---
kind: "section"
citation: "42 U.S.C. § 18644"
title: "42"
title_heading: "The Public Health and Welfare"
number: "18644"
heading: "Biological and environmental research"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/42/18644"
units:
  - "Chapter 161 — Department of Energy Research and Innovation"
  - "Subchapter III — Department of Energy Office of Science Policy"
---

# §18644. Biological and environmental research

- (a) **Program—** As part of the duties of the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) authorized under [section 7139 of this title](/usc/42/7139.md), and coordinated with the activities authorized under sections [18641](/usc/42/18641.md) and [18642](/usc/42/18642.md) of this title, the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall carry out a program of research and development in the areas of biological systems science and climate and environmental science, including subsurface science, relevant to the development of new energy technologies and to support the energy, environmental, and national security missions of the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1).
- (b) **Biological systems—** The [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall carry out research and development activities in genomic science including fundamental research on plants and microbes to increase systems-level understanding of the complex biological systems, which may include activities—
  - (1) to provide a fundamental understanding of the biology of plants, fungi, and microbes as a basis for developing innovative processes for bioenergy and bioproducts and accelerate breakthroughs and new knowledge that would enable the cost-effective, sustainable production of—
    - (A) advanced biofuels;
    - (B) bioenergy; and
    - (C) biobased materials;
  - (2) to conduct foundational functional systems biology research—
    - (A) to support expanded biosystems design research; and
    - (B) to understand—
      - (i) fundamental genome structure; and
      - (ii) phenomes, including functional genomics of gene products at genome scale;
  - (3) to develop biosystems designs and synthetic biology approaches for new nonfood plant-derived and microbially derived bioproducts as a basis for new bioeconomy and biotechnology applications in bioproducts production, resource recovery, recycling, and upcycling ventures;
  - (4) to better understand the behavior of microbiomes in the environment and the interdependencies between plants and microbes in a sustainable ecosystem;
  - (5) to improve fundamental understanding of plant and microbial processes impacting the global carbon cycle, including processes for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, through photosynthesis and other biological processes, for sequestration, storage, and utilization;
  - (6) to understand the microbiome mechanisms and microbiota used to transform, immobilize, or remove contaminants from subsurface environments and that affect the cycling and disposition of carbon, nutrients, and contaminants in the environment;
  - (7) to develop the computational approaches and integrated platforms for open access collaborative science;
  - (8) to leverage tools and approaches across the Office of Science to expand research to include novel processes, methods, and science to develop bio-based chemicals, polymers, inorganic materials, including research—
    - (A) to advance fungal, microbial, and plant biosystems design research to advance the understanding of how CRISPR tools and other gene editing tools and technologies work in nature, in the laboratory, and in practice;
    - (B) to deepen genome-enabled knowledge of the roles of microbes and microbial communities, including fungi, in—
      - (i) supporting plant and tree growth, productivity, performance, adaptation, and resilience in changing environmental conditions; and
      - (ii) optimizing end uses of biomass;
    - (C) to develop biosystems design methods and tools to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants; and
    - (D) to increase the scale and pace of characterizing the functions and physical characteristics of microbes and microbial communities to improve biosystems design;
  - (9) to conduct research focused on developing analysis techniques and simulation capabilities, including artificial intelligence and machine learning, on high-performance computing platforms to accelerate collaborative and reproducible systems biology research;
  - (10) to develop and improve new technologies for bioimaging, measurement, and characterization purposes to understand the structural, spatial, and temporal relationships of metabolic processes governing phenotypic expression in plants and microbes;
  - (11) to conduct research focused on genotype-to-phenotype translations to develop a predictive understanding of cellular function under a variety of relevant environmental and bioenergy-related conditions;
  - (12) to conduct metagenomic and metadata assembly research sequencing and analysis; and
  - (13) to develop other relevant methods and processes as determined by the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2).
- (c) **Biomolecular characterization and imaging science—** The [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall carry out research and development activities in biomolecular characterization and imaging science, including development of new and integrative imaging and analysis platforms and biosensors to understand the expression, structure, and function of genome information encoded within cells and for real-time measurements in ecosystems and field sites of relevance to the mission of the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1).
- (d) **Limitation for research funds—** The [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall not approve new climate science-related initiatives without making a determination that such work is well-coordinated with any relevant work carried out by other Federal [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1).
