---
kind: "section"
citation: "42 U.S.C. § 16282"
title: "42"
title_heading: "The Public Health and Welfare"
number: "16282"
heading: "U.S. nuclear fuel security initiative"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/42/16282"
units:
  - "Chapter 149 — National Energy Policy and Programs"
  - "Subchapter IX — Research and Development"
  - "Part E — Nuclear Energy"
---

# §16282. U.S. nuclear fuel security initiative

- (a) **Short title—** This section may be cited as the “Nuclear Fuel Security Act of 2023”.
- (b) **Sense of Congress—** It is the sense of Congress that—
  - (1) the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) should—
    - (A) support increased domestic production of [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5); and
    - (B) accelerate efforts to establish a domestic high-assay, [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5) enrichment capability; and
  - (2) if domestic enrichment of high-assay, [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5) will not be commercially available at the scale needed in time to meet the needs of the advanced nuclear reactor demonstration [projects](/usc/42/16371.md?p=12) of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1), the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) shall consider and implement, as necessary—
    - (A) all viable options to make high-assay, [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5) produced from inventories owned by the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) available in a manner that is sufficient to maximize the potential for the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) to meet the needs and schedules of advanced nuclear reactor developers, without impacting existing [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) missions, until such time that commercial enrichment and deconversion capability for high-assay, [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5) exists at a scale sufficient to meet future needs; and
    - (B) all viable options for partnering with countries that are allies or partners of the United States to meet those needs and schedules until that time.
- (c) **Objectives—** The objectives of this section are—
  - (1) to support domestic production of [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5);
  - (2) to expeditiously increase domestic production of high-assay, [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5) by an annual quantity, and in such form, determined by the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) to be sufficient to meet the needs of—
    - (A) advanced nuclear reactor developers; and
    - (B) the [consortium](/usc/42/17061.md?p=4);
  - (3) to ensure the availability of domestically produced, converted, enriched, deconverted, and reduced uranium in a quantity determined by the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4), in consultation with U.S. nuclear energy [companies](/usc/42/16451.md?p=4), to be sufficient to address a reasonably anticipated supply disruption;
  - (4) to address gaps and deficiencies in the domestic production, conversion, enrichment, deconversion, and reduction of uranium by partnering with countries that are allies or partners of the United States if domestic options are not practicable;
  - (5) to ensure that, in the event of a supply disruption in the nuclear fuel market, a reserve of nuclear fuels is available to serve as a backup supply to support the nuclear nonproliferation and civil nuclear energy objectives of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1), including collaborative research and development activities with other Federal [agencies](/usc/42/8262.md?p=1);
  - (6) to support enrichment, deconversion, and reduction technology deployed in the United States; and
  - (7) to ensure that, until such time that domestic enrichment and deconversion of high-assay, [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5) is commercially available at the scale needed to meet the needs of advanced nuclear reactor developers, the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) considers and implements, as necessary—
    - (A) all viable options to make high-assay, [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5) produced from inventories owned by the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) available in a manner that is sufficient to maximize the potential for the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) to meet the needs and schedules of advanced nuclear reactor developers; and
    - (B) all viable options for partnering with countries that are allies or partners of the United States to meet those needs and schedules.
- (d) **Definitions—** In this section:
  - (1) **Advanced nuclear reactor—** The term “advanced nuclear reactor” has the meaning given the term in [section 16271(b) of this title](/usc/42/16271.md?p=b).
  - (2) **Associated entity—** The term “associated entity” means an entity that—
    - (A) is owned, controlled, or dominated by—
      - (i) the government of a country that is an ally or partner of the United States; or
      - (ii) an associated individual; or
    - (B) is organized under the laws of, or otherwise subject to the jurisdiction of, a country that is an ally or partner of the United States, including a [corporation](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=2) that is incorporated in such a country.
  - (3) **Associated individual—** The term “associated individual” means an alien who is a national of a country that is an ally or partner of the United States.
  - (4) **Consortium—** The term “[consortium](/usc/42/17061.md?p=4)” means the [consortium](/usc/42/17061.md?p=4) established under [section 16281(a)(2)(F) of this title](/usc/42/16281.md?p=a-2-F).
  - (5) **Department—** The term “[Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1)” means the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) of Energy.
  - (6) **High-assay, low-enriched uranium; HALEU—** The term “high-assay, [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5)” or “HALEU” means high-assay [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5) (as defined in [section 16281(d) of this title](/usc/42/16281.md?p=d)).
