H.R. 2406 — what changed
Sportsmen’s Heritage and Recreational Enhancement Act
From Introduced in House to Reported in House. 5 sections amended and 7 added between Introduced in House and Reported in House.
Sec. 603 Fishing, hunting, and recreational shooting
Definitions— In this section:
Federal land— The term Federal land means any land or water that is owned by the United States and under the administrative jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service.
Federal land management officials— The term Federal land management officials means—
the Secretary of the Interior and Director of the Bureau of Land Management regarding Bureau of Land Management lands and interests in lands under the administrative jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management; and
the Secretary of Agriculture and Chief of the Forest Service regarding National Forest System lands.
Hunting—
In general— Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the term hunting means use of a firearm, bow, or other authorized means in the lawful—
pursuit, shooting, capture, collection, trapping, or killing of wildlife;
attempt to pursue, shoot, capture, collect, trap, or kill wildlife; or
the training of hunting dogs, including field trials.
Exclusion— The term hunting does not include the use of skilled volunteers to cull excess animals (as defined by other Federal law).
Recreational fishing— The term recreational fishing means the lawful—
pursuit, capture, collection, or killing of fish; or
attempt to capture, collect, or kill fish.
Recreational shooting— The term recreational shooting means any form of sport, training, competition, or pastime, whether formal or informal, that involves the discharge of a rifle, handgun, or shotgun, or the use of a bow and arrow.
In general— Subject to valid existing rights and subsection (e), and cooperation with the respective State fish and wildlife agency, Federal land management officials shall exercise authority under existing law, including provisions regarding land use planning, to facilitate use of and access to Federal lands, including National Monuments, Wilderness Areas, Wilderness Study Areas, and lands administratively classified as wilderness eligible or suitable and primitive or semi-primitive areas, for fishing, hunting, and recreational shooting, except as limited by—
statutory authority that authorizes action or withholding action for reasons of national security, public safety, or resource conservation;
any other Federal statute that specifically precludes fishing, hunting, or recreational shooting on specific Federal lands, waters, or units thereof; and
discretionary limitations on fishing, hunting, and recreational shooting determined to be necessary and reasonable as supported by the best scientific evidence and advanced through a transparent public process.
Management— Consistent with subsection (a), Federal land management officials shall exercise their land management discretion—
in a manner that supports and facilitates fishing, hunting, and recreational shooting opportunities;
to the extent authorized under applicable State law; and
in accordance with applicable Federal law.
Planning—
Evaluation of effects on opportunities to engage in fishing, hunting, or recreational shooting— Planning documents that apply to Federal lands, including land resources management plans, resource management plans, travel management plans, and general management plans shall include a specific evaluation of the effects of such plans on opportunities to engage in fishing, hunting, or recreational shooting.
Strategic Growth Policy for the National Wildlife Refuge System— Section 4(a)(3) of the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd(a)(3)) is amended—
changed
by redesignating subparagraphs (C) and (D) and as subparagraphs (D) and (E), respectively; and
by inserting after subparagraph (B), the following:
“(C) the Secretary shall integrate wildlife-dependent recreational uses in accordance with their status as priority general public uses into proposed or existing regulations, policies, criteria, plans, or other activities to alter or amend the manner in which individual refuges or the National Wildlife Refuge System (System) are managed, including, but not limited to, any activities which target or prioritize criteria for long and short term System acquisitions;”
changed
No major federal action— No action taken under this Act, title, or under section 4 of the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd), either individually or cumulatively with other actions involving Federal lands or lands managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, shall be considered to be a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, and no additional identification, analysis, or consideration of environmental effects, including cumulative effects, is necessary or required.
Other activity not considered— Federal land management officials are not required to consider the existence or availability of fishing, hunting, or recreational shooting opportunities on adjacent or nearby public or private lands in the planning for or determination of which Federal lands are open for these activities or in the setting of levels of use for these activities on Federal lands, unless the combination or coordination of such opportunities would enhance the fishing, hunting, or recreational shooting opportunities available to the public.