- (e) **Low-dose radiation research program—**
  - (1) **In general—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall carry out a research program on low-dose and low dose-rate radiation to—
    - (A) enhance the scientific understanding of, and reduce uncertainties associated with, the effects of exposure to low-dose and low dose-rate radiation; and
    - (B) inform improved risk-assessment and risk-management methods with respect to such radiation.
  - (2) **Program components—** In carrying out the program required under [paragraph (1)](#e-1), the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall—
    - (A) support and carry out the directives under section 106(b) of the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act ([42 U.S.C. 6601](/usc/42/6601.md) note), except that such section shall be treated for purposes of this subsection as applying to low dose and low-dose rate radiation research, in coordination with the Physical Science Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology Council;
    - (B) identify and, to the extent possible, quantify, potential monetary and health-related impacts to Federal [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1), the general public, industry, research communities, and other users of information produced by such research program;
    - (C) leverage the collective body of knowledge from existing low-dose and low dose-rate radiation research;
    - (D) engage with other Federal [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1), research communities, and potential users of information produced under this section, including institutions performing or utilizing radiation research, medical physics, radiology, health physics, and emergency response measures; and
    - (E) support education and outreach activities to disseminate information and promote public understanding of low-dose radiation, with a focus on non-emergency situations such as medical physics, space exploration, and naturally occurring radiation.
  - (3) **Research plan—**
    - (A) Not later than 90 days after December 27, 2020, the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences to develop a long-term strategic and prioritized research agenda for the program described in [paragraph (2)](#e-2);
    - (B) Not later than one year after December 27, 2020, the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall transmit this research plan developed in [subparagraph (A)](#e-3-A) to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate.
  - (4) **GAO study—** Not later than 3 years after December 27, 2020, the Comptroller General shall transmit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, a report on:
    - (A) an evaluation of the program activities carried out under this section;
    - (B) the effectiveness of the coordination and management of the program; and
    - (C) the implementation of the research plan outlined in [paragraph (3)](#e-3).
  - (5) **Definitions—** In this subsection:
    - (A) **Low-dose radiation—** The term “low-dose radiation” means a radiation dose of less than 100 millisieverts.
    - (B) **Low dose-rate radiation—** The term “low dose-rate radiation” means a radiation dose rate of less than 5 millisieverts per hour.
  - (6) **Rule of construction—** Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to subject any research carried out by the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) for the program under this subsection to any limitations described in [section 16317(e) of this title](/usc/42/16317.md?p=e).
  - (7) **Funding—** For purposes of carrying out this subsection, the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) is authorized to make available from funds provided to the Biological and Environmental Research Program—
    - (A) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2021;
    - (B) $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2022;
    - (C) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2023;
    - (D) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
    - (E) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
    - (F) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; and
    - (G) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2027.
- (f) **Low-dose radiation and space radiation research program—**
  - (1) **In general—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4), in consultation with the [Administrator](/usc/42/4005.md?p=1) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, shall carry out a basic research program on the similarities and differences between the effects of exposure to low-dose radiation on Earth, in low Earth orbit, and in the space environment.
  - (2) **Purpose—** The purpose of the program described in [paragraph (1)](#f-1) is to accelerate breakthroughs in low-dose and low dose-rate radiation research and development as described in [subsection (e)](#e) and to inform the advancement of new tools, technologies, and advanced materials needed to facilitate long-duration space exploration.
- (g) **Earth and environmental systems sciences activities—**
  - (1) **In general—** As part of the activities authorized under [subsection (a)](#a), and in coordination with activities carried out under [subsection (b)](#b), the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall coordinate with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation, the Environmental Protection [Agency](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1) of Agriculture, the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1) of the Interior, and any other relevant [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1) to carry out activities relating to Earth and environmental systems science research, which may include activities—
    - (A) to understand, observe, measure, and model the response of Earth’s atmosphere and biosphere to changing concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions and any associated changes in climate, including frequency and intensity of extreme weather events;
