---
kind: "section"
citation: "5 U.S.C. § 552b"
title: "5"
title_heading: "Government Organization and Employees"
number: "552b"
heading: "Open meetings"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/5/552b"
units:
  - "Part I — The Agencies Generally"
  - "Chapter 5 — Administrative Procedure"
  - "Subchapter II — Administrative Procedure"
---

# §552b. Open meetings

- (a) For purposes of this section—
  - (1) the term “[agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1)” means any [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1), as defined in [section 552(e)](/usc/5/552.md?p=e)[^1] of this title, headed by a collegial body composed of two or more individual [members](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1), a majority of whom are appointed to such [position](/usc/5/5531.md?p=2) by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, and any subdivision thereof authorized to act on behalf of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1);
  - (2) the term “meeting” means the deliberations of at least the number of individual [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) [members](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1) required to take action on behalf of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) where such deliberations determine or result in the joint conduct or disposition of official [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) business, but does not include deliberations required or permitted by subsection [(d)](#d) or [(e)](#e); and
  - (3) the term “[member](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1)” means an individual who belongs to a collegial body heading an [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1).
- (b) [Members](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1) shall not jointly conduct or dispose of [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) business other than in accordance with this section. Except as provided in [subsection (c)](#c), every portion of every meeting of an [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall be open to public observation.
- (c) Except in a case where the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) finds that the public interest requires otherwise, the second sentence of [subsection (b)](#b) shall not apply to any portion of an [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) meeting, and the requirements of subsections [(d)](#d) and [(e)](#e) shall not apply to any information pertaining to such meeting otherwise required by this section to be disclosed to the public, where the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) properly determines that such portion or portions of its meeting or the disclosure of such information is likely to—
  - (1) disclose matters that are (A) specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive [order](/usc/5/551.md?p=6) to be kept secret in the interests of national defense or foreign policy and (B) in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive [order](/usc/5/551.md?p=6);
  - (2) relate solely to the internal personnel rules and practices of an [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1);
  - (3) disclose matters specifically exempted from disclosure by statute (other than [section 552 of this title](/usc/5/552.md)), provided that such statute (A) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue, or (B) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld;
  - (4) disclose trade secrets and commercial or financial information obtained from a [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) and privileged or confidential;
  - (5) involve accusing any [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) of a crime, or formally censuring any [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2);
  - (6) disclose information of a personal nature where disclosure would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy;
  - (7) disclose investigatory records compiled for law enforcement purposes, or information which if written would be contained in such records, but only to the extent that the production of such records or information would (A) interfere with enforcement proceedings, (B) deprive a [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) of a right to a fair trial or an impartial [adjudication](/usc/5/551.md?p=7), (C) constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, (D) disclose the identity of a confidential source and, in the case of a record compiled by a criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a criminal investigation, or by an [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) conducting a lawful national security intelligence investigation, confidential information furnished only by the confidential source, (E) disclose investigative techniques and procedures, or (F) endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement personnel;
  - (8) disclose information contained in or related to examination, operating, or condition reports prepared by, on behalf of, or for the use of an [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) responsible for the regulation or supervision of financial institutions;
  - (9) disclose information the premature disclosure of which would—
    - (A) in the case of an [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) which regulates currencies, securities, commodities, or financial institutions, be likely to (i) lead to significant financial speculation in currencies, securities, or commodities, or (ii) significantly endanger the stability of any financial institution; or
    - (B) in the case of any [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1), be likely to significantly frustrate implementation of a proposed [agency action](/usc/5/551.md?p=13),

    except that [subparagraph (B)](#c-9-B) shall not apply in any instance where the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) has already disclosed to the public the content or nature of its proposed action, or where the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) is required by law to make such disclosure on its own initiative prior to taking final [agency action](/usc/5/551.md?p=13) on such proposal; or

