---
kind: "range"
citation: "42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e–2000e–17"
title: "42"
from: "2000e"
to: "2000e–17"
count: 21
release: "119-102"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/42/2000e..2000e-17"
---

# §2000e. Definitions


For the purposes of this subchapter—

- (a) The term “person” includes one or more individuals, governments, governmental agencies, political subdivisions, labor unions, partnerships, associations, [corporations](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1), legal [representatives](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=5), mutual companies, joint-stock companies, [trusts](/usc/42/12854.md?p=6), unincorporated organizations, trustees, trustees in cases under [title 11](/usc/11.md), or receivers.
- (b) The term “employer” means a [person](#a) engaged in an [industry affecting commerce](#h) who has fifteen or more [employees](#f) for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year, and any agent of such a [person](#a), but such term does not include (1) the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k), a [corporation](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1) wholly owned by the Government of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k), an [Indian tribe](/usc/42/300f.md?p=14), or any department or agency of the District of Columbia subject by statute to procedures of the competitive service (as defined in [section 2102 of title 5](/usc/5/2102.md)), or (2) a bona fide private membership club (other than a [labor organization](#d)) which is exempt from taxation under [section 501(c) of title 26](/usc/26/501.md?p=c), except that during the first year after March 24, 1972, [persons](#a) having fewer than twenty-five [employees](#f) (and their agents) shall not be considered employers.
- (c) The term “employment agency” means any [person](#a) regularly undertaking with or without compensation to procure [employees](#f) for an [employer](#b) or to procure for [employees](#f) opportunities to work for an [employer](#b) and includes an agent of such a [person](#a).
- (d) The term “labor organization” means a labor organization engaged in an [industry affecting commerce](#h), and any agent of such an organization, and includes any organization of any kind, any agency, or [employee](#f) representation committee, group, association, or plan so engaged in which [employees](#f) participate and which exists for the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with [employers](#b) concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours, or other terms or conditions of employment, and any conference, general committee, joint or system [board](/usc/42/10261.md?p=2), or joint [council](/usc/42/300f.md?p=9) so engaged which is subordinate to a national or international labor organization.
- (e) A [labor organization](#d) shall be deemed to be engaged in an [industry affecting commerce](#h) if (1) it maintains or operates a hiring hall or hiring [office](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1) which procures [employees](#f) for an [employer](#b) or procures for [employees](#f) opportunities to work for an [employer](#b), or (2) the number of its members (or, where it is a [labor organization](#d) composed of other [labor organizations](#d) or their [representatives](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=5), if the aggregate number of the members of such other [labor organization](#d)) is (A) twenty-five or more during the first year after March 24, 1972, or (B) fifteen or more thereafter, and such [labor organization](#d)—
  - (1) is the certified [representative](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=5) of [employees](#f) under the provisions of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended [[29 U.S.C. 151](/usc/29/151.md) et seq.], or the Railway Labor Act, as amended [[45 U.S.C. 151](/usc/45/151.md) et seq.];
  - (2) although not certified, is a national or international [labor organization](#d) or a local [labor organization](#d) recognized or acting as the [representative](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=5) of [employees](#f) of an [employer](#b) or [employers](#b) engaged in an [industry affecting commerce](#h); or
  - (3) has chartered a local [labor organization](#d) or subsidiary body which is representing or actively seeking to represent [employees](#f) of [employers](#b) within the meaning of paragraph [(1)](#e-1) or [(2)](#e-2); or
  - (4) has been chartered by a [labor organization](#d) representing or actively seeking to represent [employees](#f) within the meaning of paragraph [(1)](#e-1) or [(2)](#e-2) as the local or subordinate body through which such [employees](#f) may enjoy membership or become affiliated with such [labor organization](#d); or
  - (5) is a conference, general committee, joint or system [board](/usc/42/10261.md?p=2), or joint [council](/usc/42/300f.md?p=9) subordinate to a national or international [labor organization](#d), which includes a [labor organization](#d) engaged in an [industry affecting commerce](#h) within the meaning of any of the preceding paragraphs of this subsection.
- (f) The term “employee” means an individual employed by an [employer](#b), except that the term “employee” shall not include any [person](#a) elected to public [office](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1) in any [State](#i) or political subdivision of any [State](#i) by the qualified voters thereof, or any [person](#a) chosen by such officer to be on such officer’s personal staff, or an appointee on the policy making level or an immediate adviser with respect to the exercise of the constitutional or legal powers of the [office](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1). The exemption set forth in the preceding sentence shall not include employees subject to the civil service laws of a [State](#i) government, governmental agency or political subdivision. With respect to employment in a foreign country, such term includes an individual who is a citizen of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k).
- (g) The term “commerce” means trade, traffic, commerce, transportation, transmission, or communication among the several [States](#i); or between a [State](#i) and any place outside thereof; or within the District of Columbia, or a possession of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k); or between points in the same [State](#i) but through a point outside thereof.
- (h) The term “industry affecting commerce” means any activity, business, or industry in [commerce](#g) or in which a labor dispute would hinder or obstruct [commerce](#g) or the free flow of [commerce](#g) and includes any activity or industry “affecting [commerce](#g)” within the meaning of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 [[29 U.S.C. 401](/usc/29/401.md) et seq.], and further includes any governmental industry, business, or activity.
- (i) The term “State” includes a State of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k), the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, Wake Island, the Canal Zone, and Outer Continental Shelf lands defined in the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act [[43 U.S.C. 1331](/usc/43/1331.md) et seq.].
- (j) The term “religion” includes all aspects of religious observance and practice, as well as belief, unless an [employer](#b) [demonstrates](#m) that he is unable to reasonably accommodate to an [employee](#f)’s or prospective [employee](#f)’s religious observance or practice without undue hardship on the conduct of the [employer](#b)’s business.
- (k) The terms “because of sex” or “on the basis of sex” include, but are not limited to, because of or on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions; and women affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions shall be treated the same for all employment-related purposes, including receipt of benefits under fringe benefit [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), as other [persons](#a) not so affected but similar in their ability or inability to work, and nothing in [section 2000e–2(h) of this title](/usc/42/2000e–2.md?p=h) shall be interpreted to permit otherwise. This subsection shall not require an [employer](#b) to pay for health insurance benefits for abortion, except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term, or except where medical complications have arisen from an abortion: Provided, That nothing herein shall preclude an [employer](#b) from providing abortion benefits or otherwise affect bargaining [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) in regard to abortion.
- (l) The term “complaining party” means the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6), or a [person](#a) who may bring an action or proceeding under this subchapter.
- (m) The term “demonstrates” means meets the burdens of production and persuasion.
- (n) The term “respondent” means an [employer](#b), [employment agency](#c), [labor organization](#d), joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) or retraining [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), including an on-the-job [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), or Federal entity subject to [section 2000e–16 of this title](/usc/42/2000e–16.md).

# §2000e–1. Exemption

- (a) **Inapplicability of subchapter to certain aliens and employees of religious entities—** This subchapter shall not apply to an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) with respect to the employment of aliens outside any [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i), or to a religious [corporation](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1), association, educational institution, or society with respect to the employment of individuals of a particular [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j) to perform work connected with the carrying on by such [corporation](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1), association, educational institution, or society of its activities.
- (b) **Compliance with statute as violative of foreign law—** It shall not be unlawful under section [2000e–2](/usc/42/2000e–2.md) or [2000e–3](/usc/42/2000e–3.md) of this title for an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) (or a [corporation](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1) controlled by an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b)), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) or retraining (including on-the-job [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4)) to take any action otherwise prohibited by such section, with respect to an [employee](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) in a workplace in a foreign country if compliance with such section would [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) such [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) (or such [corporation](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1)), such organization, such agency, or such committee to violate the law of the foreign country in which such workplace is located.
- (c) **Control of corporation incorporated in foreign country—**
  - (1) If an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) controls a [corporation](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1) whose place of incorporation is a foreign country, any practice prohibited by section [2000e–2](/usc/42/2000e–2.md) or [2000e–3](/usc/42/2000e–3.md) of this title engaged in by such [corporation](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1) shall be presumed to be engaged in by such [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b).
  - (2) Sections [2000e–2](/usc/42/2000e–2.md) and [2000e–3](/usc/42/2000e–3.md) of this title shall not apply with respect to the foreign operations of an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) that is a foreign [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) not controlled by an American [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b).
  - (3) For purposes of this subsection, the determination of whether an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) controls a [corporation](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1) shall be based on—
    - (A) the interrelation of operations;
    - (B) the common management;
    - (C) the centralized control of labor relations; and
    - (D) the common ownership or financial control,

    of the [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) and the [corporation](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1).