    - (B) to understand the coupled physical, chemical, and biological processes to transform, immobilize, remove, or move carbon, nitrogen, and other energy production-derived contaminants such as radionuclides and heavy metals, and understand the process of sequestration and transformation of these, carbon dioxide, and other relevant molecules in subsurface environments;
    - (C) to understand, observe, and model the cycling of water, carbon, and nutrients in terrestrial systems across spatiotemporal scales;
    - (D) to understand the biological, biogeochemical, and physical processes across the multiple scales that control the flux of environmentally relevant compounds between the terrestrial surface and the atmosphere; and
    - (E) to understand and predict interactions among natural and human systems to inform potential mitigation and adaptation options for increased concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions and any associated changes in climate.
  - (2) **Prioritization—** In carrying out the program authorized under [paragraph (1)](#g-1), the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall prioritize—
    - (A) the development of software and algorithms to enable the productive application of environmental systems and extreme weather in climate and Earth system prediction models in high-performance computing systems; and
    - (B) capabilities that support the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1)’s mission needs for energy and infrastructure security, resilience, and reliability.
  - (3) **Environmental systems science research—**
    - (A) **In general—** As part of the activities described in [paragraph (1)](#g-1), the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall carry out research to advance an integrated, robust, and scale-aware predictive understanding of environmental systems, including the role of hydrobiogeochemistry, from the subsurface to the top of the vegetative canopy that considers effects of seasonal to interannual variability and change.
    - (B) **Clean water and watershed research—** As part of the activities described in [subparagraph (A)](#g-3-A), the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall—
      - (i) support interdisciplinary research to significantly advance our understanding of water availability, quality, and the impact of human activity and a changing climate on urban and rural watershed systems, including in freshwater environments;
      - (ii) consult with the Interagency Research, Development, and Demonstration Coordination Committee on the Nexus of Energy and Water for Sustainability established under [section 16183 of this title](/usc/42/16183.md) on energy-water nexus research activities;
      - (iii) engage with representatives of research and academic institutions, [nonprofit](/usc/42/300s–3.md?p=3) organizations, [State](/usc/42/2021b.md?p=14), territorial, local, and Tribal governments, and industry, who have expertise in technologies, technological innovations, or [practices](/usc/42/17061.md?p=19) relating to the energy-water nexus, as applicable; and
      - (iv) coordinate with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation, the Environmental Protection [Agency](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1) of Agriculture, the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1) of the Interior, and any other relevant [agency](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1).
    - (C) **Coordination—**
      - (i) **Director—** The [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall carry out activities under this paragraph in accordance with priorities established by the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) to support and accelerate the decontamination of relevant facilities managed by the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1).
      - (ii) **Secretary—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall ensure the coordination of activities of the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1), including activities under this paragraph, to support and accelerate the decontamination of relevant facilities managed by the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1).
  - (4) **Climate and Earth modeling—** As part of the activities described in [paragraph (1)](#g-1), the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2), in collaboration with the Advanced Scientific Computing Research program described in [section 18642 of this title](/usc/42/18642.md) and other programs carried out by the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1), as applicable, and in coordination with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and other relevant [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1), shall carry out research to develop, evaluate, and use high-resolution regional climate, global climate, Earth system, and other relevant models to inform decisions on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting impacts of a changing global climate. Such modeling shall include—
    - (A) integrated capabilities for modeling multisectoral interactions, including the impacts of climate policies on human systems and the interdependencies and risks at the energy-water-land nexus;
    - (B) greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, energy supply and demand, and other critical elements; and
    - (C) interaction among human and Earth systems informed by interdisciplinary research, including the economic and social sciences.
  - (5) **Midscale funding mechanism—**
    - (A) **In general—** Any of the activities authorized in this subsection may be carried out, in lieu of individual research grants—
      - (i) by competitively selected midscale, multi-institutional research centers;
      - (ii) by large-scale experiments or user facilities; or
      - (iii) through existing facilities and systems of the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1) or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