Federal lands—
Lands open— Lands under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service, including Wilderness Areas, Wilderness Study Areas, lands designated as wilderness or administratively classified as wilderness eligible or suitable and primitive or semi-primitive areas and National Monuments, but excluding lands on the Outer Continental Shelf, shall be open to fishing, hunting, and recreational shooting unless the managing Federal agency acts to close lands to such activity. Lands may be subject to closures or restrictions if determined by the head of the agency to be necessary and reasonable and supported by facts and evidence, for purposes including resource conservation, public safety, energy or mineral production, energy generation or transmission infrastructure, water supply facilities, protection of other permittees, protection of private property rights or interest, national security, or compliance with other law.
Recreational shooting ranges—
In general— The head of each Federal agency shall use his or her authorities in a manner consistent with this Act and other applicable law, to—
lease or permit use of lands under the jurisdiction of the agency for recreational shooting ranges; and
designate specific lands under the jurisdiction of the agency for recreational shooting activities.
Limitation on liability— Any designation under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall not subject the United States to any civil action or claim for monetary damages for injury or loss of property or personal injury or death caused by any activity occurring at or on such designated lands.
Necessity in wilderness areas and “within and supplemental to” wilderness purposes—
Minimum requirements for administration— The provision of opportunities for fishing, hunting, and recreational shooting, and the conservation of fish and wildlife to provide sustainable use recreational opportunities on designated Federal wilderness areas shall constitute measures necessary to meet the minimum requirements for the administration of the wilderness area, provided that this determination shall not authorize or facilitate commodity development, use, or extraction, motorized recreational access or use that is not otherwise allowed under the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), or permanent road construction or maintenance within designated wilderness areas.
Application of Wilderness Act— Provisions of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), stipulating that wilderness purposes are “within and supplemental to” the purposes of the underlying Federal land unit are reaffirmed. When seeking to carry out fish and wildlife conservation programs and projects or provide fish and wildlife dependent recreation opportunities on designated wilderness areas, each Federal land management official shall implement these supplemental purposes so as to facilitate, enhance, or both, but not to impede the underlying Federal land purposes when seeking to carry out fish and wildlife conservation programs and projects or provide fish and wildlife dependent recreation opportunities in designated wilderness areas, provided that such implementation shall not authorize or facilitate commodity development, use or extraction, or permanent road construction or maintenance within designated wilderness areas.
No priority— Nothing in this section requires a Federal land management official to give preference to fishing, hunting, or recreational shooting over other uses of Federal land or over land or water management priorities established by Federal law.
Consultation with councils— In fulfilling the duties under this section, Federal land management officials shall consult with respective advisory councils as established in Executive Order Nos. 12962 and 13443.
Authority of the States— Nothing in this section shall be construed as interfering with, diminishing, or conflicting with the authority, jurisdiction, or responsibility of any State to exercise primary management, control, or regulation of fish and wildlife under State law (including regulations) on land or water within the State, including on Federal land.
Federal licenses— Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize a Federal land management official to require a license, fee, or permit to fish, hunt, or trap on land or water in a State, including on Federal land in the States, except that this subsection shall not affect the Migratory Bird Stamp requirement set forth in the Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act (16 U.S.C. 718 et seq.).
Sec. 801 Short title
added This title may be cited as the “Hunter Access Corridors Act”.
removed
Definitions— In this section:
removed
Director— The term Director means the Director of the National Park Service.
removed
Not ready for immediate use— The term not ready for immediate use means—
removed
a bow or crossbow, the arrows of which are secured or stowed in a quiver or other arrow transport case; and
removed
with respect to a crossbow, uncocked.
removed
Vehicular transportation authorized— The Director shall not promulgate or enforce any regulation that prohibits an individual from transporting bows and crossbows that are not ready for immediate use across any unit of the National Park System in the vehicle of the individual if—
removed
the individual is not otherwise prohibited by law from possessing the bows and crossbows;
removed
the bows or crossbows that are not ready for immediate use remain inside the vehicle of the individual throughout the period during which the bows or crossbows are transported across National Park System land; and
removed
the possession of the bows and crossbows is in compliance with the law of the State in which the unit of the National Park System is located.