# §2000e–2. Unlawful employment practices

- (a) **Employer practices—** It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b)—
  - (1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin; or
  - (2) to limit, segregate, or classify his [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) or applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an [employee](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f), because of such individual’s race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin.
- (b) **Employment agency practices—** It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c) to fail or refuse to refer for employment, or otherwise to discriminate against, any individual because of his race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin, or to classify or refer for employment any individual on the basis of his race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin.
- (c) **Labor organization practices—** It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d)—
  - (1) to exclude or to expel from its membership, or otherwise to discriminate against, any individual because of his race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin;
  - (2) to limit, segregate, or classify its membership or applicants for membership, or to classify or fail or refuse to refer for employment any individual, in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities, or would limit such employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an [employee](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) or as an applicant for employment, because of such individual’s race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin; or
  - (3) to [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) or attempt to [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) to discriminate against an individual in [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of this section.
- (d) **Training programs—** It shall be an unlawful employment practice for any [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) or retraining, including on-the-job [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) to discriminate against any individual because of his race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin in admission to, or employment in, any [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) established to provide apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2).
- (e) **Businesses or enterprises with personnel qualified on basis of religion, sex, or national origin; educational institutions with personnel of particular religion—** Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, (1) it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) to hire and employ [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f), for an [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c) to classify, or refer for employment any individual, for a [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d) to classify its membership or to classify or refer for employment any individual, or for an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) or retraining [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) to admit or employ any individual in any such [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), on the basis of his [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin in those certain instances where [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin is a bona fide occupational qualification reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise, and (2) it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for a [school](/usc/42/6372.md?p=1), college, university, or other educational institution or institution of learning to hire and employ [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) of a particular [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j) if such [school](/usc/42/6372.md?p=1), college, university, or other educational institution or institution of learning is, in whole or in substantial part, owned, supported, controlled, or managed by a particular [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j) or by a particular religious [corporation](/usc/42/2296b–7.md?p=1), association, or society, or if the curriculum of such [school](/usc/42/6372.md?p=1), college, university, or other educational institution or institution of learning is directed toward the propagation of a particular [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j).
- (f) **Members of Communist Party or Communist-action or Communist-front organizations—** As used in this subchapter, the phrase “unlawful employment practice” shall not be deemed to include any action or measure taken by an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), joint labor-management committee, or [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c) with respect to an individual who is a member of the Communist Party of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) or of any other organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control [Board](/usc/42/10261.md?p=2) pursuant to the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 [[50 U.S.C. 781](/usc/50/781.md) et seq.].
- (g) **National security—** Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) to fail or refuse to hire and employ any individual for any position, for an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) to discharge any individual from any position, or for an [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c) to fail or refuse to refer any individual for employment in any position, or for a [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d) to fail or refuse to refer any individual for employment in any position, if—
  - (1) the occupancy of such position, or access to the premises in or upon which any part of the duties of such position is performed or is to be performed, is subject to any requirement imposed in the interest of the national security of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) under any security [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) in effect pursuant to or administered under any statute of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) or any Executive order of the President; and
  - (2) such individual has not fulfilled or has ceased to fulfill that requirement.
- (h) **Seniority or merit system; quantity or quality of production; ability tests; compensation based on sex and authorized by minimum wage provisions—** Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) to apply different [standards](/usc/42/1320d.md?p=7) of compensation, or different terms, conditions, or privileges of employment pursuant to a bona fide seniority or merit system, or a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of production or to [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) who work in different locations, provided that such differences are not the result of an intention to discriminate because of race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin, nor shall it be an unlawful employment practice for an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) to give and to act upon the results of any professionally developed ability test provided that such test, its administration or action upon the results is not designed, intended or used to discriminate because of race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex or national origin. It shall not be an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter for any [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) to differentiate upon the basis of sex in determining the amount of the wages or compensation paid or to be paid to [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) of such [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) if such differentiation is authorized by the provisions of [section 206(d) of title 29](/usc/29/206.md?p=d).
- (i) **Businesses or enterprises extending preferential treatment to Indians—** Nothing contained in this subchapter shall apply to any business or enterprise on or near an [Indian](/usc/42/6862.md?p=6) reservation with respect to any publicly announced employment practice of such business or enterprise under which a preferential [treatment](/usc/42/11851.md?p=11) is given to any individual because he is an [Indian](/usc/42/6862.md?p=6) living on or near a reservation.
- (j) **Preferential treatment not to be granted on account of existing number or percentage imbalance—** Nothing contained in this subchapter shall be interpreted to require any [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), or joint labor-management committee subject to this subchapter to grant preferential [treatment](/usc/42/11851.md?p=11) to any individual or to any group because of the race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin of such individual or group on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) of any race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin employed by any [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), referred or classified for employment by any [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c) or [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), admitted to membership or classified by any [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), or admitted to, or employed in, any apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), in comparison with the total number or percentage of [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) of such race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin in any community, [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i), section, or other area, or in the available work force in any community, [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i), section, or other area.
- (k) **Burden of proof in disparate impact cases—**
  - (1)
    - (A) An unlawful employment practice based on disparate impact is established under this subchapter only if—
      - (i) a [complaining party](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=l) [demonstrates](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=m) that a [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) uses a particular employment practice that [causes](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) a disparate impact on the basis of race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin and the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) fails to demonstrate that the challenged practice is job related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity; or
      - (ii) the [complaining party](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=l) makes the demonstration described in [subparagraph (C)](#k-1-C) with respect to an alternative employment practice and the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) refuses to adopt such alternative employment practice.
    - (B)
      - (i) With respect to demonstrating that a particular employment practice [causes](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) a disparate impact as described in [subparagraph (A)(i)](#k-1-A-i), the [complaining party](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=l) shall demonstrate that each particular challenged employment practice [causes](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) a disparate impact, except that if the [complaining party](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=l) can demonstrate to the court that the elements of a [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n)’s decisionmaking process are not capable of separation for analysis, the decisionmaking process may be analyzed as one employment practice.
      - (ii) If the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) [demonstrates](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=m) that a specific employment practice does not [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) the disparate impact, the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) shall not be required to demonstrate that such practice is required by business necessity.
    - (C) The demonstration referred to by [subparagraph (A)(ii)](#k-1-A-ii) shall be in accordance with the law as it existed on June 4, 1989, with respect to the concept of “alternative employment practice”.
  - (2) A demonstration that an employment practice is required by business necessity may not be used as a defense against a [claim](/usc/42/1320a–7a.md?p=i-2) of intentional discrimination under this subchapter.
  - (3) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, a rule barring the employment of an individual who currently and knowingly uses or possesses a [controlled substance](/usc/42/11851.md?p=2), as defined in schedules I and II of section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act ([21 U.S.C. 802(6)](/usc/21/802.md?p=6)), other than the use or possession of a [drug](/usc/42/282.md?p=j-1-A-vii) taken under the supervision of a licensed health care professional, or any other use or possession authorized by the Controlled Substances Act [[21 U.S.C. 801](/usc/21/801.md) et seq.] or any other provision of Federal law, shall be considered an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter only if such rule is adopted or applied with an intent to discriminate because of race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin.
- (l) **Prohibition of discriminatory use of test scores—** It shall be an unlawful employment practice for a [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n), in connection with the selection or referral of applicants or candidates for employment or promotion, to adjust the scores of, use different cutoff scores for, or otherwise alter the results of, employment related tests on the basis of race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin.
- (m) **Impermissible consideration of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment practices—** Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, an unlawful employment practice is established when the [complaining party](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=l) [demonstrates](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=m) that race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice.
- (n) **Resolution of challenges to employment practices implementing litigated or consent judgments or orders—**
  - (1)
    - (A) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as provided in [paragraph (2)](#n-2), an employment practice that implements and is within the scope of a litigated or consent judgment or order that resolves a [claim](/usc/42/1320a–7a.md?p=i-2) of employment discrimination under the Constitution or Federal civil rights laws may not be challenged under the circumstances described in [subparagraph (B)](#n-1-B).
    - (B) A practice described in [subparagraph (A)](#n-1-A) may not be challenged in a [claim](/usc/42/1320a–7a.md?p=i-2) under the Constitution or Federal civil rights laws—
      - (i) by a [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) who, prior to the entry of the judgment or order described in [subparagraph (A)](#n-1-A), had—
        - (I) actual notice of the proposed judgment or order sufficient to apprise such [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) that such judgment or order might adversely affect the interests and legal rights of such [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) and that an opportunity was available to present objections to such judgment or order by a future date certain; and
        - (II) a reasonable opportunity to present objections to such judgment or order; or
      - (ii) by a [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) whose interests were adequately represented by another [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) who had previously challenged the judgment or order on the same legal grounds and with a similar factual situation, unless there has been an intervening change in law or fact.
  - (2) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to—
    - (A) alter the [standards](/usc/42/1320d.md?p=7) for intervention under [rule 24](/usc/28a/civil-24.md) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or apply to the rights of parties who have successfully intervened pursuant to such rule in the proceeding in which the parties intervened;
    - (B) apply to the rights of parties to the action in which a litigated or consent judgment or order was entered, or of members of a class represented or sought to be represented in such action, or of members of a group on whose behalf relief was sought in such action by the Federal Government;
    - (C) prevent challenges to a litigated or consent judgment or order on the ground that such judgment or order was obtained through collusion or fraud, or is transparently invalid or was entered by a court lacking subject matter jurisdiction; or
    - (D) authorize or permit the denial to any [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) of the due process of law required by the Constitution.
  - (3) Any action not precluded under this subsection that challenges an employment consent judgment or order described in [paragraph (1)](#n-1) shall be brought in the court, and if possible before the judge, that entered such judgment or order. Nothing in this subsection shall preclude a transfer of such action pursuant to [section 1404 of title 28](/usc/28/1404.md).

