US Codex
U.S.C.
Notes

§9701. Definitions — Inbound Citations

15 U.S.C. § 9701

Cited by 65 provisions in release 119-102.

Citations to §9701(1)

  • 15 U.S.C. § 9702(a)
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    (a) The Administrator shall establish a system, to be known as the “National Integrated Flood Information System”, to better inform and provide for more timely decision making to reduce flood-related effects and costs.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9702(b)
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    (b) The Administrator, through the National Integrated Flood Information System, shall—
    (1) provide an effective flood early warning system that—
    (A) collects and integrates information on the key indicators of floods and flood impacts, including streamflow, reservoir release and diversion, precipitation, soil moisture, snow water equivalent, land cover, and evaporative demand;
    (B) makes usable, reliable, and timely forecasts of floods;
    (C) assesses the severity of flood conditions and effects;
    (D) provides information described in subparagraph (A), forecasts described in subparagraph (B), and assessments described in subparagraph (C) at the national, regional, and local levels, as appropriate; and
    (E) communicates flood forecasts, flood conditions, and flood impacts to appropriate entities engaged in flood planning, preparedness, and response and post-event flood extent, including—
    (i) decision makers at the Federal, State, local, and Tribal levels of government; and
    (ii) the public;
    (2) provide timely data, information, and products that reflect differences in flood conditions among localities, regions, watersheds, and States;
    (3) coordinate and integrate, through interagency agreements as practicable, Federal research and monitoring in support of the flood early warning information system provided under paragraph (1);
    (4) use existing forecasting and assessment programs and partnerships;
    (5) make improvements in seasonal precipitation and temperature, subseasonal precipitation and temperature, and flood water prediction; and
    (6) continue ongoing research and monitoring activities relating to floods, including research activities relating to—
    (A) the prediction, length, severity, and impacts of floods and improvement of the accuracy, timing, and specificity of flash flood warnings;
    (B) the role of extreme weather events and climate variability in floods; and
    (C) how water travels over and through surfaces.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9702(c)
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    (c) The Administrator, through the National Integrated Flood Information System, may—
    (1) engage with the private sector to improve flood monitoring, forecasts, land and topography data, and communication, if the Administrator determines that such engagement is appropriate, cost effective, and beneficial to the public and decision makers described in subsection (b)(1)(E)(i);
    (2) facilitate the development of 1 or more academic cooperative partnerships to assist in carrying out the functions of the National Integrated Flood Information System described in subsection (b);
    (3) use and support monitoring by citizen scientists, including by developing best practices to facilitate maximum data integration, as the Administrator considers appropriate;
    (4) engage with, and leverage the resources of, entities within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in existence as of December 27, 2022, such as the National Weather Service with respect to forecast and warning functions, the National Integrated Drought Information System, the Regional Climate Center, and the National Mesonet Program, to improve coordination of water monitoring, forecasting, and management; and
    (5) engage with and support water monitoring by the United States Geological Survey—
    (A) to improve the availability and continuity of streamflow data at critical locations through the deployment of rapid deployment gages and the flood-hardening of at-risk streamflow gauges; and
    (B) to increase storm surge monitoring data through the deployment of additional storm surge sensors.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9702(c)(1)
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    (1) engage with the private sector to improve flood monitoring, forecasts, land and topography data, and communication, if the Administrator determines that such engagement is appropriate, cost effective, and beneficial to the public and decision makers described in subsection (b)(1)(E)(i);
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9702(c)(3)
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    (3) use and support monitoring by citizen scientists, including by developing best practices to facilitate maximum data integration, as the Administrator considers appropriate;
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9702(d)
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    (d) In developing and maintaining the National Integrated Flood Information System, the Administrator shall consult with relevant Federal, State, local, and Tribal government agencies, research institutions, and the private sector.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9702(e)
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    (e) Each Federal agency shall cooperate as appropriate with the Administrator in carrying out this section.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9703(a)(1)
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    (1) The Administrator shall establish partnerships with 1 or more institutions of higher education (as defined in section 1001 of title 20) to evaluate observations that would improve total water prediction.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9703(a)(2)
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    (2) In establishing partnerships under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall prioritize partnerships to evaluate observations from uncrewed aerial systems.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9703(b)
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    (b) If the Administrator determines that incorporating additional observations improves total water prediction, the Administrator shall, to the extent practicable, continue incorporating those observations.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9703(c)
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    (c) The Administrator shall advance geographic coverage, resolution, skill, and efficiency of coastal oceanographic modeling, including efforts that improve the coupling of and interoperability between hydrological models and coastal ocean models.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9705(a)(1)
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    (1) Not later than 2 years after December 27, 2022, the Administrator shall—
    (A) conduct an assessment of—
    (i) the flash flood watches and warnings of the National Weather Service; and
    (ii) the information delivery to support preparation and responses to floods; and
    (B) submit to Congress a report on the findings of the Administrator with respect to the assessment required by subparagraph (A).
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9705(a)(1)(B)
