---
kind: "section"
citation: "42 U.S.C. § 2000ff–1"
title: "42"
title_heading: "The Public Health and Welfare"
number: "2000ff–1"
heading: "Employer practices"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/42/2000ff-1"
units:
  - "Chapter 21F — Prohibiting Employment Discrimination on the Basis of Genetic Information"
---

# §2000ff–1. Employer practices

- (a) **Discrimination based on genetic information—** It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B)—
  - (1) to fail or refuse to hire, or to discharge, any [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A), or otherwise to discriminate against any [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) with respect to the compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment of the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A), because of [genetic information](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=4-A) with respect to the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A); or
  - (2) to limit, segregate, or classify the [employees](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) of the [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B) in any way that would deprive or tend to deprive any [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect the status of the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) as an [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A), because of [genetic information](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=4-A) with respect to the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A).
- (b) **Acquisition of genetic information—** It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B) to request, require, or purchase [genetic information](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=4-A) with respect to an [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) or a [family member](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=3) of the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) except—
  - (1) where an [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B) inadvertently requests or requires family medical history of the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) or [family member](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=3) of the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A);
  - (2) where—
    - (A) health or [genetic services](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=6) are offered by the [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B), including such services offered as part of a wellness program;
    - (B) the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) provides prior, knowing, voluntary, and written authorization;
    - (C) only the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) (or [family member](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=3) if the [family member](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=3) is receiving [genetic services](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=6)) and the licensed health care professional or board certified genetic counselor involved in providing such services receive individually identifiable information concerning the results of such services; and
    - (D) any individually identifiable [genetic information](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=4-A) provided under [subparagraph (C)](#b-2-C) in connection with the services provided under [subparagraph (A)](#b-2-A) is only available for purposes of such services and shall not be disclosed to the [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B) except in aggregate terms that do not disclose the identity of specific [employees](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A);
  - (3) where an [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B) requests or requires family medical history from the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) to comply with the certification provisions of [section 2613 of title 29](/usc/29/2613.md) or such requirements under [State](/usc/42/2021b.md?p=14) family and medical leave laws;
  - (4) where an [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B) purchases documents that are commercially and publicly available (including newspapers, magazines, periodicals, and books, but not including medical databases or court records) that include family medical history;
  - (5) where the information involved is to be used for [genetic monitoring](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=5) of the biological effects of toxic substances in the workplace, but only if—
    - (A) the [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B) provides written notice of the [genetic monitoring](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=5) to the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A);
    - (B)
      - (i) the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) provides prior, knowing, voluntary, and written authorization; or
      - (ii) the [genetic monitoring](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=5) is required by Federal or [State](/usc/42/2021b.md?p=14) law;
    - (C) the [employee](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A) is informed of individual monitoring results;
    - (D) the monitoring is in compliance with—
      - (i) any Federal [genetic monitoring](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=5) regulations, including any such regulations that may be promulgated by the [Secretary](/usc/42/242q–4.md?p=2) of Labor pursuant to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 ([29 U.S.C. 651](/usc/29/651.md) et seq.), the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 ([30 U.S.C. 801](/usc/30/801.md) et seq.), or the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 ([42 U.S.C. 2011](/usc/42/2011.md) et seq.); or
      - (ii) [State](/usc/42/2021b.md?p=14) [genetic monitoring](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=5) regulations, in the case of a [State](/usc/42/2021b.md?p=14) that is implementing [genetic monitoring](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=5) regulations under the authority of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 ([29 U.S.C. 651](/usc/29/651.md) et seq.); and
    - (E) the [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B), excluding any licensed health care professional or board certified genetic counselor that is involved in the [genetic monitoring](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=5) program, receives the results of the monitoring only in aggregate terms that do not disclose the identity of specific [employees](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A); or
  - (6) where the [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B) conducts DNA analysis for law enforcement purposes as a forensic laboratory or for purposes of human remains identification, and requests or requires [genetic information](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=4-A) of such [employer](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-B)’s [employees](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=2-A), but only to the extent that such [genetic information](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=4-A) is used for analysis of DNA identification markers for quality control to detect sample contamination.
- (c) **Preservation of protections—** In the case of information to which any of paragraphs [(1)](#b-1) through [(6)](#b-6) of subsection (b) applies, such information may not be used in [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of paragraph [(1)](#a-1) or [(2)](#a-2) of subsection (a) or treated or disclosed in a manner that violates [section 2000ff–5 of this title](/usc/42/2000ff–5.md).

## Source credit

(Pub. L. 110–233, title II, § 202, May 21, 2008, 122 Stat. 907.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### References in Text

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (b)(5)(D), is Pub. L. 91–596, Dec. 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 1590, which is classified principally to chapter 15 (§ 651 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 651 of Title 29 and Tables.

The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, referred to in subsec. (b)(5)(D)(i), is Pub. L. 91–173, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 742, which is classified principally to chapter 22 (§ 801 et seq.) of Title 30, Mineral Lands and Mining. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of Title 30 and Tables.

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (b)(5)(D)(i), is act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 919, which is classified principally to chapter 23 (§ 2011 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of this title and Tables.

### Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

### Effective Date

Section effective 18 months after May 21, 2008, see section 213 of Pub. L. 110–233, set out as a note under section 2000ff of this title.