removed
Hunter access corridors—
removed
In general— The Director is authorized to establish and publish (in accordance with section 1.5 of title 36, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)) on a publicly available map hunter access corridors for use in accordance with subsection (c).
removed
Hunting season— The hunter access corridors shall be open for use during hunting seasons.
removed
Exception— The Director may establish limited periods during which access through the hunter access corridors is closed for reasons of public safety, administration, or compliance with applicable law.
removed
Identification of corridors— The Director shall—
removed
post signs during hunting seasons that identify each hunter access corridor;
removed
make information regarding hunter access corridors available on the individual website of the applicable unit of the National Park System; and
removed
provide information regarding any processes established by the Director for transporting legally taken game through individual hunter access corridors.
removed
Registration; transportation of game— The Director may—
removed
provide registration boxes to be located at the trailhead of each hunter access corridor for self-registration in accordance with subsection (c)(2)(B);
removed
provide a process for online self-registration in accordance with subsection (c)(2)(B); and
removed
allow non-motorized conveyances to transport legally taken game through the corridors established under subsection (b) including, but not limited to, game carts and sleds.
removed
Consultation with states— The Director shall consult with each applicable State wildlife agency to identify appropriate hunter access corridors.
Sec. 802 Bowhunting opportunity and wildlife stewardship
added
added
In general— Subchapter II of chapter 1015 of title 54, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
added “101513. Hunter access corridors
added “(a) Definitions—In this section:
added “(1) Not ready for immediate use—The term not ready for immediate use means—
added “(A) a bow or crossbow, the arrows of which are secured or stowed in a quiver or other arrow transport case; and
added “(B) with respect to a crossbow, uncocked.
added “(2) Valid hunting license—The term valid hunting license means a State-issued hunting license that authorizes an individual to hunt on private or public land adjacent to the System unit in which the individual is located while in possession of a bow or crossbow that is not ready for immediate use.
added “(b) Transportation authorized
added “(1) In general—The Director shall not require a permit for, or promulgate or enforce any regulation that prohibits an individual from transporting bows and crossbows that are not ready for immediate use across any System unit if—
added “(A) in the case of an individual traversing the System unit on foot—
added “(i) the individual is not otherwise prohibited by law from possessing the bows and crossbows;
added “(ii) the bows or crossbows are not ready for immediate use throughout the period during which the bows or crossbows are transported across the System unit;
added “(iii) the possession of the bows and crossbows is in compliance with the law of the State in which the System unit is located; and
added “(iv)
added “(I) the individual possesses a valid hunting license;
added “(II) the individual is traversing the System unit en route to a hunting access corridor established under subsection (c)(1); or
added “(III) the individual is traversing the System unit in compliance with any other applicable regulations or policies; or
added “(B) the bows or crossbows are not ready for immediate use and remain inside a vehicle.
added “(2) Enforcement—Nothing in this subsection limits the authority of the Director to enforce laws (including regulations) prohibiting hunting or the taking of wildlife in any System unit.
added “(c) Establishment of hunter access corridors
added “(1) In general—On a determination by the Director under paragraph (2), the Director may establish and publish (in accordance with section 1.5 of title 36, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)), on a publicly available map, hunter access corridors across System units that are used to access public land that is—
added “(A) contiguous to a System unit; and
added “(B) open to hunting.
added “(2) Determination by director—The determination referred to in paragraph (1) is a determination that the hunter access corridor would provide wildlife management or visitor experience benefits within the boundary of the System unit in which the hunter access corridor is located.
added “(3) Hunting season—The hunter access corridors shall be open for use during hunting seasons.
added “(4) Exception—The Director may establish limited periods during which access through the hunter access corridors is closed for reasons of public safety, administration, or compliance with applicable law.