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    (B) submit to Congress a report on the findings of the Administrator with respect to the assessment required by subparagraph (A).
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9705(a)(2)(B)
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    (B) Subject to subsection (b)(2), such recommendations as the Administrator may have for—
    (i) legislative and administrative action to improve the watches and warnings described in paragraph (1)(A)(i); and
    (ii) such research as the Administrator considers necessary to address the focus areas described in paragraph (3).
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9705(a)(2)(B)(ii)
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    (ii) such research as the Administrator considers necessary to address the focus areas described in paragraph (3).
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9705(a)(4)
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    (4) In conducting the assessment required by paragraph (1)(A), the Administrator shall consult with—
    (A) individuals in the academic sector, including individuals in the field of social and behavioral sciences;
    (B) other weather services;
    (C) media outlets and other entities that distribute the watches and warnings described in paragraph (1)(A)(i);
    (D) floodplain managers and emergency planners and responders, including State, local, and Tribal emergency management agencies;
    (E) other government users of the watches and warnings described in paragraph (1)(A)(i), including the Federal Highway Administration; and
    (F) such other Federal agencies as the Administrator determines rely on watches and warnings regarding flash floods for operational decisions.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9705(a)(4)(F)
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    (F) such other Federal agencies as the Administrator determines rely on watches and warnings regarding flash floods for operational decisions.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9705(a)(5)
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    (5) The Administrator shall engage with the National Academy of Sciences, as the Administrator considers necessary and practicable, including by contracting with the National Research Council to review the scientific and technical soundness of the assessment required by paragraph (1)(A), including the recommendations under paragraph (2)(B).
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9705(a)(6)
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    (6) In conducting the assessment required by paragraph (1)(A), the Administrator shall use such methodologies as the Administrator considers are generally accepted by the weather enterprise, including social and behavioral sciences.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9705(b)(1)
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    (1) Based on the assessment required by subsection (a)(1)(A), the Administrator shall make such improvements to the watches and warnings described in that subsection as the Administrator considers necessary—
    (A) to improve the communication of the risks posed by hazardous flash flood events; and
    (B) to provide actionable geographic information to the recipient of a watch or warning for a flash flood.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9705(b)(2)
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    (2) In conducting the assessment required by subsection (a)(1)(A), the Administrator shall ensure that any recommendation under subsection (a)(2)(B) that the Administrator considers a major change—
    (A) is validated by social and behavioral science using a generalizable sample;
    (B) accounts for the needs of various demographics, vulnerable populations, and geographic regions;
    (C) responds to the needs of Federal, State, local, and Tribal government partners and media partners; and
    (D) accounts for necessary changes to federally operated watch and warning propagation and dissemination infrastructure and protocols.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9706(a)
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    (a) The Administrator shall assess the availability of short- and long-term data on large-scale freshwater flooding into oceans, bays, and estuaries, including data on—
    (1) flow rate, including discharge;
    (2) conductivity;
    (3) oxygen concentration;
    (4) nutrient load;
    (5) water temperature; and
    (6) sediment load.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9706(b)
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    (b) The Administrator shall assess the need for additional data to assess and predict the effect of the flooding and freshwater discharge described in subsection (a).
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9706(c)
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    (c) Based on the assessments required by subsections (a) and (b), the Administrator shall create an inventory of data needs with respect to the flooding and freshwater discharge described in subsections (a) and (b).
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9706(d)
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    (d) In planning for the collection of additional data necessary for ecosystem-based modeling of the effect of the flooding and freshwater discharge described in subsections (a) and (b), the Administrator shall use the inventory created under subsection (c).
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9707(b)
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    (b) The Administrator shall establish a program, to be known as the “NOAA Precipitation Frequency Atlas of the United States”, to compile, estimate, analyze, and communicate the frequency of precipitation in the United States.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9707(d)(1)
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    (1) The NOAA Precipitation Frequency Atlas of the United States shall include such estimates of the frequency of precipitation in the United States as the Administrator determines appropriate.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9707(d)(2)(B)
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    (B) may be conducted more frequently if determined appropriate by the Administrator.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9707(d)(3)(A)
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    (A) subject to an appropriate, scientific process, as determined by the Administrator; and
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9707(e)
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    (e) The Administrator may partner with other Federal agencies, members of the private sector, academic cooperative partnerships, or nongovernment associations to assist in carrying out the functions described in subsection (c).
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9707(f)
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    (f) In carrying out this section, the Administrator may consult with relevant Federal, State, local, Tribal, and Territorial government agencies, research institutions, and the private sector, as the Administrator determines necessary.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9707(g)
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    (g) In carrying out this section, the Administrator may coordinate with other Federal agencies.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9707(h)
