Section 1 Short title
This Act may be cited as the “Counseling Not Criminalization in Schools Act”.
Counseling Not Criminalization in Schools Act
A BILL
To divert Federal funding away from supporting the presence of police in schools and toward evidence-based and trauma informed services that address the needs of marginalized students and improve academic outcomes, and for other purposes.
Sec. 2 Findings
Congress finds the following:
Over the last 50 years, our Nation’s schools have become sites for increased criminalization and surveillance of young people, particularly Black, Native American, and Latino students, immigrant students, students with disabilities, LGBTQI+ students, students experiencing homelessness, students involved in the foster care system, and other historically marginalized students.
Despite significant decreases in the rate of serious crimes and violence on school campuses over the past 20 years, improving upon already low rates, 55 percent of high school students, 38 percent of middle school students, and 18 percent of elementary school students attended a school with a police officer during the 2017–2018 school year.
Since 1999, the Federal Government has invested more than $1,000,000,000 to subsidize the placement of police in schools, resulting in more than 50,000 law enforcement officers patrolling the halls of elementary and secondary public schools across the Nation.
A growing body of research has not found any evidence that police stationed on school campuses make schools safer, and the presence of police has been shown to increase the likelihood that children will be arrested.
Research has shown that schools with a designated law enforcement officer on duty arrested students at 5 times the rate of comparable schools without such an officer.
When police are present in schools, students of color face an increased risk of being assaulted by police. Student-recorded videos of police violence in schools regularly circulate through news channels, articles, and social media, exposing violence perpetrated by police within schoolhouse gates. Between 2011 and 2021, news reports detailed at least 285 police assaults of students.
Black, Native American, and Latino students are more likely than their White peers to attend schools with police officers on campus and are more likely to be referred to law enforcement or arrested while in school.
Black students represent 31 percent of all school-related arrests, despite making up only 15 percent of all public school students. Native American and Pacific Islander and Native Hawaiian students are more than twice as likely to be arrested as White students.
Students with disabilities are more likely than their peers without disabilities to be referred to law enforcement or arrested. Students of color with disabilities are more likely to be referred to law enforcement than either their White peers with disabilities, or their peers of color without disabilities.
Students with disabilities are also disproportionately restrained and secluded in schools. Of the 74,813 students who were physically or mechanically restrained during the 2017–2018 school year, 78 percent received special education services. Of the 27,499 students who were secluded during the 2017–2018 school year, 77 percent received special education services. According to a 2020 Government Accountability Office report, 70 percent of school districts report zero incidents of restraint and seclusion, but only 30 of the Nation’s 17,000 school districts are required to verify the number of incidents of restraint and seclusion, likely resulting in a significant undercount of these harmful practices.
According to the Department of Education, while Black girls comprise only 16 percent of girls in elementary and secondary schools, they make up 42 percent of girls receiving the most severe forms of school discipline and severe punishment, such as corporal punishment, and represent 34 percent of girls arrested on campus. In the 2017–2018 school year, Black girls were 4 times more likely than White girls to be suspended or expelled. Black girls were also 3 times more likely to be referred to law enforcement and over 3 times more likely to be arrested in school.
Research shows that these racial disparities in discipline rates are not a result of differences in student behavior, but instead reflect the ways in which students of color face more punitive discipline than their White peers for similar behavior.
Students who are LGBTQI+ often have intersecting marginalized identities and experience exclusionary discipline at disproportionate rates that make it more likely they will interact with the juvenile justice system than their non-LGBTQI+ peers. A survey of juvenile justice facilities found 40 percent of girls and 20 percent of all detained youth identified as LGBTQI+, and the overwhelming majority (85 percent) of LGBTQI+ detained youth were youth of color.
Students who are suspended or expelled are nearly 3 times more likely to be in contact with the juvenile justice system the following year.
According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, more than 30,000 children under the age of 10 were arrested since 2013. On school campuses, more than 290,000 students were referred to law enforcement. The United States spends $240 daily, on average, per youth detained in juvenile facilities.
While schools should be sanctuaries for all students, reports have shown instances where police in schools collect tips and disciplinary information from teachers and school administrators and share it with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents to build deportation cases against students and their families.
School hardening, including the presence of law enforcement officers on campus, causes students to experience higher levels of fear, perpetuates the school to prison pipeline, and undermines the ability of schools and educators to build learning environments based on mutual trust, respect, and safety.
Ninety percent of students are in public schools where the number of counselors, social workers, nurses, and psychologists do not meet recommended professional standards. Professional standards recommend at least 1 counselor and 1 social worker for every 250 students and at least 1 nurse and 1 psychologist for every 750 students and every 700 students, respectively.
1,700,000 students attend schools with police but not 1 counselor.