added “(5) Identification of corridors—The Director shall—
added “(A) make information regarding hunter access corridors available on the individual website of the applicable System unit; and
added “(B) provide information regarding any processes established by the Director for transporting legally taken game through individual hunter access corridors.
added “(6) Registration; transportation of game—The Director may—
added “(A) provide registration boxes to be located at the trailhead of each hunter access corridor for self-registration;
added “(B) provide a process for online self-registration; and
added “(C) allow nonmotorized conveyances to transport legally taken game through a hunter access corridor established under this subsection, including game carts and sleds.
added “(7) Consultation with States—The Director shall consult with each applicable State wildlife agency to identify appropriate hunter access corridors.
added “(d) Effect—Nothing in this section—
added “(1) diminishes, enlarges, or modifies any Federal or State authority with respect to recreational hunting, recreational shooting, or any other recreational activities within the boundaries of a System unit; or
added “(2) authorizes—
added “(A) the establishment of new trails in System units; or
added “(B) authorizes individuals to access areas in System units, on foot or otherwise, that are not open to such access.
added “(e) No major Federal action
added “(1) In general—Any action taken under this section shall not be considered a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).
added “(2) No additional action required—No additional identification, analyses, or consideration of environmental effects (including cumulative environmental effects) is necessary or required with respect to an action taken under this section.”
added
Clerical amendment— The table of sections for title 54, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 101512 the following:
Sec. 902 Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act
The Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act is amended—
in section 203(1) (43 U.S.C. 2302(1)), by striking “cultural, or” and inserting “cultural, recreational access and use, or other”;
in section 203(2) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking “on the date of enactment of this Act was” and inserting “is”;
in section 205 (43 U.S.C. 2304)—
changed
in subsection (a), by striking “section 206” and all that follows through the period and inserting the following:following: “section 206—
“(1) to complete appraisals and satisfy other legal requirements for the sale or exchange of public land identified for disposal under approved land use plans under section 202 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712);
“(2) not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of the Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act Reauthorization of 2015, to establish and make available to the public, on the website of the Department of the Interior, a database containing a comprehensive list of all the land referred to in paragraph (1); and
“(3) to maintain the database referred to in paragraph (2).”
in subsection (d), by striking “11” and inserting “22”;
added
by amending section 206(c)(1) (43 U.S.C. 2305(c)(1)) to read as follows:
added “(1) Use of Funds
added “(A) In general—Funds in the Federal Land Disposal Account shall be expended in accordance with this subsection.
added “(B) Purposes—Except as authorized under paragraph (2), funds in the Federal Land Disposal Account shall be used for one or more of the following purposes:
added “(i) To purchase lands or interests therein that are otherwise authorized by law to be acquired and are one or more of the following:
added “(I) Inholdings.
added “(II) Adjacent to federally designated areas and contain exceptional resources.
added “(III) Provide opportunities for hunting, recreational fishing, recreational shooting, and other recreational activities.
added “(IV) Likely to aid in the performance of deferred maintenance or the reduction of operation and maintenance costs or other deferred costs.
added “(ii) To perform deferred maintenance or other maintenance activities that enhance opportunities for recreational access.”
renumbered
was (6)
in section 206(c)(2) (43 U.S.C. 2305(c)(2))—
added
by striking subparagraph (A);
added
by redesignating subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D) as subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C), respectively;
added
in subparagraph (C) (as so redesignated by this paragraph)—
added
by striking “purchases” and inserting “land purchases and performance of deferred maintenance activities”;
added
by striking “subparagraph (C)” and inserting “subparagraph (B)”; and
added
by inserting “for the activities outlined in paragraph (2)” after “generated”; and
removed
by redesignating subparagraphs (A) through (D) as subparagraphs (B) through (E), respectively;
removed
by inserting before subparagraph (B), as so redesignated, the following:
removed
“(A) Deferred Maintenance Activities—Except as authorized under subparagraph (D), funds shall be used to purchase lands or interests therein for the performance of deferred maintenance on administrative sites or other deferred maintenance activities.”