    - (B) **Consideration—** The Biological and Environmental Research [Advisory Committee](/usc/42/17061.md?p=2) shall provide recommendations to the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) on [projects](/usc/42/13641.md?p=2) most suitable for the research centers described in [subparagraph (A)](#g-5-A).
  - (6) **Atmospheric Systems and Sciences Research Program—**
    - (A) **In general—** As part of the activities carried out under [paragraph (1)](#g-1), the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall carry out a program, to be known as the “Atmospheric Systems and Sciences Research Program”, to use observations to improve understanding of atmospheric processes, under which the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2), in coordination, and as appropriate, collaboration, with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other relevant Federal [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1) conducting research under the topics described in this subparagraph, shall conduct research relating to—
      - (i) better understanding the atmosphere and the interaction of the atmosphere with the surface of the Earth;
      - (ii) understanding sources of uncertainty in Earth system models, including with respect to the interdependence of clouds, atmospheric aerosols, radiation processes, and precipitation;
      - (iii) understanding the radiative balance and hydrological cycle of Earth;
      - (iv) demonstrating the improved predictability of regional and global atmospheric models due to improved process-level understanding;
      - (v) atmospheric regimes with large uncertainties in earth system prediction, aerosol processes, warm boundary-layer processes, convective processes, and high-latitude processes;
      - (vi) reduced uncertainty and improved simulation capability of earth system models of the atmospheric system in a holistic, comprehensive fashion; and
      - (vii) understanding and modeling representation of priority research areas, including aerosol, warm boundary layer, convective, and high-latitude processes.
    - (B) **Activities—** In carrying out the Atmospheric Systems and Sciences Research Program, the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall, in coordination, and as appropriate, in collaboration, with other relevant Federal [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1)—
      - (i) collect data and conduct research to advance atmospheric and Earth system modeling capabilities;
      - (ii) develop or participate in existing or future integrated, scalable test-beds that—
        - (I) incorporate process-level understanding of the life cycles of aerosols, clouds, and precipitation; and
        - (II) can be incorporated into other models;
      - (iii) improve data, analysis, and prediction systems in marine, littoral, terrestrial, and arctic environments, including those environments sensitive to changes in the climate, relating to the energy and science mission of the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1); and
      - (iv) support the development of technologies relating to—
        - (I) more accurate cloud, aerosol, and other atmospheric sensors;
        - (II) observing sensor networks; and
        - (III) computational predictive modeling.
    - (C) **Use of Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program facilities and infrastructure—** To support the Atmospheric Systems and Sciences Research Program and, in coordination, and as appropriate, in collaboration, with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other relevant Federal [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1), to improve fundamental understanding of the physical and chemical processes that impact the formation, life cycle, and radiative impacts of cloud and aerosol particles, atmospheric processes, and surface or subsurface phenomena, the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall use the facilities and infrastructure of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement User Facility, the Global Monitoring Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or other Earth and Environmental Systems Sciences User Facilities—
      - (i) to provide support to environmental scientists by collecting high-quality and well-characterized in-situ, remote-sensing, and aircraft observations of—
        - (I) the microphysical properties of clouds and atmospheric aerosols;
        - (II) the coincident and highly detailed dynamical and thermodynamic properties of the atmospheric environment that contains those clouds and aerosols;
        - (III) the properties of precipitation;
        - (IV) the properties of radiation and the background environment; and
        - (V) the properties of surface or subsurface phenomena;
      - (ii) to carry out laboratory studies and ground-based and airborne field campaigns to target specific atmospheric and surface or subsurface processes relating to the energy and science mission of the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1) in different locations and across a range of environments, including by developing technologies to assist in advancing predictive capabilities;
      - (iii) to build data sets that can be incorporated into atmospheric models; and
      - (iv) to enhance observations by using modeling and simulations that test the accuracy of climate model parameterizations.
- (h) **Biological and environmental research user facilities—**
  - (1) **In general—** The [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall carry out a program for the development, [construction](/usc/42/300s–3.md?p=7), operation, and maintenance of user facilities to enhance the collection and analysis of observational data related to complex biological, climate, and environmental systems.
  - (2) **Selection—**
    - (A) **In general—** The [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall select user facilities under [paragraph (1)](#h-1) on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis.