# §2000e–3. Other unlawful employment practices

- (a) **Discrimination for making charges, testifying, assisting, or participating in enforcement proceedings—** It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) to discriminate against any of his [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) or applicants for employment, for an [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) or retraining, including on-the-job [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), to discriminate against any individual, or for a [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d) to discriminate against any member thereof or applicant for membership, because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter.
- (b) **Printing or publication of notices or advertisements indicating prohibited preference, limitation, specification, or discrimination; occupational qualification exception—** It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) or retraining, including on-the-job [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), to print or publish or [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) to be printed or published any notice or advertisement relating to employment by such an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) or membership in or any classification or referral for employment by such a [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), or relating to any classification or referral for employment by such an [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), or relating to admission to, or employment in, any [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) established to provide apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) by such a joint labor-management committee, indicating any preference, limitation, specification, or discrimination, based on race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin, except that such a notice or advertisement may indicate a preference, limitation, specification, or discrimination based on [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin when [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin is a bona fide occupational qualification for employment.

# §2000e–4. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

- (a) **Creation; composition; political representation; appointment; term; vacancies; Chairman and Vice Chairman; duties of Chairman; appointment of personnel; compensation of personnel—** There is hereby created a [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) to be known as the Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), which shall be composed of five members, not more than three of whom shall be members of the same political party. Members of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate for a term of five years. Any individual chosen to fill a vacancy shall be appointed only for the unexpired term of the member whom he shall succeed, and all members of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and qualified, except that no such member of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall continue to serve (1) for more than sixty days when the Congress is in session unless a nomination to fill such vacancy shall have been submitted to the Senate, or (2) after the adjournment sine die of the session of the Senate in which such nomination was submitted. The President shall designate one member to serve as Chairman of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), and one member to serve as Vice Chairman. The Chairman shall be responsible on behalf of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) for the administrative operations of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), and, except as provided in [subsection (b)](#b), shall appoint, in accordance with the provisions of [title 5](/usc/5.md) governing appointments in the competitive service, such officers, agents, attorneys, administrative law judges, and [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) as he deems necessary to assist it in the performance of its functions and to fix their compensation in accordance with the provisions of [chapter 51](/usc/42/ch51.md) and subchapter III of [chapter 53](/usc/5/chptIII-sptD-ch53.md) of title 5, relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates: Provided, That assignment, [removal](/usc/42/9601.md?p=23), and compensation of administrative law judges shall be in accordance with sections [3105](/usc/5/3105.md), [3344](/usc/5/3344.md), [5372](/usc/5/5372.md), and [7521](/usc/5/7521.md) of title 5.
- (b) **General Counsel; appointment; term; duties; representation by attorneys and Attorney General—**
  - (1) There shall be a General Counsel of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, for a term of four years. The General Counsel shall have responsibility for the conduct of litigation as provided in sections [2000e–5](/usc/42/2000e–5.md) and [2000e–6](/usc/42/2000e–6.md) of this title. The General Counsel shall have such other duties as the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) may prescribe or as may be provided by law and shall concur with the Chairman of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) on the appointment and supervision of regional attorneys. The General Counsel of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) on the effective date of this Act shall continue in such position and perform the functions specified in this subsection until a successor is appointed and qualified.
  - (2) Attorneys appointed under this section may, at the direction of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), appear for and represent the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) in any case in court, provided that the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) shall conduct all litigation to which the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) is a party in the Supreme Court pursuant to this subchapter.
- (c) **Exercise of powers during vacancy; quorum—** A vacancy in the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall not impair the right of the remaining members to exercise all the powers of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) and three members thereof shall constitute a quorum.
- (d) **Seal; judicial notice—** The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall have an official seal which shall be judicially noticed.
- (e) **Reports to Congress and the President—** The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall at the close of each fiscal year report to the Congress and to the President concerning the action it has taken and the moneys it has disbursed. It shall make such further reports on the [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) of and means of eliminating discrimination and such recommendations for further legislation as may appear desirable.
- (f) **Principal and other offices—** The principal [office](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1) of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall be in or near the District of Columbia, but it may meet or exercise any or all its powers at any other place. The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) may establish such regional or [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) [offices](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1) as it deems necessary to accomplish the purpose of this subchapter.
- (g) **Powers of Commission—** The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall have power—
  - (1) to cooperate with and, with their consent, utilize regional, [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i), local, and other agencies, both public and private, and individuals;
  - (2) to pay to witnesses whose depositions are taken or who are summoned before the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) or any of its agents the same witness and mileage fees as are paid to witnesses in the courts of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k);
  - (3) to furnish to [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) subject to this subchapter such technical assistance as they may request to further their compliance with this subchapter or an order issued thereunder;
  - (4) upon the request of (i) any [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), whose [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) or some of them, or (ii) any [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), whose members or some of them, refuse or threaten to refuse to cooperate in effectuating the provisions of this subchapter, to assist in such effectuation by conciliation or such other remedial action as is provided by this subchapter;
  - (5) to make such technical studies as are appropriate to effectuate the purposes and policies of this subchapter and to make the results of such studies available to the public;
  - (6) to intervene in a civil action brought under [section 2000e–5 of this title](/usc/42/2000e–5.md) by an aggrieved party against a [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) other than a government, governmental agency or political subdivision.
- (h) **Cooperation with other departments and agencies in performance of educational or promotional activities; outreach activities—**
  - (1) The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall, in any of its educational or promotional activities, cooperate with other departments and agencies in the performance of such educational and promotional activities.
  - (2) In exercising its powers under this subchapter, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall carry out educational and outreach activities (including dissemination of information in languages other than English) targeted to—
    - (A) individuals who historically have been victims of employment discrimination and have not been equitably served by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1); and
    - (B) individuals on whose behalf the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) has authority to enforce any other law prohibiting employment discrimination,

    concerning rights and obligations under this subchapter or such law, as the case may be.