  - (7) **Low-enriched uranium; LEU—** The term “[low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5)” or “LEU” means each of—
    - (A) [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5) (as defined in [section 2297h](/usc/42/2297h.md)) of this title; and
    - (B) [low-enriched uranium](/usc/42/2297h.md?p=5) (as defined in [section 2297h–10a(a) of this title](/usc/42/2297h–10a.md?p=a)).
  - (8) **Programs—** The term “Programs” means—
    - (A) the Nuclear Fuel Security Program established under [subsection (e)(1)](#e-1);
    - (B) the American Assured Fuel Supply Program of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1); and
    - (C) the HALEU for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Demonstration [Projects](/usc/42/16371.md?p=12) Program established under [subsection (e)(3)](#e-3).
  - (9) **Secretary—** The term “[Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4)” means the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) of Energy.
  - (10) **U.S. nuclear energy company—** The term “U.S. nuclear energy [company](/usc/42/16451.md?p=4)” means a [company](/usc/42/16451.md?p=4) that—
    - (A) is organized under the laws of, or otherwise subject to the jurisdiction of, the United States; and
    - (B) is involved in the nuclear energy industry.
- (e) **Establishment and expansion of programs—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4), consistent with the objectives described in [subsection (c)](#c), shall—
  - (1) establish a program, to be known as the “Nuclear Fuel Security Program”, to increase the quantity of HALEU and, if determined to be necessary after completion of a market evaluation, LEU produced by U.S. nuclear energy [companies](/usc/42/16451.md?p=4);
  - (2) expand the American Assured Fuel Supply Program of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) to ensure the availability of domestically produced, converted, enriched, deconverted, and reduced uranium in the event of a supply disruption; and
  - (3) establish a program, to be known as the “HALEU for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Demonstration [Projects](/usc/42/16371.md?p=12) Program”—
    - (A) to maximize the potential for the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) to meet the needs and schedules of advanced nuclear reactor developers until such time that commercial enrichment and deconversion capability for HALEU exists in the United States at a scale sufficient to meet future needs; and
    - (B) where practicable, to partner with countries that are allies or partners of the United States to meet those needs and schedules until that time.
- (f) **Nuclear Fuel Security Program—**
  - (1) **In general—** In carrying out the Nuclear Fuel Security Program, the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4)—
    - (A) shall—
      - (i) if determined to be necessary or appropriate based on the completion of a market evaluation, not later than 90 days after December 22, 2023, take actions, including cost-shared financial agreements, milestone-based payments, or other mechanisms, to support commercial availability of LEU and to promote diversity of supply in domestic uranium mining, conversion, enrichment, and deconversion capacity and technologies, including new capacity, among U.S. nuclear energy [companies](/usc/42/16451.md?p=4);
      - (ii) not later than 180 days after December 22, 2023, enter into 2 or more contracts with members of the [consortium](/usc/42/17061.md?p=4) to begin acquiring not less than 20 metric tons per year of HALEU by December 31, 2027 (or the earliest operationally feasible date thereafter), from U.S. nuclear energy [companies](/usc/42/16451.md?p=4);
      - (iii) utilize only uranium produced, converted, enriched, deconverted, and reduced in—
        - (I) the United States; or
        - (II) if domestic options are not practicable, a country that is an ally or partner of the United States; and
      - (iv) to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the use of domestic uranium utilized as a result of that program does not negatively affect the economic operation of nuclear reactors in the United States; and
    - (B)
      - (i) may not make commitments under this subsection (including cooperative agreements (used in accordance with [section 6305 of title 31](/usc/31/6305.md)), purchase agreements, guarantees, leases, service contracts, or any other type of commitment) for the purchase or other acquisition of HALEU or LEU unless funds are specifically provided for those purposes in advance in appropriations Acts enacted after March 9, 2024; and
      - (ii) may make a commitment described in [clause (i)](#f-1-B-i) only—
        - (I) if the full extent of the anticipated costs stemming from the commitment is recorded as an obligation at the time that the commitment is made; and
        - (II) to the extent of that up-front obligation recorded in full at that time.
  - (2) **Considerations—** In carrying out [paragraph (1)(A)(ii)](#f-1-A-ii), the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) shall consider and, if appropriate, implement—
    - (A) options to ensure the quickest availability of commercially enriched HALEU, including—
      - (i) partnerships between 2 or more commercial enrichers; and
      - (ii) utilization of up to 10-percent enriched uranium as feedstock in demonstration-scale or commercial HALEU enrichment facilities;
    - (B) options to partner with countries that are allies or partners of the United States to provide LEU and HALEU for commercial purposes;
    - (C) options that provide for an array of HALEU—
      - (i) enrichment levels;
      - (ii) output levels to meet demand; and
      - (iii) fuel forms, including uranium metal and oxide; and
    - (D) options—
      - (i) to replenish, as necessary, [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) stockpiles of uranium that were intended to be downblended for other purposes, but were instead used in carrying out activities under the HALEU for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Demonstration [Projects](/usc/42/16371.md?p=12) Program;
      - (ii) to continue supplying HALEU to meet the needs of the recipients of an award made pursuant to the funding opportunity announcement of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) numbered DE–FOA–0002271 for Pathway 1, Advanced Reactor Demonstrations; and
      - (iii) to make HALEU available to other advanced nuclear reactor developers and other end-users.