    - (B) **Applicants—** In selecting user facilities under [paragraph (1)](#h-1), the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall consider applications from the [National Laboratories](/usc/42/18601.md?p=3), institutions of higher education, multi-institutional collaborations, and other appropriate entities.
  - (3) **Facility requirements—** To the maximum extent practicable, the user facilities developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under [paragraph (1)](#h-1) shall include—
    - (A) distributed field research and observation platforms for understanding earth system processes;
    - (B) analytical techniques, instruments, and modeling resources, including high-throughput molecular phenotyping, for understanding and predicting the functional processes of biological and environmental systems;
    - (C) integrated high-throughput sequencing, advanced bioanalytic techniques, DNA design and synthesis, metabolomics, and computational analysis; and
    - (D) such other facilities as the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) considers appropriate, consistent with [section 7139 of this title](/usc/42/7139.md).
  - (4) **Existing facilities—** In carrying out the program established under [paragraph (1)](#h-1), the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) is encouraged to evaluate the capabilities of existing user facilities and, to the maximum extent practicable, invest in [modernization](/usc/42/300s–3.md?p=9) of those capabilities to address emerging research priorities.
  - (5) **Earth and environmental systems sciences user facilities—** In carrying out the program established under [paragraph (1)](#h-1), the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall operate at least 1 user facility to advance the collection, validation, and analysis of atmospheric data, including through activities—
    - (A) to advance knowledge of the Earth and environmental systems and improve model representations; and
    - (B) to measure the impact of atmospheric gases, aerosols, and clouds on the Earth and environmental systems.
  - (6) **Microbial molecular phenotyping capability project—**
    - (A) **In general—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall provide for the expansion of the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, or subsequent facility successor, to advance high-throughput microbial plant and molecular phenotyping capability to accelerate discovery of new protein functions and metabolic pathways in microbial systems.
    - (B) **Capabilities—** In carrying out [subparagraph (A)](#h-6-A), the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall ensure the following capabilities:
      - (i) Coupled high-throughput autonomous experimental and multimodal analytical capabilities.
      - (ii) Direct integration of automated multiomics analyses, biomolecular and cellular imaging, and functional biological assays with high-throughput microbial culturing and cultivation capabilities at timescales relevant to biological processes under natural and perturbed environmental conditions.
    - (C) **Data coordination—** In carrying out [subparagraph (A)](#h-6-A), the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall ensure integration and coordination with existing data platforms and user facilities of the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1).
    - (D) **Start of operations—** Subject to the availability of appropriations, the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall begin carrying out [subparagraph (A)](#h-6-A) not later than September 29, 2027.
    - (E) **Funding—** Of the funds authorized to be appropriated under [subsection (k)](#k) for a fiscal year, there are authorized to be appropriated to the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) to carry out this paragraph—
      - (i) $550,000 for fiscal year 2023;
      - (ii) $29,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
      - (iii) $32,000,000 for fiscal year 2025;
      - (iv) $30,500,000 for fiscal year 2026; and
      - (v) $27,500,000 for fiscal year 2027.
  - (7) **User facilities integration and collaboration program—**
    - (A) **In general—** The [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall support a program of collaboration between user facilities to encourage and enable researchers to more readily integrate the tools, expertise, resources, and capabilities of multiple Office of Science user facilities (as described in subsection (d) of [section 7139 of this title](/usc/42/7139.md)) to further research and advance emerging technologies.
    - (B) **Activities—** The program shall advance the integration of automation, robotics, computational biology, bioinformatics, biosensing, cellular platforms and other relevant emerging technologies as determined by the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) to enhance productivity and scientific impact of user facilities.
  - (8) **Coordination—** In carrying out the program authorized under [paragraph (1)](#h-1), the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall ensure that the Office of Science coordinates with—
    - (A) the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, the Environmental Protection [Agency](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1) of Agriculture, the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1) of the Interior, and any other relevant Federal [agency](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1) on the collection, validation, and analysis of atmospheric data; and
    - (B) relevant stakeholders, including institutions of higher education, [nonprofit](/usc/42/300s–3.md?p=3) research institutions, industry, [State](/usc/42/2021b.md?p=14), territorial, local, and Tribal governments, and other appropriate entities to ensure access to the best available relevant atmospheric and historical weather data.
- (i) **Terrestrial-aquatic interface research initiative—**