- (i) **Personnel subject to political activity restrictions—** All officers, agents, attorneys, and [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall be subject to the provisions of section 7324[^1] of [title 5](/usc/5.md), notwithstanding any exemption contained in such section.
- (j) **Technical Assistance Training Institute—**
  - (1) The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall establish a Technical Assistance [Training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) Institute, through which the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall provide technical assistance and [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) regarding the laws and regulations enforced by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1).
  - (2) An [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) or other entity covered under this subchapter shall not be excused from compliance with the requirements of this subchapter because of any failure to receive technical assistance under this subsection.
  - (3) There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this subsection such sums as may be necessary for fiscal year 1992.
- (k) **EEOC Education, Technical Assistance, and Training Revolving Fund—**
  - (1) There is hereby established in the Treasury of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) a revolving [fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3) to be known as the “EEOC Education, Technical Assistance, and [Training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) Revolving [Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3)” (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the “[Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3)”) and to pay the cost (including administrative and personnel expenses) of providing education, technical assistance, and [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) relating to laws administered by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1). Monies in the [Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3) shall be available without fiscal year limitation to the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) for such purposes.
  - (2)
    - (A) The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall charge fees in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph to offset the costs of education, technical assistance, and [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) provided with monies in the [Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3). Such fees for any education, technical assistance, or [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2)—
      - (i) shall be imposed on a uniform basis on [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) and entities receiving such education, assistance, or [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2),
      - (ii) shall not exceed the cost of providing such education, assistance, and [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2), and
      - (iii) with respect to each [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) or entity receiving such education, assistance, or [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2), shall bear a reasonable relationship to the cost of providing such education, assistance, or [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) to such [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) or entity.
    - (B) Fees received under [subparagraph (A)](#k-2-A) shall be deposited in the [Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3) by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1).
    - (C) The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall include in each report made under [subsection (e)](#e) information with respect to the operation of the [Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3), including information, presented in the aggregate, relating to—
      - (i) the number of [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) and entities to which the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) provided education, technical assistance, or [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) with monies in the [Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3), in the fiscal year for which such report is prepared,
      - (ii) the cost to the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) to provide such education, technical assistance, or [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) to such [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) and entities, and
      - (iii) the amount of any fees received by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) from such [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) and entities for such education, technical assistance, or [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2).
  - (3) The [Secretary](/usc/42/242q–4.md?p=2) of the Treasury shall invest the portion of the [Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3) not required to satisfy current expenditures from the [Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3), as determined by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), in obligations of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) or obligations guaranteed as to principal by the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k). Investment proceeds shall be deposited in the [Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3).
  - (4) There is hereby transferred to the [Fund](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3) $1,000,000 from the Salaries and Expenses appropriation of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1).