  - (10) specifically concern the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1)’s issuance of a subpena, or the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1)’s participation in a civil action or proceeding, an action in a foreign court or international tribunal, or an arbitration, or the initiation, conduct, or disposition by the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) of a particular case of formal [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) [adjudication](/usc/5/551.md?p=7) pursuant to the procedures in [section 554 of this title](/usc/5/554.md) or otherwise involving a determination on the record after opportunity for a hearing.
- (d)
  - (1) Action under [subsection (c)](#c) shall be taken only when a majority of the entire membership of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) (as defined in [subsection (a)(1)](#a-1)) votes to take such action. A separate vote of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) [members](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1) shall be taken with respect to each [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) meeting a portion or portions of which are proposed to be closed to the public pursuant to [subsection (c)](#c), or with respect to any information which is proposed to be withheld under [subsection (c)](#c). A single vote may be taken with respect to a series of meetings, a portion or portions of which are proposed to be closed to the public, or with respect to any information concerning such series of meetings, so long as each meeting in such series involves the same particular matters and is scheduled to be held no more than thirty days after the initial meeting in such series. The vote of each [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) [member](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1) participating in such vote shall be recorded and no proxies shall be allowed.
  - (2) Whenever any [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) whose interests may be directly affected by a portion of a meeting requests that the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) close such portion to the public for any of the reasons referred to in paragraph [(5)](#c-5), [(6)](#c-6), or [(7)](#c-7) of subsection (c), the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1), upon request of any one of its [members](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1), shall vote by recorded vote whether to close such meeting.
  - (3) Within one day of any vote taken pursuant to paragraph [(1)](#d-1) or [(2)](#d-2), the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall make publicly available a written copy of such vote reflecting the vote of each [member](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1) on the question. If a portion of a meeting is to be closed to the public, the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall, within one day of the vote taken pursuant to paragraph (1) or (2) of this subsection, make publicly available a full written explanation of its action closing the portion together with a list of all [persons](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) expected to attend the meeting and their affiliation.
  - (4) Any [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1), a majority of whose meetings may properly be closed to the public pursuant to paragraph [(4)](#c-4), [(8)](#c-8), [(9)(A)](#c-9-A), or [(10)](#c-10) of subsection (c), or any combination thereof, may provide by regulation for the closing of such meetings or portions thereof in the event that a majority of the [members](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1) of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) votes by recorded vote at the beginning of such meeting, or portion thereof, to close the exempt portion or portions of the meeting, and a copy of such vote, reflecting the vote of each [member](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1) on the question, is made available to the public. The provisions of paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of this subsection and [subsection (e)](#e) shall not apply to any portion of a meeting to which such regulations apply: Provided, That the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall, except to the extent that such information is exempt from disclosure under the provisions of [subsection (c)](#c), provide the public with public announcement of the time, place, and subject matter of the meeting and of each portion thereof at the earliest practicable time.
- (e)
  - (1) In the case of each meeting, the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall make public announcement, at least one week before the meeting, of the time, place, and subject matter of the meeting, whether it is to be open or closed to the public, and the name and phone number of the official designated by the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) to respond to requests for information about the meeting. Such announcement shall be made unless a majority of the [members](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1) of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) determines by a recorded vote that [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) business requires that such meeting be called at an earlier date, in which case the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall make public announcement of the time, place, and subject matter of such meeting, and whether open or closed to the public, at the earliest practicable time.
  - (2) The time or place of a meeting may be changed following the public announcement required by [paragraph (1)](#e-1) only if the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) publicly announces such change at the earliest practicable time. The subject matter of a meeting, or the determination of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) to open or close a meeting, or portion of a meeting, to the public, may be changed following the public announcement required by this subsection only if (A) a majority of the entire membership of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) determines by a recorded vote that [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) business so requires and that no earlier announcement of the change was possible, and (B) the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) publicly announces such change and the vote of each [member](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1) upon such change at the earliest practicable time.
  - (3) Immediately following each public announcement required by this subsection, notice of the time, place, and subject matter of a meeting, whether the meeting is open or closed, any change in one of the preceding, and the name and phone number of the official designated by the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) to respond to requests for information about the meeting, shall also be submitted for publication in the Federal Register.
- (f)
  - (1) For every meeting closed pursuant to paragraphs [(1)](#c-1) through [(10)](#c-10) of subsection (c), the General Counsel or chief legal officer of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall publicly certify that, in his or her opinion, the meeting may be closed to the public and shall state each relevant exemptive provision. A copy of such certification, together with a statement from the presiding officer of the meeting setting forth the time and place of the meeting, and the [persons](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) present, shall be retained by the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1). The [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall maintain a complete transcript or electronic recording adequate to record fully the proceedings of each meeting, or portion of a meeting, closed to the public, except that in the case of a meeting, or portion of a meeting, closed to the public pursuant to paragraph [(8)](#c-8), [(9)(A)](#c-9-A), or [(10)](#c-10) of subsection (c), the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall maintain either such a transcript or recording, or a set of minutes. Such minutes shall fully and clearly describe all matters discussed and shall provide a full and accurate summary of any actions taken, and the reasons therefor, including a description of each of the views expressed on any item and the record of any rollcall vote (reflecting the vote of each [member](/usc/5/5531.md?p=1) on the question). All documents considered in connection with any action shall be identified in such minutes.