3,000,000 students attend schools with police but not 1 school nurse.
6,000,000 students attend schools with police but not 1 school psychologist.
10,000,000 students attend schools with police but not 1 social worker.
Sec. 3 Purpose
It is the purpose of this Act to—
address the needs of marginalized students, ensure schools are welcoming for students, and improve academic outcomes by eliminating Federal funding for maintaining the presence of covered law enforcement officers in schools and establishing a continuum of care and positive schoolwide systems of services that are evidence-based, inclusive, racially and gender responsive, and trauma informed; and
support local educational agencies that choose to terminate their contracts with local law enforcement agencies or, where applicable, dissolve or disband district-based police departments, and invest resources in personnel and services that create safe and inclusive schools for all students based on community engagement and deliberative consultation.
Sec. 4 Definitions
In this Act:
ESEA terms— The terms elementary school, evidence-based, local educational agency, parent, professional development, school leader, secondary school, Secretary, and specialized instructional support personnel have the meaning given those terms in section 8101 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7801).
Covered program— The term covered program means—
all the operations of an elementary school, a secondary school, or a local educational agency; or
a program that serves children who receive services for which financial assistance is provided in accordance with the Head Start Act (42 U.S.C. 9831 et seq.).
Credible messenger— The term credible messenger means any individual who serves as a mentor, is from the same communities in which the students and families they serve live, and whose lived experiences serve as a credential in their work to provide guidance, empowerment, support, and encouragement to students and their families with whom the credible messenger has shared or similar experiences. Shared experiences include being a person of color, being directly impacted or having involvement in the legal system, having involvement in the child welfare system, being directly impacted by exclusionary school discipline and policing in schools, having experienced housing instability, having a disability, or identifying as LGBTQI+.
Positive behavioral interventions and supports— The term positive behavioral interventions and supports means—
a schoolwide, systematic approach that embeds evidence-based practices and data-driven decisionmaking to improve school climate and culture in order to achieve improved academic and social outcomes and increase learning for all students (including students with the most complex and intensive behavioral needs); and
encompasses a range of systemic and individualized positive strategies to teach and reinforce school-expected behaviors, while discouraging and diminishing undesirable behaviors.
Covered law enforcement officer— The term covered law enforcement officer—
means any person who—
is a State, Tribal, or local law enforcement officer (as defined in section 1204 of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (34 U.S.C. 10284)); and
is assigned by the employing law enforcement agency to a covered program, who is contracting with a covered program, or who is employed by a covered program; and
includes an individual referred to as a “school resource officer” if that individual meets the definition in subparagraph (A).
Trauma-informed services— The term trauma-informed services means a service delivery approach that—
recognizes and responds to the impacts of trauma with evidence-based supports and intervention;
emphasizes physical, psychological, and emotional safety for both providers of services and survivors of trauma; and
creates opportunities for survivors of trauma to rebuild a sense of healing and empowerment.
Sec. 5 Prohibition of Federal funds for police in schools
Federal funds prohibition— Notwithstanding the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (34 U.S.C. 10101 et seq.), including subpart 1 of part E of title I of that Act (34 U.S.C. 10151 et seq.) (relating to the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant Program) and part Q of title I of that Act (34 U.S.C. 13081 et seq.) (relating to the “Cops on the Beat” grant program), or any other provision of law, no Federal funds may be appropriated or used for hiring, maintaining, or training covered law enforcement officers in any capacity.
COPS grant program— Section 1701 of title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (34 U.S.C. 10381) is amended—
in subsection (b)—
by striking paragraph (12);
by redesignating paragraphs (13) through (23) as paragraphs (12) through (22), respectively; and
in paragraph (21), as so redesignated, by striking “through (21)” and inserting “through (20)”; and
by adding at the end the following:
“(n) Prohibition on use of funds for covered law enforcement officers—A recipient of a grant under this part may not use the grant funds for covered law enforcement officers (as defined in section 4 of the Counseling Not Criminalization in Schools Act).”
Sec. 6 Supporting local educational agencies in transitioning away from police in schools
Grant program established— The Secretary of Education shall award grants, on a competitive and rolling basis, to local educational agencies to enable those local educational agencies—
to replace covered law enforcement officers in elementary and secondary schools with personnel and services that support mental health and trauma-informed services; and
to reform school safety and disciplinary policies so they reflect evidence-based practices that do not rely on the criminal justice system and provide the necessary staff training and support to implement such policies.
Application— A local educational agency desiring a grant under this section shall submit an application to the Secretary at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require, including an assurance that—
the local educational agency will not have covered law enforcement officers stationed on school campuses, including by terminating any existing contract with local law enforcement or, where applicable, dissolving school district-based police departments, at least 30 days prior to the entity receiving funds under this section; and
the local educational agency will not establish any new contract with law enforcement or create its own school police department for the duration of the grant.