# §2000e–5. Enforcement provisions

- (a) **Power of Commission to prevent unlawful employment practices—** The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) is empowered, as hereinafter provided, to prevent any [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) from engaging in any unlawful employment practice as set forth in section [2000e–2](/usc/42/2000e–2.md) or [2000e–3](/usc/42/2000e–3.md) of this title.
- (b) **Charges by persons aggrieved or member of Commission of unlawful employment practices by employers, etc.; filing; allegations; notice to respondent; contents of notice; investigation by Commission; contents of charges; prohibition on disclosure of charges; determination of reasonable cause; conference, conciliation, and persuasion for elimination of unlawful practices; prohibition on disclosure of informal endeavors to end unlawful practices; use of evidence in subsequent proceedings; penalties for disclosure of information; time for determination of reasonable cause—** Whenever a charge is filed by or on behalf of a [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) claiming to be aggrieved, or by a member of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), alleging that an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) or retraining, including on-the-job [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), has engaged in an unlawful employment practice, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall serve a notice of the charge (including the date, place and circumstances of the alleged unlawful employment practice) on such [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), or joint labor-management committee (hereinafter referred to as the “[respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n)”) within ten days, and shall make an investigation thereof. Charges shall be in writing under oath or affirmation and shall contain such information and be in such form as the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) requires. Charges shall not be made public by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1). If the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) determines after such investigation that there is not reasonable [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) to believe that the charge is true, it shall dismiss the charge and promptly notify the [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) claiming to be aggrieved and the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) of its action. In determining whether reasonable [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) exists, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall accord substantial weight to final findings and orders made by [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local authorities in proceedings commenced under [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local law pursuant to the requirements of subsections [(c)](#c) and [(d)](#d). If the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) determines after such investigation that there is reasonable [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) to believe that the charge is true, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall endeavor to eliminate any such alleged unlawful employment practice by informal methods of conference, conciliation, and persuasion. Nothing said or done during and as a part of such informal endeavors may be made public by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), its officers or [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f), or used as evidence in a subsequent proceeding without the written consent of the [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) concerned. Any [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) who makes public information in [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of this subsection shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both. The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall make its determination on reasonable [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) as promptly as possible and, so far as practicable, not later than one hundred and twenty days from the filing of the charge or, where applicable under subsection [(c)](#c) or [(d)](#d), from the date upon which the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) is authorized to take action with respect to the charge.
- (c) **State or local enforcement proceedings; notification of State or local authority; time for filing charges with Commission; commencement of proceedings—** In the case of an alleged unlawful employment practice occurring in a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i), or political subdivision of a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i), which has a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local law prohibiting the unlawful employment practice alleged and establishing or authorizing a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, no charge may be filed under [subsection (a)](#a)[^1] by the [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) aggrieved before the expiration of sixty days after proceedings have been commenced under the [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local law, unless such proceedings have been earlier terminated, provided that such sixty-day period shall be extended to one hundred and twenty days during the first year after the effective date of such [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local law. If any requirement for the commencement of such proceedings is imposed by a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local authority other than a requirement of the filing of a written and signed statement of the facts upon which the proceeding is based, the proceeding shall be deemed to have been commenced for the purposes of this subsection at the time such statement is sent by registered mail to the appropriate [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local authority.
- (d) **State or local enforcement proceedings; notification of State or local authority; time for action on charges by Commission—** In the case of any charge filed by a member of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) alleging an unlawful employment practice occurring in a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or political subdivision of a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) which has a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local law prohibiting the practice alleged and establishing or authorizing a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall, before taking any action with respect to such charge, notify the appropriate [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local officials and, upon request, afford them a reasonable time, but not less than sixty days (provided that such sixty-day period shall be extended to one hundred and twenty days during the first year after the effective day of such [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local law), unless a shorter period is requested, to act under such [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local law to remedy the practice alleged.
- (e) **Time for filing charges; time for service of notice of charge on respondent; filing of charge by Commission with State or local agency; seniority system—**
  - (1) A charge under this section shall be filed within one hundred and eighty days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred and notice of the charge (including the date, place and circumstances of the alleged unlawful employment practice) shall be served upon the [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) against whom such charge is made within ten days thereafter, except that in a case of an unlawful employment practice with respect to which the [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) aggrieved has initially instituted proceedings with a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local agency with authority to grant or seek relief from such practice or to institute criminal proceedings with respect thereto upon receiving notice thereof, such charge shall be filed by or on behalf of the [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) aggrieved within three hundred days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred, or within thirty days after receiving notice that the [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local agency has terminated the proceedings under the [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local law, whichever is earlier, and a copy of such charge shall be filed by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) with the [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local agency.
  - (2) For purposes of this section, an unlawful employment practice occurs, with respect to a seniority system that has been adopted for an intentionally discriminatory purpose in [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of this subchapter (whether or not that discriminatory purpose is apparent on the face of the seniority provision), when the seniority system is adopted, when an individual becomes subject to the seniority system, or when a [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) aggrieved is injured by the application of the seniority system or provision of the system.
  - (3)
    - (A) For purposes of this section, an unlawful employment practice occurs, with respect to discrimination in compensation in [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of this subchapter, when a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice is adopted, when an individual becomes subject to a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice, or when an individual is affected by application of a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice, including each time wages, benefits, or other compensation is paid, resulting in whole or in part from such a decision or other practice.
    - (B) In addition to any relief authorized by [section 1981a of this title](/usc/42/1981a.md), liability may accrue and an aggrieved [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) may obtain relief as provided in [subsection (g)(1)](#g-1), including recovery of back pay for up to two years preceding the filing of the charge, where the unlawful employment [practices](/usc/42/17061.md?p=19) that have occurred during the charge filing period are similar or related to unlawful employment [practices](/usc/42/17061.md?p=19) with regard to discrimination in compensation that occurred outside the time for filing a charge.
- (f) **Civil action by Commission, Attorney General, or person aggrieved; preconditions; procedure; appointment of attorney; payment of fees, costs, or security; intervention; stay of Federal proceedings; action for appropriate temporary or preliminary relief pending final disposition of charge; jurisdiction and venue of United States courts; designation of judge to hear and determine case; assignment of case for hearing; expedition of case; appointment of master—**
  - (1) If within thirty days after a charge is filed with the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) or within thirty days after expiration of any period of reference under subsection [(c)](#c) or [(d)](#d), the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) has been unable to secure from the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) a conciliation [agreement](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) acceptable to the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) may bring a civil action against any [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) not a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision named in the charge. In the case of a [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) which is a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, if the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) has been unable to secure from the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) a conciliation [agreement](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) acceptable to the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall take no further action and shall refer the case to the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) who may bring a civil action against such [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) in the appropriate [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) district court. The [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) or [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) aggrieved shall have the right to intervene in a civil action brought by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) or the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision. If a charge filed with the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) pursuant to [subsection (b)](#b), is dismissed by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), or if within one hundred and eighty days from the filing of such charge or the expiration of any period of reference under subsection [(c)](#c) or [(d)](#d), whichever is later, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) has not filed a civil action under this section or the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) has not filed a civil action in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, or the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) has not entered into a conciliation [agreement](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) to which the [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) aggrieved is a party, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), or the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, shall so notify the [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) aggrieved and within ninety days after the giving of such notice a civil action may be brought against the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) named in the charge (A) by the [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) claiming to be aggrieved or (B) if such charge was filed by a member of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), by any [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) whom the charge alleges was aggrieved by the alleged unlawful employment practice. Upon application by the [complainant](/usc/42/3602.md?p=j) and in such circumstances as the court may deem just, the court may appoint an attorney for such [complainant](/usc/42/3602.md?p=j) and may authorize the commencement of the action without the payment of fees, costs, or security. Upon timely application, the court may, in its discretion, permit the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), or the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, to intervene in such civil action upon certification that the case is of general public importance. Upon request, the court may, in its discretion, stay further proceedings for not more than sixty days pending the termination of [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local proceedings described in subsection [(c)](#c) or [(d)](#d) of this section or further efforts of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) to obtain voluntary compliance.
  - (2) Whenever a charge is filed with the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) and the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) concludes on the basis of a preliminary investigation that prompt judicial action is necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), or the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) in a case involving a government, governmental agency, or political subdivision, may bring an action for appropriate temporary or preliminary relief pending final disposition of such charge. Any temporary restraining order or other order granting preliminary or temporary relief shall be issued in accordance with [rule 65](/usc/28a/civil-65.md) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. It shall be the duty of a court having jurisdiction over proceedings under this section to assign cases for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) such cases to be in every way expedited.
  - (3) Each [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) district court and each [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) court of a place subject to the jurisdiction of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) shall have jurisdiction of actions brought under this subchapter. Such an action may be brought in any judicial district in the [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) in which the unlawful employment practice is alleged to have been committed, in the judicial district in which the employment records relevant to such practice are maintained and administered, or in the judicial district in which the aggrieved [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) would have worked but for the alleged unlawful employment practice, but if the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) is not found within any such district, such an action may be brought within the judicial district in which the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) has his principal [office](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1). For purposes of sections [1404](/usc/28/1404.md) and [1406](/usc/28/1406.md) of title 28, the judicial district in which the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) has his principal [office](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1) shall in all cases be considered a district in which the action might have been brought.
  - (4) It shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case.
  - (5) It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this subsection to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) the case to be in every way expedited. If such judge has not scheduled the case for trial within one hundred and twenty days after issue has been joined, that judge may appoint a master pursuant to [rule 53](/usc/28a/civil-53.md) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
- (g) **Injunctions; appropriate affirmative action; equitable relief; accrual of back pay; reduction of back pay; limitations on judicial orders—**
  - (1) If the court finds that the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) has intentionally engaged in or is intentionally engaging in an unlawful employment practice charged in the complaint, the court may enjoin the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) from engaging in such unlawful employment practice, and order such affirmative action as may be appropriate, which may include, but is not limited to, reinstatement or hiring of [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f), with or without back pay (payable by the [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), or [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), as the case may be, responsible for the unlawful employment practice), or any other equitable relief as the court deems appropriate. Back pay liability shall not accrue from a date more than two years prior to the filing of a charge with the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1). Interim earnings or amounts earnable with reasonable diligence by the [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) or [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) discriminated against shall operate to reduce the back pay otherwise allowable.
  - (2)
    - (A) No order of the court shall require the admission or reinstatement of an individual as a member of a union, or the hiring, reinstatement, or promotion of an individual as an [employee](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f), or the payment to him of any back pay, if such individual was refused admission, suspended, or expelled, or was refused employment or advancement or was suspended or discharged for any reason other than discrimination on account of race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin or in [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of [section 2000e–3(a) of this title](/usc/42/2000e–3.md?p=a).
    - (B) On a [claim](/usc/42/1320a–7a.md?p=i-2) in which an individual proves a [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) under [section 2000e–2(m) of this title](/usc/42/2000e–2.md?p=m) and a [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) [demonstrates](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=m) that the [respondent](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=n) would have taken the same action in the absence of the impermissible motivating factor, the court—
      - (i) may grant declaratory relief, injunctive relief (except as provided in [clause (ii)](#g-2-B-ii)), and attorney’s fees and costs demonstrated to be directly attributable only to the pursuit of a [claim](/usc/42/1320a–7a.md?p=i-2) under [section 2000e–2(m) of this title](/usc/42/2000e–2.md?p=m); and
      - (ii) shall not award [damages](/usc/42/9601.md?p=6) or issue an order requiring any admission, reinstatement, hiring, promotion, or payment, described in [subparagraph (A)](#g-2-A).
- (h) **Provisions of chapter 6 of title 29 not applicable to civil actions for prevention of unlawful practices—** The provisions of [chapter 6](/usc/29/ch6.md) of title 29 shall not apply with respect to civil actions brought under this section.
- (i) **Proceedings by Commission to compel compliance with judicial orders—** In any case in which an [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), or [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d) fails to comply with an order of a court issued in a civil action brought under this section, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) may commence proceedings to compel compliance with such order.
- (j) **Appeals—** Any civil action brought under this section and any proceedings brought under [subsection (i)](#i) shall be subject to appeal as provided in sections 1291 and 1292, [title 28](/usc/28.md).
- (k) **Attorney’s fee; liability of Commission and United States for costs—** In any action or proceeding under this subchapter the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) or the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k), a reasonable attorney’s fee (including expert fees) as part of the costs, and the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) and the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) shall be liable for costs the same as a private [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a).