  - (1) **In general—** The [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall carry out a research program to enhance the understanding of terrestrial-aquatic interface. In carrying out the program, the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall prioritize efforts to enhance the collection of observational data, and shall develop models to analyze the natural and human processes that interact in littoral zones.
  - (2) **Littoral data collection system—** The [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall establish an integrated system of geographically diverse field research sites in order to improve the scientific understanding and predictability of the major land water interfaces of the United States through improved data quantity and quality, including in—
    - (A) the Great Lakes region;
    - (B) the Pacific coast;
    - (C) the Atlantic coast;
    - (D) the Arctic;
    - (E) the Gulf coast; and
    - (F) the coasts of United States territories and freely associated [States](/usc/42/2021b.md?p=14).
  - (3) **Existing infrastructure—** In carrying out the programs and establishing the field research sites under paragraphs [(1)](#i-1) and [(2)](#i-2), the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall leverage existing research and development infrastructure supported by the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1), including the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1)’s existing marine and coastal research lab.
  - (4) **Coordination—** For the purposes of carrying out the programs and establishing the field research sites under paragraphs [(1)](#i-1) and [(2)](#i-2), the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) may enter into agreements with Federal [departments](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1) and [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1) with complementary capabilities, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and any other relevant Federal [agency](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1) as appropriate.
  - (5) **Report—** Not earlier than 2 years after August 9, 2022, the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall provide to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, the Committee on Natural Resources, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, a report examining whether the system described in [paragraph (2)](#i-2) should be established as a National User Facility within the [Department](/usc/42/18601.md?p=1) or as a research facility within another Federal [agency](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1).
  - (6) **Interoperability—**
    - (A) **In general—** The [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) shall ensure that activities carried out under paragraphs [(1)](#i-1) and [(2)](#i-2), including observation, data collection, monitoring, and model development and enhancements, are interoperable and may be integrated with existing related systems at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other relevant Federal [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1), as practicable.
    - (B) **Resources—** In carrying out [subparagraph (A)](#i-6-A), in support of interoperability, as practicable, the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) may make available to other Federal [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1) high performance computing resources.
    - (C) **NOAA—** The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shall integrate the data collected under the programs carried out under paragraphs [(1)](#i-1) and [(2)](#i-2) into relevant data systems and models, as practicable.
- (j) **Engineered ecosystems initiative—**
  - (1) **In general—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall establish within the Biological and Environmental Research program an initiative focused on the development of engineered ecosystems through the application of artificial intelligence, novel sensing capabilities, and other emerging technologies.
  - (2) **Interagency coordination—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall coordinate with the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) of the National Science Foundation, the [Administrator](/usc/42/4005.md?p=1) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the [Director](/usc/42/18601.md?p=2) of the U.S. Geological Survey, the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) of Agriculture, and other relevant officials to avoid duplication of research and observational activities and to ensure that activities carried out under the initiative established under [paragraph (1)](#j-1) are complimentary to activities being undertaken by other [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1).
  - (3) **Report—** Not later than 180 days after August 9, 2022, the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) shall submit to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate a report on the activity authorized under this subsection.
- (k) **Authorization of appropriations—** Out of funds authorized to be appropriated for the Office of Science in a fiscal year, there are authorized to be appropriated to the [Secretary](/usc/42/18601.md?p=4) to carry out the activities described in this section—
  - (1) $885,420,000 for fiscal year 2023;
  - (2) $946,745,200 for fiscal year 2024;
  - (3) $1,001,149,912 for fiscal year 2025;
  - (4) $1,068,818,907 for fiscal year 2026; and
  - (5) $1,129,948,041 for fiscal year 2027.
- (l) **Definitions—** In this section:
  - (1) **Advanced biofuel—** The term “advanced biofuel” has the meaning given the term in [section 8101 of title 7](/usc/7/8101.md).
  - (2) **Bioenergy—** The term “bioenergy” means energy derived from biofuels.
  - (3) **Biomass—** The term “biomass” has the meaning given the term in [section 15852(b) of this title](/usc/42/15852.md?p=b).
  - (4) **Bioproduct—** The term “bioproduct” has the meaning given the term “biobased product” in [section 8101 of title 7](/usc/7/8101.md).

