this Act, or the application of such a provision or amendment to any person or circumstance, is held to be unconstitutional, the remaining provisions of and amendments made by this Act, and the application of the provision or amendment held to be unconstitutional to any other person or circumstance, shall not be affected thereby.