# §2000e–6. Civil actions by the Attorney General

- (a) **Complaint—** Whenever the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) has reasonable [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) to believe that any [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) or group of [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) is engaged in a pattern or practice of resistance to the full enjoyment of any of the rights secured by this subchapter, and that the pattern or practice is of such a nature and is intended to deny the full exercise of the rights herein described, the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) may bring a civil action in the appropriate district court of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) by filing with it a complaint (1) signed by him (or in his absence the Acting [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6)), (2) setting forth facts pertaining to such pattern or practice, and (3) requesting such relief, including an application for a permanent or temporary injunction, restraining order or other order against the [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) or [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) responsible for such pattern or practice, as he deems necessary to insure the full enjoyment of the rights herein described.
- (b) **Jurisdiction; three-judge district court for cases of general public importance: hearing, determination, expedition of action, review by Supreme Court; single judge district court: hearing, determination, expedition of action—** The district courts of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) shall have and shall exercise jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section, and in any such proceeding the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) may file with the clerk of such court a request that a court of three judges be convened to hear and determine the case. Such request by the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) shall be accompanied by a certificate that, in his opinion, the case is of general public importance. A copy of the certificate and request for a three-judge court shall be immediately furnished by such clerk to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the presiding circuit judge of the circuit) in which the case is pending. Upon receipt of such request it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the circuit or the presiding circuit judge, as the case may be, to designate immediately three judges in such circuit, of whom at least one shall be a circuit judge and another of whom shall be a district judge of the court in which the proceeding was instituted, to hear and determine such case, and it shall be the duty of the judges so designated to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date, to participate in the hearing and determination thereof, and to [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) the case to be in every way expedited. An appeal from the final judgment of such court will lie to the Supreme Court.

  In the event the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) fails to file such a request in any such proceeding, it shall be the duty of the chief judge of the district (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) in which the case is pending immediately to designate a judge in such district to hear and determine the case. In the event that no judge in the district is available to hear and determine the case, the chief judge of the district, or the acting chief judge, as the case may be, shall certify this fact to the chief judge of the circuit (or in his absence, the acting chief judge) who shall then designate a district or circuit judge of the circuit to hear and determine the case.

  It shall be the duty of the judge designated pursuant to this section to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date and to [cause](/usc/42/9908.md?p=c-2) the case to be in every way expedited.

- (c) **Transfer of functions, etc., to Commission; effective date; prerequisite to transfer; execution of functions by Commission—** Effective two years after March 24, 1972, the functions of the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) under this section shall be transferred to the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), together with such personnel, property, records, and unexpended balances of appropriations, [allocations](/usc/42/2021b.md?p=2), and other [funds](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3) employed, used, held, available, or to be made available in connection with such functions unless the President submits, and neither House of Congress vetoes, a reorganization plan pursuant to [chapter 9](/usc/5/chptI-ch9.md) of title 5, inconsistent with the provisions of this subsection. The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall carry out such functions in accordance with subsections [(d)](#d) and [(e)](#e) of this section.
- (d) **Transfer of functions, etc., not to affect suits commenced pursuant to this section prior to date of transfer—** Upon the transfer of functions provided for in [subsection (c)](#c) of this section, in all suits commenced pursuant to this section prior to the date of such transfer, proceedings shall continue without abatement, all court orders and decrees shall remain in effect, and the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall be substituted as a party for the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) of America, the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6), or the Acting [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6), as appropriate.
- (e) **Investigation and action by Commission pursuant to filing of charge of discrimination; procedure—** Subsequent to March 24, 1972, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall have authority to investigate and act on a charge of a pattern or practice of discrimination, whether filed by or on behalf of a [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) claiming to be aggrieved or by a member of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1). All such actions shall be conducted in accordance with the procedures set forth in [section 2000e–5 of this title](/usc/42/2000e–5.md).

# §2000e–7. Effect on State laws


Nothing in this subchapter shall be deemed to exempt or relieve any [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) from any liability, duty, penalty, or punishment provided by any present or future law of any [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or political subdivision of a [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i), other than any such law which purports to require or permit the doing of any act which would be an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter.


# §2000e–8. Investigations

- (a) **Examination and copying of evidence related to unlawful employment practices—** In connection with any investigation of a charge filed under [section 2000e–5 of this title](/usc/42/2000e–5.md), the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) or its designated [representative](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=5) shall at all reasonable times have access to, for the purposes of examination, and the right to copy any evidence of any [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) being investigated or proceeded against that relates to unlawful employment [practices](/usc/42/17061.md?p=19) covered by this subchapter and is relevant to the charge under investigation.
- (b) **Cooperation with State and local agencies administering State fair employment practices laws; participation in and contribution to research and other projects; utilization of services; payment in advance or reimbursement; agreements and rescission of agreements—** The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) may cooperate with [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) and local agencies charged with the administration of [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) fair employment [practices](/usc/42/17061.md?p=19) laws and, with the consent of such agencies, may, for the purpose of carrying out its functions and duties under this subchapter and within the limitation of [funds](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3) appropriated specifically for such purpose, engage in and contribute to the cost of research and other [projects](/usc/42/11360.md?p=20) of mutual interest undertaken by such agencies, and utilize the services of such agencies and their [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f), and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, pay by advance or reimbursement such agencies and their [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) for services rendered to assist the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) in carrying out this subchapter. In furtherance of such cooperative efforts, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) may enter into written [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) with such [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local agencies and such [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) may include provisions under which the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall refrain from processing a charge in any cases or class of cases specified in such [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) or under which the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall relieve any [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) or class of [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) in such [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or locality from requirements imposed under this section. The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall rescind any such [agreement](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) whenever it determines that the [agreement](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A) no longer serves the interest of effective enforcement of this subchapter.
- (c) **Execution, retention, and preservation of records; reports to Commission; training program records; appropriate relief from regulation or order for undue hardship; procedure for exemption; judicial action to compel compliance—** Every [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), and [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d) subject to this subchapter shall (1) make and keep such records relevant to the determinations of whether unlawful employment [practices](/usc/42/17061.md?p=19) have been or are being committed, (2) preserve such records for such periods, and (3) make such reports therefrom as the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall prescribe by regulation or order, after public hearing, as reasonable, necessary, or appropriate for the enforcement of this subchapter or the regulations or orders thereunder. The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall, by regulation, require each [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), and joint labor-management committee subject to this subchapter which controls an apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) to maintain such records as are reasonably necessary to carry out the purposes of this subchapter, including, but not limited to, a list of applicants who wish to participate in such [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), including the chronological order in which applications were received, and to furnish to the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) upon request, a detailed description of the manner in which [persons](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) are selected to participate in the apprenticeship or other [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4). Any [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), or joint labor-management committee which believes that the application to it of any regulation or order issued under this section would result in undue hardship may apply to the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) for an exemption from the application of such regulation or order, and, if such application for an exemption is denied, bring a civil action in the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) district court for the district where such records are kept. If the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) or the court, as the case may be, finds that the application of the regulation or order to the [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), or [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d) in question would impose an undue hardship, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) or the court, as the case may be, may grant appropriate relief. If any [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) required to comply with the provisions of this subsection fails or refuses to do so, the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) district court for the district in which such [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) is found, resides, or transacts business, shall, upon application of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), or the [Attorney General](/usc/42/14902.md?p=6) in a case involving a government, governmental agency or political subdivision, have jurisdiction to issue to such [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) an order requiring him to comply.
- (d) **Consultation and coordination between Commission and interested State and Federal agencies in prescribing recordkeeping and reporting requirements; availability of information furnished pursuant to recordkeeping and reporting requirements; conditions on availability—** In prescribing requirements pursuant to [subsection (c)](#c) of this section, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall consult with other interested [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) and Federal agencies and shall endeavor to coordinate its requirements with those adopted by such agencies. The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall furnish upon request and without cost to any [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local agency charged with the administration of a fair employment practice law information obtained pursuant to [subsection (c)](#c) of this section from any [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), or joint labor-management committee subject to the jurisdiction of such agency. Such information shall be furnished on condition that it not be made public by the [recipient](/usc/42/2996a.md?p=6) agency prior to the institution of a proceeding under [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or local law involving such information. If this condition is violated by a [recipient](/usc/42/2996a.md?p=6) agency, the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) may decline to honor subsequent requests pursuant to this subsection.
- (e) **Prohibited disclosures; penalties—** It shall be unlawful for any officer or [employee](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) to make public in any manner whatever any information obtained by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) pursuant to its authority under this section prior to the institution of any proceeding under this subchapter involving such information. Any officer or [employee](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) who shall make public in any manner whatever any information in [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of this subsection shall be guilty, of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $1,000, or imprisoned not more than one year.