  - (2) The [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall make promptly available to the public, in a place easily accessible to the public, the transcript, electronic recording, or minutes (as required by [paragraph (1)](#f-1)) of the discussion of any item on the agenda, or of any item of the testimony of any witness received at the meeting, except for such item or items of such discussion or testimony as the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) determines to contain information which may be withheld under [subsection (c)](#c). Copies of such transcript, or minutes, or a transcription of such recording disclosing the identity of each speaker, shall be furnished to any [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) at the actual cost of duplication or transcription. The [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) shall maintain a complete verbatim copy of the transcript, a complete copy of the minutes, or a complete electronic recording of each meeting, or portion of a meeting, closed to the public, for a period of at least two years after such meeting, or until one year after the conclusion of any [agency proceeding](/usc/5/551.md?p=12) with respect to which the meeting or portion was held, whichever occurs later.
- (g) Each [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) subject to the requirements of this section shall, within 180 days after the date of enactment of this section, following consultation with the [Office](/usc/5/401.md?p=5) of the Chairman of the Administrative Conference of the United States and published notice in the Federal Register of at least thirty days and opportunity for written comment by any [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2), promulgate regulations to implement the requirements of subsections [(b)](#b) through [(f)](#f) of this section. Any [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) may bring a proceeding in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to require an [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) to promulgate such regulations if such [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) has not promulgated such regulations within the time period specified herein. Subject to any limitations of time provided by law, any [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) may bring a proceeding in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia to set aside [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) regulations issued pursuant to this subsection that are not in accord with the requirements of subsections [(b)](#b) through [(f)](#f) of this section and to require the promulgation of regulations that are in accord with such subsections.
- (h)
  - (1) The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to enforce the requirements of subsections [(b)](#b) through [(f)](#f) of this section by declaratory judgment, injunctive [relief](/usc/5/551.md?p=11), or other [relief](/usc/5/551.md?p=11) as may be appropriate. Such actions may be brought by any [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) against an [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) prior to, or within sixty days after, the meeting out of which the violation of this section arises, except that if public announcement of such meeting is not initially provided by the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) in accordance with the requirements of this section, such action may be instituted pursuant to this section at any time prior to sixty days after any public announcement of such meeting. Such actions may be brought in the district court of the United States for the district in which the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) meeting is held or in which the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) in question has its headquarters, or in the District Court for the District of Columbia. In such actions a defendant shall serve his answer within thirty days after the service of the complaint. The burden is on the defendant to sustain his action. In deciding such cases the court may examine in camera any portion of the transcript, electronic recording, or minutes of a meeting closed to the public, and may take such additional evidence as it deems necessary. The court, having due regard for orderly administration and the public interest, as well as the interests of the [parties](/usc/5/551.md?p=3), may grant such equitable [relief](/usc/5/551.md?p=11) as it deems appropriate, including granting an injunction against future violations of this section or ordering the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) to make available to the public such portion of the transcript, recording, or minutes of a meeting as is not authorized to be withheld under [subsection (c)](#c) of this section.
  - (2) Any Federal court otherwise authorized by law to review [agency action](/usc/5/551.md?p=13) may, at the application of any [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) properly participating in the proceeding pursuant to other applicable law, inquire into violations by the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) of the requirements of this section and afford such [relief](/usc/5/551.md?p=11) as it deems appropriate. Nothing in this section authorizes any Federal court having jurisdiction solely on the basis of [paragraph (1)](#h-1) to set aside, enjoin, or invalidate any [agency action](/usc/5/551.md?p=13) (other than an action to close a meeting or to withhold information under this section) taken or discussed at any [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) meeting out of which the violation of this section arose.
- (i) The court may assess against any [party](/usc/5/551.md?p=3) reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred by any other [party](/usc/5/551.md?p=3) who substantially prevails in any action brought in accordance with the provisions of subsection [(g)](#g) or [(h)](#h) of this section, except that costs may be assessed against the plaintiff only where the court finds that the suit was initiated by the plaintiff primarily for frivolous or dilatory purposes. In the case of assessment of costs against an [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1), the costs may be assessed by the court against the United States.
- (j) Each [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) subject to the requirements of this section shall annually report to the Congress regarding the following:
  - (1) The changes in the policies and procedures of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) under this section that have occurred during the preceding 1-year period.
  - (2) A tabulation of the number of meetings held, the exemptions applied to close meetings, and the days of public notice provided to close meetings.
  - (3) A brief description of litigation or formal complaints concerning the implementation of this section by the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1).
  - (4) A brief explanation of any changes in law that have affected the responsibilities of the [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) under this section.
- (k) Nothing herein expands or limits the present rights of any [person](/usc/5/551.md?p=2) under [section 552 of this title](/usc/5/552.md), except that the exemptions set forth in [subsection (c)](#c) of this section shall govern in the case of any request made pursuant to [section 552](/usc/5/552.md) to copy or inspect the transcripts, recordings, or minutes described in [subsection (f)](#f) of this section. The requirements of [chapter 33](/usc/44/chch33.md) of title 44, United States Code, shall not apply to the transcripts, recordings, and minutes described in [subsection (f)](#f) of this section.
- (l) This section does not constitute authority to withhold any information from Congress, and does not authorize the closing of any [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) meeting or portion thereof required by any other provision of law to be open.
- (m) Nothing in this section authorizes any [agency](/usc/5/551.md?p=1) to withhold from any individual any record, including transcripts, recordings, or minutes required by this section, which is otherwise accessible to such individual under [section 552a of this title](/usc/5/552a.md).