removed
in subparagraph (B), as so redesignated—
removed
by striking “subparagraph (C)” and inserting “subparagraph (D)”;
removed
in clause (i), by striking “and”;
removed
in clause (ii), by striking the period and inserting “; and”; and
removed
by adding at the end the following:
removed
“(iii) opportunities for hunting, recreational fishing, recreational shooting, and other recreational activities.”
removed
in subparagraph (E), as so redesignated, by striking “(C)” and inserting “(D)”; and
renumbered
was (6)(6)
by adding at the end the following:
added “(D) Any funds made available under subparagraph (C) that are not obligated or expended by the end of the fourth full fiscal year after the date of the sale or exchange of land that generated the funds may be expended in any State.”
removed
“(F) Any funds made available under subparagraph (E) that are not obligated or expended by the end of the fourth full fiscal year after the date of the sale or exchange of land that generated the funds may be expended in any State.”
renumbered
was (7)
in section 206(c)(3) (43 U.S.C. 2305(c)(3))—
renumbered
was (7)(2)
by inserting after subparagraph (A) the following:
“(B) the extent to which the acquisition of the land or interest therein will increase the public availability of resources for, and facilitate public access to, hunting, fishing, and other recreational activities;”
renumbered
was (7)(3)
by redesignating subparagraphs (B) and (C) as subparagraphs (C) and (D);
renumbered
was (8)
in section 206(f) (43 U.S.C. 2305(f)), by amending paragraph (2) to read as follows:
“(2) any remaining balance in the account shall be deposited in the Treasury and used for deficit reduction, except that in the case of a fiscal year for which there is no Federal budget deficit, such amounts shall be used to reduce the Federal debt (in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury considers appropriate).”
renumbered
was (9)
in section 207(b) (43 U.S.C. 2306(b))—
renumbered
was (9)(2)
in paragraph (1)—
renumbered
was (9)(2)(2)
by striking “96–568” and inserting “96–586”; and
renumbered
was (9)(2)(3)
by striking “; or” and inserting a semicolon;
renumbered
was (9)(3)
in paragraph (2)—
renumbered
was (9)(3)(2)
by inserting “Public Law 105–263;” before “112 Stat.”; and
renumbered
was (9)(3)(3)
by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and
renumbered
was (9)(4)
by adding at the end the following:
“(3) the White Pine County Conservation, Recreation, and Development Act of 2006 (Public Law 109–432; 120 Stat. 3028);
“(4) the Lincoln County Conservation, Recreation, and Development Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–424; 118 Stat. 2403);
“(5) subtitle F of title I of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (16 U.S.C. 1132 note; Public Law 111–11);
“(6) subtitle O of title I of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (16 U.S.C. 460www note, 1132 note; Public Law 111–11);
“(7) section 2601 of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (Public Law 111–11; 123 Stat. 1108); or
“(8) section 2606 of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (Public Law 111–11; 123 Stat. 1121).”
Sec. 1005 Certification for the purposes of the Fishermen’s Protective Act of 1967
changed
Section 2202 of the African Elephant Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 4222) is amended by adding at the end the following:
“(g) Certification—When the Secretary of the Interior finds that a country, directly or indirectly, is a significant transit or destination point for illegal ivory trade, the Secretary shall certify such fact to the President with respect to the country for the purposes of section 8(a) of the Fishermen’s Protective Act of 1967 (22 U.S.C. 1978(a)).”
Sec. 1008 African Elephant Conservation Act financial assistance priority and reauthorization
changed
Financial assistance priority— Section 2101 of the African Elephant Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 4211) is amended by redesignating subsections (e) and (f) as subsections (f) and (g), respectively, and by inserting after subsection (d) the following:
“(e) Priority—In providing financial assistance under this section, the Secretary shall give priority to projects designed to facilitate the acquisition of equipment and training of wildlife officials in ivory producing countries to be used in anti-poaching efforts.”
changed
Reauthorization— Section 2306(a) of the African Elephant Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 4245(a)) is amended by striking “2007 through 2012” and inserting “2016 through 2020”.