# §2000e–9. Conduct of hearings and investigations pursuant to section 161 of title 29


For the purpose of all hearings and investigations conducted by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) or its duly authorized agents or agencies, [section 161 of title 29](/usc/29/161.md) shall apply.


# §2000e–10. Posting of notices; penalties

- (a) Every [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [employment agency](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c), and [labor organization](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), as the case may be, shall post and keep posted in conspicuous places upon its premises where notices to [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f), applicants for employment, and members are customarily posted a notice to be prepared or approved by the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) setting forth excerpts, from or, summaries of, the pertinent provisions of this subchapter and information pertinent to the filing of a complaint.
- (b) A willful [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of this section shall be punishable by a fine of not more than $100 for each separate offense.

# §2000e–11. Veterans’ special rights or preference


Nothing contained in this subchapter shall be construed to repeal or modify any Federal, [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i), territorial, or local law creating special rights or preference for veterans.


# §2000e–12. Regulations; conformity of regulations with administrative procedure provisions; reliance on interpretations and instructions of Commission

- (a) The [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall have authority from time to time to issue, amend, or rescind suitable procedural regulations to carry out the provisions of this subchapter. Regulations issued under this section shall be in conformity with the [standards](/usc/42/1320d.md?p=7) and limitations of subchapter II of [chapter 5](/usc/5/chptI-ch5.md) of title 5.
- (b) In any action or proceeding based on any alleged unlawful employment practice, no [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) shall be subject to any liability or punishment for or on account of (1) the [commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) by such [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) of an unlawful employment practice if he pleads and proves that the act or omission complained of was in good faith, in conformity with, and in reliance on any written interpretation or opinion of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), or (2) the failure of such [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) to publish and file any information required by any provision of this subchapter if he pleads and proves that he failed to publish and file such information in good faith, in conformity with the instructions of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) issued under this subchapter regarding the filing of such information. Such a defense, if established, shall be a bar to the action or proceeding, notwithstanding that (A) after such act or omission, such interpretation or opinion is [modified](/usc/42/7501.md?p=4) or rescinded or is determined by judicial authority to be invalid or of no legal effect, or (B) after publishing or filing the description and annual reports, such publication or filing is determined by judicial authority not to be in conformity with the requirements of this subchapter.

# §2000e–13. Application to personnel of Commission of sections 111 and 1114 of title 18; punishment for violation of section 1114 of title 18


The provisions of sections [111](/usc/42/111.md) and 1114, [title 18](/usc/18.md), shall apply to officers, agents, and [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) in the performance of their official duties. Notwithstanding the provisions of sections [111](/usc/18/111.md) and [1114](/usc/18/1114.md) of title 18, whoever in [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of the provisions of [section 1114](/usc/18/1114.md) of such title kills a [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) while engaged in or on account of the performance of his official functions under this Act shall be punished by imprisonment for any term of years or for life.


# §2000e–14. Equal Employment Opportunity Coordinating Council; establishment; composition; duties; report to President and Congress


The Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall have the responsibility for developing and implementing [agreements](/usc/42/1320b–8.md?p=a-3-A), policies and [practices](/usc/42/17061.md?p=19) designed to maximize effort, promote efficiency, and eliminate conflict, competition, duplication and inconsistency among the operations, functions and jurisdictions of the various departments, agencies and branches of the Federal Government responsible for the implementation and enforcement of equal employment opportunity legislation, orders, and policies. On or before October 1 of each year, the Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall transmit to the President and to the Congress a report of its activities, together with such recommendations for legislative or administrative changes as it concludes are desirable to further promote the purposes of this section.


# §2000e–15. Presidential conferences; acquaintance of leadership with provisions for employment rights and obligations; plans for fair administration; membership


The President shall, as soon as feasible after July 2, 1964, convene one or more conferences for the purpose of enabling the leaders of groups whose members will be affected by this subchapter to become familiar with the rights afforded and obligations imposed by its provisions, and for the purpose of making plans which will result in the fair and effective administration of this subchapter when all of its provisions become effective. The President shall invite the participation in such conference or conferences of (1) the members of the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, (2) the members of the [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) on Civil Rights, (3) [representatives](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=5) of [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) and local agencies engaged in furthering equal employment opportunity, (4) [representatives](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=5) of private agencies engaged in furthering equal employment opportunity, and (5) [representatives](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=5) of [employers](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), [labor organizations](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=d), and [employment agencies](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=c) who will be subject to this subchapter.


# §2000e–16. Employment by Federal Government

- (a) **Discriminatory practices prohibited; employees or applicants for employment subject to coverage—** All personnel actions affecting [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) or applicants for employment (except with regard to aliens employed outside the limits of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k)) in military departments as defined in [section 102 of title 5](/usc/5/102.md), in executive agencies as defined in [section 105 of title 5](/usc/5/105.md) (including [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) and applicants for employment who are paid from nonappropriated [funds](/usc/42/12854.md?p=3)), in the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) Postal Service and the Postal Regulatory [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), in those [units](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) of the Government of the District of Columbia having positions in the competitive service, and in those [units](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) of the judicial branch of the Federal Government having positions in the competitive service, in the Smithsonian Institution, and in the Government Publishing Office, the Government Accountability [Office](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1), and the Library of Congress shall be made free from any discrimination based on race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin.
- (b) **Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; enforcement powers; issuance of rules, regulations, etc.; annual review and approval of national and regional equal employment opportunity plans; review and evaluation of equal employment opportunity programs and publication of progress reports; consultations with interested parties; compliance with rules, regulations, etc.; contents of national and regional equal employment opportunity plans; authority of Librarian of Congress—** Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall have authority to enforce the provisions of [subsection (a)](#a) through appropriate remedies, including reinstatement or hiring of [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) with or without back pay, as will effectuate the policies of this section, and shall issue such rules, regulations, orders and instructions as it deems necessary and appropriate to carry out its responsibilities under this section. The Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall—
  - (1) be responsible for the annual review and approval of a national and regional equal employment opportunity plan which each department and agency and each appropriate [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) referred to in [subsection (a)](#a) of this section shall submit in order to maintain an affirmative [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) of equal employment opportunity for all such [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) and applicants for employment;
  - (2) be responsible for the review and evaluation of the operation of all agency equal employment opportunity [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4), periodically obtaining and publishing (on at least a semiannual basis) progress reports from each such department, agency, or [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2); and
  - (3) consult with and solicit the recommendations of interested individuals, groups, and organizations relating to equal employment opportunity.

  The head of each such department, agency, or [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) shall comply with such rules, regulations, orders, and instructions which shall include a provision that an [employee](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) or applicant for employment shall be notified of any final action taken on any complaint of discrimination filed by him thereunder. The plan submitted by each department, agency, and [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) shall include, but not be limited to—

  - (1) provision for the establishment of [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) and education [programs](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) designed to provide a maximum opportunity for [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) to advance so as to perform at their highest potential; and
  - (2) a description of the qualifications in terms of [training](/usc/42/285e–2.md?p=b-2) and experience relating to equal employment opportunity for the principal and operating officials of each such department, agency, or [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) responsible for carrying out the equal employment opportunity [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4) and of the [allocation](/usc/42/2021b.md?p=2) of personnel and resources proposed by such department, agency, or [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) to carry out its equal employment opportunity [program](/usc/42/274l–1.md?p=4).

  With respect to employment in the Library of Congress, authorities granted in this subsection to the Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall be exercised by the Librarian of Congress.