## Source credit

(Pub. L. 115–246, title III, § 306, Sept. 28, 2018, 132 Stat. 3148; Pub. L. 116–260, div. Z, title XI, § 11001, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2610; Pub. L. 117–167, div. B, title I, § 10103(a)–(d), Aug. 9, 2022, 136 Stat. 1420–1423.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### References in Text

Section 106(b) of the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act (42 U.S.C. 6601 note), referred to in subsec. (e)(2)(A), is section 106(b) of Pub. L. 114–329, title I, Jan. 6, 2017, 130 Stat. 2986, which is set out in a note under section 6601 of this title.

### Amendments

2022—Subsecs. (a) to (c). Pub. L. 117–167, § 10103(a)(3), added subsecs. (a) to (c) and struck out former subsec. (a) which related to research and development activities of complex biological systems. Former subsecs. (b) and (c) redesignated (d) and (e), respectively.

Subsec. (c)(5) to (8). Pub. L. 117–167, § 10103(a)(1), prior to redesignation of subsec. (c) as (e), redesignated pars. (6) to (8) as (5) to (7), respectively.

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 117–167, § 10103(a)(2), redesignated subsecs. (b) and (c) as (d) and (e), respectively. Former subsec. (d) redesignated (f).

Subsec. (e)(7)(E) to (G). Pub. L. 117–167, § 10103(b), which directed amendment of subsec. (e)(8) by adding subpars. (E) to (G), was executed by making the addition to subsec. (e)(7) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the successive redesignations of subsec. (c)(8) as (c)(7) and then (e)(7) by Pub. L. 117–167, § 10103(a)(1), (2). See notes above.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–167, § 10103(a)(2), (c), redesignated subsec. (d) as (f) and amended it generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Secretary of Energy, shall continue and strengthen collaboration with the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on basic research to understand the effects and risks of human exposure to ionizing radiation in low Earth orbit, and in the space environment.”

Subsecs. (g) to (k). Pub. L. 117–167, § 10103(d), added subsecs. (g) to (k).

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 117–167, § 10103(a)(4), added subsec. (l).

2020—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 116–260, § 11001(a), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) related to the establishment and purpose of a low-dose radiation research program.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 116–260, § 11001(b), added subsec. (d).