  - (3) **Avoidance of market disruptions—** In carrying out the Nuclear Fuel Security Program, the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4), to the extent practicable and consistent with the purposes of that program, shall not disrupt or replace market mechanisms by competing with U.S. nuclear energy [companies](/usc/42/16451.md?p=4).
- (g) **Expansion of the American Assured Fuel Supply Program—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4), in consultation with U.S. nuclear energy [companies](/usc/42/16451.md?p=4), shall—
  - (1) expand the American Assured Fuel Supply Program of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) by merging the operations of the Uranium Reserve Program of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) with the American Assured Fuel Supply Program; and
  - (2) in carrying out the American Assured Fuel Supply Program of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1), as expanded under [paragraph (1)](#g-1)—
    - (A) maintain, replenish, diversify, or increase the quantity of uranium made available by that program in a manner determined by the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) to be consistent with the purposes of that program and the objectives described in [subsection (c)](#c);
    - (B) utilize only uranium produced, converted, enriched, deconverted, and reduced in—
      - (i) the United States; or
      - (ii) if domestic options are not practicable, a country that is an ally or partner of the United States;
    - (C) make uranium available from the American Assured Fuel Supply, subject to terms and conditions determined by the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) to be reasonable and appropriate;
    - (D) refill and expand the supply of uranium in the American Assured Fuel Supply, including by maintaining a limited reserve of uranium to address a potential event in which a domestic or foreign recipient of uranium experiences a supply disruption for which uranium cannot be obtained through normal market mechanisms or under normal market conditions; and
    - (E) take other actions that the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) determines to be necessary or appropriate to address the purposes of that program and the objectives described in [subsection (c)](#c).
- (h) **HALEU for Advanced Nuclear Reactor Demonstration Projects Program—**
  - (1) **Activities—** On enactment of this Act, the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) shall immediately accelerate and, as necessary, initiate activities to make available from inventories or stockpiles owned by the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) and made available to the [consortium](/usc/42/17061.md?p=4), HALEU for use in advanced nuclear reactors that cannot operate on uranium with lower enrichment levels or on alternate fuels, with priority given to the awards made pursuant to the funding opportunity announcement of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) numbered DE–FOA–0002271 for Pathway 1, Advanced Reactor Demonstrations, with additional HALEU to be made available to other advanced nuclear reactor developers, as the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) determines to be appropriate.
  - (2) **Quantity—** In carrying out activities under this subsection, the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) shall consider and implement, as necessary, all viable options to make HALEU available in quantities and forms sufficient to maximize the potential for the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) to meet the needs and schedules of advanced nuclear reactor developers, including by seeking to make available—
    - (A) by September 30, 2024, not less than 3 metric tons of HALEU;
    - (B) by December 31, 2025, not less than an additional 8 metric tons of HALEU; and
    - (C) by June 30, 2026, not less than an additional 10 metric tons of HALEU.
  - (3) **Factors for consideration—** In carrying out activities under this subsection, the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) shall take into consideration—
    - (A) options for providing HALEU from a stockpile of uranium owned by the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1), including—
      - (i) uranium that has been declared excess to national security needs during or prior to fiscal year 2023;
      - (ii) uranium that—
        - (I) directly meets the needs of advanced nuclear reactor developers; but
        - (II) has been previously used or fabricated for another purpose;
      - (iii) uranium that can meet the needs of advanced nuclear reactor developers after removing radioactive or other contaminants that resulted from previous use or fabrication of the fuel for research, development, demonstration, or deployment activities of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1), including activities that reduce the environmental liability of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) by accelerating the processing of uranium from stockpiles designated as waste;
      - (iv) uranium from a high-enriched uranium stockpile (excluding stockpiles intended for national security needs), which can be blended with lower assay uranium to become HALEU to meet the needs of advanced nuclear reactor developers; and
      - (v) uranium from stockpiles intended for other purposes (excluding stockpiles intended for national security needs), but for which uranium could be swapped or replaced in time in such a manner that would not negatively impact the missions of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1);
    - (B) options for expanding, or establishing new, capabilities or infrastructure to support the processing of uranium from [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) inventories;
    - (C) options for accelerating the availability of HALEU from HALEU enrichment demonstration [projects](/usc/42/16371.md?p=12) of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1);
    - (D) options for providing HALEU from domestically enriched HALEU procured by the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) through a competitive process pursuant to the Nuclear Fuel Security Program established under [subsection (e)(1)](#e-1);
    - (E) options to replenish, as needed, [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) stockpiles of uranium made available pursuant to [subparagraph (A)](#h-3-A) with domestically enriched HALEU procured by the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1) through a competitive process pursuant to the Nuclear Fuel Security Program established under [subsection (e)(1)](#e-1); and
    - (F) options that combine 1 or more of the approaches described in subparagraphs [(A)](#h-3-A) through [(E)](#h-3-E) to meet the deadlines described in [paragraph (2)](#h-2).