## Footnotes

[^1]: See References in Text note below.

## Source credit

(Added Pub. L. 94–409, § 3(a), Sept. 13, 1976, 90 Stat. 1241; amended Pub. L. 104–66, title III, § 3002, Dec. 21, 1995, 109 Stat. 734.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### References in Text

Section 552(e) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was redesignated section 552(f) of this title by section 1802(b) of Pub. L. 99–570.

180 days after the date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (g), means 180 days after the date of enactment of Pub. L. 94–409, which was approved Sept. 13, 1976.

### Amendments

1995—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 104–66 amended subsec. (j) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (j) read as follows: “Each agency subject to the requirements of this section shall annually report to Congress regarding its compliance with such requirements, including a tabulation of the total number of agency meetings open to the public, the total number of meetings closed to the public, the reasons for closing such meetings, and a description of any litigation brought against the agency under this section, including any costs assessed against the agency in such litigation (whether or not paid by the agency).”

### Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

### Effective Date

Pub. L. 94–409, § 6, Sept. 13, 1976, 90 Stat. 1248, provided that: Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the provisions of this Act [see Short Title note set out below] shall take effect 180 days after the date of its enactment [Sept. 13, 1976]. Subsection (g) of section 552b of title 5, United States Code, as added by section 3(a) of this Act, shall take effect upon enactment [Sept. 13, 1976].”

### Short Title of 1976 Amendment

Pub. L. 94–409, § 1, Sept. 13, 1976, 90 Stat. 1241, provided: “That this Act [enacting this section, amending sections 551, 552, 556, and 557 of this title, section 10 of Pub. L. 92–463, formerly set out in the Appendix to this title, and section 410 of Title 39, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the ‘Government in the Sunshine Act’.”

### Termination of Reporting Requirements

For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions of law requiring submittal to Congress of any annual, semiannual, or other regular periodic report listed in House Document No. 103–7 (in which the report required by subsec. (j) of this section is listed on page 151), see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance.

### Termination of Administrative Conference of United States

For termination of Administrative Conference of United States, see provision of title IV of Pub. L. 104–52, set out as a note preceding section 591 of this title.

### Declaration of Policy and Statement of Purpose

Pub. L. 94–409, § 2, Sept. 13, 1976, 90 Stat. 1241, provided that: “It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States that the public is entitled to the fullest practicable information regarding the decisionmaking processes of the Federal Government. It is the purpose of this Act [see Short Title note set out above] to provide the public with such information while protecting the rights of individuals and the ability of the Government to carry out its responsibilities.”