Priority— In awarding grants under this section, the Secretary shall give priority to—
local educational agencies that terminated their contract with local law enforcement or dissolved their school district-based police department prior to submitting an application and provide assurances that the local educational agency will not create or restart a contract with State or local law enforcement, create or reinstate a school district police department, or create or restart a program of other law enforcement or armed school personnel during the duration of the grant;
local educational agencies with a larger share of students who are economically disadvantaged, in the event that funds are insufficient to award grants to all eligible applicants; and
local educational agencies that—
identify the uses of funds in subsection (d) based on meaningful community engagement; and
establish ongoing stakeholder oversight, guidance, and coordination of the proposed activities or policies with a broad group of stakeholders, including any groups of students, as well as their families, who have been disproportionately arrested, suspended, or expelled, to ensure proposed activities and policies mitigate disparities in the use of exclusionary discipline and promote a positive school culture.
Uses of funds—
Required use— A local educational agency receiving funds under this section shall use such grant funds to hire, maintain, or train school counselors, school psychologists, nurses, social workers, credible messengers, community health workers and trauma-informed personnel, dedicated staff specifically trained in deescalation and violence interruption practices, staff trained in anti-bias practices, doctoral level specialists in behavior planning and intervention, or other specialists or individuals with expertise in school climate and behavior.
Permitted uses— In addition to the required use described in paragraph (1), a local educational agency receiving funds under this section may also use grant funds to carry out 1 or more of the following:
Implementing schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports, restorative justice programs and interventions, mediators, social and emotional learning programs, or other evidence-based trauma-informed services.
Providing ongoing professional development to teachers, teacher assistants, school leaders, counselors, specialized instructional support personnel, credible messengers, and mental health professionals that—
fosters safe, inclusive, and stable learning environments that support the social, emotional, mental, and academic well-being of students and prevent and mitigate the effects of trauma, including through social and emotional learning;
improves school capacity to identify, refer, and provide services to students in need of trauma support services;
reflects the best practices for trauma-informed identification, referral, and support developed by the Interagency Task Force on Trauma-Informed Care;
reduces the number of students with disabilities experiencing school discipline for their disability-related behavior through specific training on the identification, development, and implementation of Behavior Intervention Plans (BIPs); and
reduces the number of Black, Latino, Native American, and LGBTQI+ students who are subjected to punitive discipline practices rather than trauma-informed services and supports.
Prohibition— No portion of any grant funds awarded under this section may be used for—
the development, establishment, implementation, or enforcement of punitive school discipline policies, including the commission, contracting of, or agreements with, law enforcement that support the presence of police in schools, including formal or informal partnerships or data and information sharing agreements with the Department of Justice or Secretary of Homeland Security, including U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement or U.S. Customs and Border Protection;
the purchase, maintenance, or installation of surveillance equipment or programs, including metal detectors, surveillance cameras, facial recognition technology, or software programs that monitor or mine the social media use or technology use of students; or
arming teachers, principals, school leaders, or other school personnel.
Grant amounts— The amount of grant funds received under this section by a local educational agency shall be based on the number of students enrolled in the local educational agency.
Reporting—
In General— Each local educational agency receiving a grant under this section shall prepare and submit an annual report to the Secretary containing the information described in paragraph (2). Such report shall be made publicly available.
Contents— Subject to paragraph (3), the report described in paragraph (1) shall include information about—
how the grant funds were used;
the number and percentage of students who were arrested by or referred to law enforcement officers in the previous year compared to the number and percentage arrested or referred during the term of the grant;
in the aggregate, the reasons for those arrests;
demographic data of students arrested or referred to law enforcement officers, disaggregated and cross-tabulated by race, ethnicity, age, gender, status as a child with a disability, and whether the student is eligible for a free or reduced price lunch under the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.);
the number of metal detectors and surveillance cameras used by each school served by the local educational agency, as well as policies governing the use of these devices;
whether facial recognition technology is used by the local educational agency, and if so, the policies governing the use of such technology; and
whether software programs that monitor or mine the social media use or technology use of students or the families of students are used by, or at the direction of, the local educational agency, and if so, the contract with the provider of those software programs as well as the policies governing the use of such programs.
Personally identifiable information— Collection or disaggregation of information shall not be required under subparagraphs (B) through (D) of paragraph (2) to the extent that such collection or disaggregation would reveal personally identifiable information about an individual student or otherwise violate privacy laws.
Supplement not supplant— A local educational agency shall use Federal funds received under this section only to supplement the funds that would, in the absence of such Federal funds, be made available from State and local sources for the activities described in subsection (d), and not to supplant such funds
Authorization of appropriations— There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $5,000,000,000.