Sec. 1401 State or Territorial Approval of Restriction of Recreational or Commercial Fishing Access to Certain State or Territorial Waters
added
added
Approval required— The Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce shall not restrict recreational or commercial fishing access to any State or territorial marine waters or Great Lakes waters within the jurisdiction of the National Park Service or the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, respectively, unless those restrictions are developed in coordination with, and approved by, the fish and wildlife management agency of the State or territory that has fisheries management authority over those waters.
added
Definition— In this section, the term “marine waters” includes coastal waters and estuaries.
Sec. 1501 Definitions
addedadded In this title:
added
Hunting— The term “hunting” means use of a firearm, bow, or other authorized means in the lawful pursuit, shooting, capture, collection, trapping, or killing of wildlife; attempt to pursue, shoot, capture, collect, trap, or kill wildlife; or the training and use of hunting dogs, including field trials.
added
Recreational fishing— The term “recreational fishing” means the lawful pursuit, capture, collection, or killing of fish; or attempt to capture, collect, or kill fish.
added
Forest plan— The term “forest plan” means a land and resource management plan prepared by the Forest Service for a unit of the National Forest System pursuant to section 6 of the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 (16 U.S.C. 1604).
added
National forest system— The term “National Forest System” has the meaning given that term in section 11(a) of the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 (16 U.S.C. 1609(a))
Sec. 1502 Hunting and recreational fishing within the national forest system
added
added
Prohibition of restrictions— The Secretary of Agriculture or Chief of the Forest Service may not establish policies, directives, or regulations that restrict the type, season, or method of hunting or recreational fishing on lands within the National Forest System that are otherwise open to those activities and are consistent with the applicable forest plan.
added
Prior restrictions void— Any restrictions imposed by the Secretary of Agriculture or Chief of the Forest Service regarding the type, season, or method of hunting or recreational fishing on lands within the National Forest System that are otherwise open to those activities in force on the date of the enactment of this Act shall be void and have no force or effect.
added
Applicability— This section shall apply only to the Kisatchie National Forest in the State of Louisiana, the De Soto National Forest in the State of Mississippi, and the Ozark National Forest, the St. Francis National Forest and the Ouachita National Forest in the States of Arkansas and Oklahoma.
added
State authority— Nothing in this section, section 1 of the Act of June 4, 1897 (16 U.S.C. 551), or section 32 of the Act of July 22, 1937 (7 U.S.C. 1011) shall affect the authority of States to manage hunting or recreational fishing on lands within the National Forest System.
Sec. 1601 Short title
addedadded This title may be cited as the “Grand Canyon Bison Management Act”.
Sec. 1602 Definitions
addedadded In this title:
added
Management plan— The term “management plan” means the management plan published under section 1603(a).
added
Park— The term Park means the Grand Canyon National Park.
added
Secretary— The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of the Interior.
added
Skilled public volunteer— The term skilled public volunteer means an individual who possesses—
added
a valid hunting license issued by the State of Arizona; and
added
such other qualifications as the Secretary may require, after consultation with the Arizona Game and Fish Commission.
Sec. 1603 Bison management plan for Grand Canyon National Park
added
added
Publication of plan— Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall publish a management plan to reduce, through humane lethal culling by skilled public volunteers and by other nonlethal means, the population of bison in the Park that the Secretary determines are detrimental to the use of the Park.
added
Removal of Animal— Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a skilled public volunteer may remove a full bison harvested from the Park.
added
Coordination— The Secretary shall coordinate with the Arizona Game and Fish Commission regarding the development and implementation of the management plan.
added
NEPA Compliance— In developing the management plan, the Secretary shall comply with all applicable Federal environmental laws (including regulations), including the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.).
added
Limitation— Nothing in this title applies to the taking of wildlife in the Park for any purpose other than the implementation of the management plan.