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    (h) There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section, from amounts otherwise authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this chapter, $3,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2030.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9708(b)(1)
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    (1) The Administrator.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9708(b)(3)
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    (3) The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9708(c)
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    (c) The Water Policy Committee shall be co-chaired by the Secretary of the Interior and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9709(a)(1)
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    (1) The term “Assistant Administrator” means the Assistant Administrator for Weather Services of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9709(b)(1)
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    (1) The Administrator shall establish a hydrologic research fellowship program (in this section referred to as the “program”) for qualified individuals.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9709(b)(2)(B)
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    (B) enrolled in a research-based graduate program, at an institution of higher education, in a field that advances the research priorities developed by the Assistant Administrator under paragraph (7), such as—
    (i) hydrology;
    (ii) earth sciences;
    (iii) atmospheric sciences;
    (iv) computer sciences;
    (v) engineering;
    (vi) environmental sciences;
    (vii) geosciences;
    (viii) urban planning; or
    (ix) related social sciences.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9709(b)(3)
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    (3) Fellowships under the program shall be awarded pursuant to guidelines established by the Assistant Administrator.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9709(b)(4)
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    (4) In selecting qualified individuals for participation in the program, the Assistant Administrator shall give preference to applicants from historically Black colleges and universities and minority-serving institutions.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9709(b)(5)
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    (5) The program shall support the placement of qualified individuals in positions within the executive branch of the Federal Government where such individuals can address and advance the research priorities developed by the Assistant Administrator under paragraph (7).
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9709(b)(7)
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    (7) The Assistant Administrator, in consultation with representatives from the NOAA line offices, the United States Geological Survey, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the Army Corps of Engineers, as appropriate, shall develop and publish priorities for the conduct of research by fellows, which may include the following:
    (A) Advance the collaborative development of a flexible community-based water resources modeling system.
    (B) Apply artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities to advance existing hydrologic modeling capabilities.
    (C) Support the evolution and integration of hydrologic modeling within an Earth Systems Modeling Framework.
    (D) Improve visualizations of hydrologic model outputs.
    (E) Advance the state of coupled freshwater and salt water modeling and forecasting capabilities.
    (F) Advance understanding and process representation of water quality parameters.
    (G) Advance the assimilation of in-situ and remotely sensed observations and data.
    (H) Support the integration of social science to advance decision support services.
    (I) Develop methods to study groundwater sustainability and estimate the efficiency of recharge management.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9710(a)(1)
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    (1) The term “extreme weather” includes observed or anticipated severe and unseasonable atmospheric conditions, including drought, heavy precipitation, hurricanes, tornadoes and other windstorms (including derechos), large hail, extreme heat, extreme cold, flooding, sustained temperatures or precipitation that deviate substantially from historical averages, and any other weather event that the Administrator determines qualifies as extreme weather.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9710(a)(2)
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    (2) The term “long-term” shall have such meaning as the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, in consultation with the Administrator, considers appropriate for purposes of this section.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9710(a)(3)
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    (3) The term “other environmental trends” means wildfires, coastal flooding, inland flooding, land subsidence, rising sea levels, and any other challenges relating to changes in environmental systems over time that the Administrator determines qualify as environmental challenges other than extreme weather.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9710(b)
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    (b) The Administrator shall identify, and support research that enables, a consistent, Federal set of forward-looking, long-term meteorological information that models future extreme weather events, other environmental trends, projections, and up-to-date observations, including mesoscale information as determined appropriate by the Administrator.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9711(a)
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    (a) The Administrator, in consultation with the Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Interior, and the Army Corps of Engineers, shall conduct an analysis of gaps in the availability of snow-related data to assess and predict floods and flood impacts, including data on the following:
    (1) Snow water equivalent.
    (2) Snow depth.
    (3) Snowpack temperature.
    (4) Snow and mixed-phase precipitation.
    (5) Snow melt.
    (6) Rain-snow line.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9711(b)
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    (b) Not later than 180 days after December 27, 2022, the Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report on—
    (1) the findings of the gap analysis required by subsection (a); and
    (2) opportunities for additional collaboration among Federal agencies to collect snow-related data to better assess and predict floods and flood impacts.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9712(a)
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    (a) The Administrator shall make flood-related data available to the public on the website of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  • 15 U.S.C. § 9712(b)
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    (b) The Administrator may make the data under subsection (a) freely accessible or available at a cost that does not exceed the cost of preparing the data.

Citations to §9701(2)