- (c) **Civil action by employee or applicant for employment for redress of grievances; time for bringing of action; head of department, agency, or unit as defendant—** Within 90 days of receipt of notice of final action taken by a department, agency, or [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) referred to in [subsection (a)](#a), or by the Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) upon an appeal from a decision or order of such department, agency, or [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) on a complaint of discrimination based on race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex or national origin, brought pursuant to [subsection (a)](#a) of this section, Executive Order 11478 or any succeeding Executive orders, or after one hundred and eighty days from the filing of the initial charge with the department, agency, or [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) or with the Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) on appeal from a decision or order of such department, agency, or [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2) until such time as final action may be taken by a department, agency, or [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2), an [employee](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) or applicant for employment, if aggrieved by the final disposition of his complaint, or by the failure to take final action on his complaint, may file a civil action as provided in [section 2000e–5 of this title](/usc/42/2000e–5.md), in which civil action the head of the department, agency, or [unit](/usc/42/1395w–114b.md?p=g-2), as appropriate, shall be the defendant.
- (d) **Section 2000e–5(f) through (k) of this title applicable to civil actions—** The provisions of [section 2000e–5(f) through (k)](/usc/42/2000e–5.md?p=f..k) of this title, as applicable, shall govern civil actions brought hereunder, and the same interest to compensate for delay in payment shall be available as in cases involving nonpublic parties..[^1]
- (e) **Government agency or official not relieved of responsibility to assure nondiscrimination in employment or equal employment opportunity—** Nothing contained in this Act shall relieve any Government agency or official of its or his primary responsibility to assure nondiscrimination in employment as required by the Constitution and statutes or of its or his responsibilities under Executive Order 11478 relating to equal employment opportunity in the Federal Government.
- (f) **Section 2000e–5(e)(3) of this title applicable to compensation discrimination—** [Section 2000e–5(e)(3) of this title](/usc/42/2000e–5.md?p=e-3) shall apply to complaints of discrimination in compensation under this section.

# §2000e–16a. Short title; purpose; definition

- (a) **Short title—** [Sections 2000e–16a to 2000e–16c](/usc/42/2000e–16a..2000e–16c.md) of this title may be cited as the “Government [Employee](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) Rights Act of 1991”.
- (b) **Purpose—** The purpose of [sections 2000e–16a to 2000e–16c](/usc/42/2000e–16a..2000e–16c.md) of this title is to provide procedures to protect the rights of certain government [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f), with respect to their public employment, to be free of discrimination on the basis of race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, national origin, age, or disability.
- (c) **“Violation” defined—** For purposes of [sections 2000e–16a to 2000e–16c](/usc/42/2000e–16a..2000e–16c.md) of this title, the term “violation” means a practice that violates [section 2000e–16b(a) of this title](/usc/42/2000e–16b.md?p=a).

# §2000e–16b. Discriminatory practices prohibited

- (a) **Practices—** All personnel actions affecting the Presidential appointees described in section 1219[^1] of [title 2](/usc/2.md) or the [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) [employees](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=f) described in [section 2000e–16c of this title](/usc/42/2000e–16c.md) shall be made free from any discrimination based on—
  - (1) race, color, [religion](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=j), sex, or national origin, within the meaning of [section 2000e–16 of this title](/usc/42/2000e–16.md);
  - (2) age, within the meaning of [section 633a of title 29](/usc/29/633a.md); or
  - (3) disability, within the meaning of [section 791 of title 29](/usc/29/791.md) and [sections 12112 to 12114](/usc/42/12112..12114.md) of this title.
- (b) **Remedies—** The remedies referred to in sections 1219(a)(1)[^1] of [title 2](/usc/2.md) and [2000e–16c(a)](/usc/42/2000e–16c.md?p=a) of this title—
  - (1) may include, in the case of a determination that a [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of subsection [(a)(1)](#a-1) or [(a)(3)](#a-3) has occurred, such remedies as would be appropriate if awarded under sections [2000e–5(g)](/usc/42/2000e–5.md?p=g), [2000e–5(k)](/usc/42/2000e–5.md?p=k), and [2000e–16(d)](/usc/42/2000e–16.md?p=d) of this title, and such compensatory [damages](/usc/42/9601.md?p=6) as would be appropriate if awarded under [section 1981](/usc/42/1981.md) or sections [1981a(a)](/usc/42/1981a.md?p=a) and [1981a(b)(2)](/usc/42/1981a.md?p=b-2) of this title;
  - (2) may include, in the case of a determination that a [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) of [subsection (a)(2)](#a-2) has occurred, such remedies as would be appropriate if awarded under [section 633a(c) of title 29](/usc/29/633a.md?p=c); and
  - (3) may not include punitive [damages](/usc/42/9601.md?p=6).

# §2000e–16c. Coverage of previously exempt State employees

- (a) **Application—** The rights, protections, and remedies provided pursuant to [section 2000e–16b of this title](/usc/42/2000e–16b.md) shall apply with respect to employment of any individual chosen or appointed, by a [person](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=a) elected to public [office](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1) in any [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) or political subdivision of any [State](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=i) by the qualified voters thereof—
  - (1) to be a member of the elected official’s personal staff;
  - (2) to serve the elected official on the policymaking level; or
  - (3) to serve the elected official as an immediate advisor with respect to the exercise of the constitutional or legal powers of the [office](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1).
- (b) **Enforcement by administrative action—**
  - (1) **In general—** Any individual referred to in [subsection (a)](#a) may file a complaint alleging a [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c), not later than 180 days after the occurrence of the alleged [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c), with the Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1), which, in accordance with the principles and procedures set forth in [sections 554 through 557](/usc/5/554..557.md) of title 5, shall determine whether a [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) has occurred and shall set forth its determination in a final order. If the Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) determines that a [violation](/usc/42/2000e–16a.md?p=c) has occurred, the final order shall also provide for appropriate relief.
  - (2) **Referral to State and local authorities—**
    - (A) **Application—** [Section 2000e–5(d) of this title](/usc/42/2000e–5.md?p=d) shall apply with respect to any proceeding under this section.
    - (B) **Definition—** For purposes of the application described in [subparagraph (A)](#b-2-A), the term “any charge filed by a member of the Commission alleging an unlawful employment practice” means a complaint filed under this section.
- (c) **Judicial review—** Any party aggrieved by a final order under [subsection (b)](#b) may obtain a review of such order under [chapter 158](/usc/28/chptVI-ch158.md) of title 28. For the purpose of this review, the Equal Employment Opportunity [Commission](/usc/42/2000ff.md?p=1) shall be an “agency” as that term is used in [chapter 158](/usc/28/chptVI-ch158.md) of title 28.
- (d) **Standard of review—** To the extent necessary to decision and when presented, the reviewing court shall decide all relevant questions of law and interpret constitutional and statutory provisions. The court shall set aside a final order under [subsection (b)](#b) if it is determined that the order was—
  - (1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not consistent with law;
  - (2) not made consistent with required procedures; or
  - (3) unsupported by substantial evidence.

  In making the foregoing determinations, the court shall review the whole record or those parts of it cited by a party, and due account shall be taken of the rule of prejudicial error.

- (e) **Attorney’s fees—** If the individual referred to in [subsection (a)](#a) is the prevailing party in a proceeding under this subsection,[^1] attorney’s fees may be allowed by the court in accordance with the [standards](/usc/42/1320d.md?p=7) prescribed under [section 2000e–5(k) of this title](/usc/42/2000e–5.md?p=k).

# §2000e–17. Procedure for denial, withholding, termination, or suspension of Government contract subsequent to acceptance by Government of affirmative action plan of employer; time of acceptance of plan


No Government contract, or portion thereof, with any [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b), shall be denied, withheld, terminated, or suspended, by any agency or officer of the [United States](/usc/42/403.md?p=k) under any equal employment opportunity law or order, where such [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) has an affirmative action plan which has previously been accepted by the Government for the same [facility](/usc/42/11049.md?p=4) within the past twelve months without first according such [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) full hearing and adjudication under the provisions of [section 554 of title 5](/usc/5/554.md), and the following pertinent sections: Provided, That if such [employer](/usc/42/2000e.md?p=b) has deviated substantially from such previously agreed to affirmative action plan, this section shall not apply: Provided further, That for the purposes of this section an affirmative action plan shall be deemed to have been accepted by the Government at the time the appropriate compliance agency has accepted such plan unless within forty-five days thereafter the [Office](/usc/42/3058f.md?p=1) of Federal Contract Compliance has disapproved such plan.