  - (4) **Limitations—**
    - (A) **Certain services—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) shall not barter or otherwise sell or transfer uranium in any form in exchange for services relating to—
      - (i) the final disposition of radioactive waste from uranium that is the subject of a contract for sale, resale, transfer, or lease under this subsection; or
      - (ii) environmental cleanup activities.
    - (B) **Certain commitments—** In carrying out activities under this subsection, the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4)—
      - (i) may not make commitments under this subsection (including cooperative agreements (used in accordance with [section 6305 of title 31](/usc/31/6305.md)), purchase agreements, guarantees, leases, service contracts, or any other type of commitment) for the purchase or other acquisition of HALEU or LEU unless funds are specifically provided for those purposes in advance in appropriations Acts enacted after March 9, 2024; and
      - (ii) may make a commitment described in [clause (i)](#h-4-B-i) only—
        - (I) if the full extent of the anticipated costs stemming from the commitment is recorded as an obligation at the time that the commitment is made; and
        - (II) to the extent of that up-front obligation recorded in full at that time.
  - (5) **Sunset—** The authority of the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) to carry out activities under this subsection shall terminate on the earlier of—
    - (A) the date on which the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) notifies Congress that the HALEU needs of advanced nuclear reactor developers can be fully met by commercial HALEU suppliers in the United States, as determined by the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4), in consultation with U.S. nuclear energy [companies](/usc/42/16451.md?p=4); and
    - (B) September 30, 2034.
- (i) **Domestic sourcing considerations—**
  - (1) **In general—** Except as provided in [paragraph (2)](#i-2), the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) may only carry out an activity in connection with 1 or more of the Programs if—
    - (A) the activity promotes manufacturing in the United States associated with uranium supply chains; or
    - (B) the activity relies on resources, materials, or equipment developed or produced—
      - (i) in the United States; or
      - (ii) in a country that is an ally or partner of the United States by—
        - (I) the government of that country;
        - (II) an associated entity; or
        - (III) a U.S. nuclear energy [company](/usc/42/16451.md?p=4).
  - (2) **Waiver—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) may waive the requirements of [paragraph (1)](#i-1) with respect to an activity if the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) determines a waiver to be necessary to achieve 1 or more of the objectives described in [subsection (c)](#c).
- (j) **Reasonable compensation—** In carrying out activities under this section, the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) shall ensure that any LEU and HALEU made available by the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) under 1 or more of the Programs is subject to reasonable compensation, taking into account the fair market value of the LEU or HALEU and the purposes of this section.
- (k) **Nuclear Regulatory Commission—** The Nuclear Regulatory [Commission](/usc/42/16451.md?p=3) shall prioritize and expedite consideration of any action related to the Programs to the extent permitted under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 ([42 U.S.C. 2011](/usc/42/2011.md) et seq.) and related statutes.
- (l) **USEC Privatization Act—** The requirements of section 3112(d)(2) of the USEC Privatization Act ([42 U.S.C. 2297h–10(d)(2)](/usc/42/2297h–10.md?p=d-2)) shall not apply to activities related to the Programs.
- (m) **National security needs—** The [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) shall only make available to a member of the [consortium](/usc/42/17061.md?p=4) under this section for commercial use or use in a demonstration [project](/usc/42/16371.md?p=12) material that the President has determined is not necessary for national security needs during or prior to fiscal year 2023, subject to the condition that the material made available shall not include any material that the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) determines to be necessary for the National Nuclear Security Administration or any critical mission of the [Department](/usc/42/15801.md?p=1).
- (n) **International agreements—** This section shall be applied in a manner consistent with the obligations of the United States under international agreements.
- (o) **Report on civil nuclear credit program—** Not later than 180 days after December 22, 2023, the [Secretary](/usc/42/15801.md?p=4) shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report that identifies the anticipated funding requirements for the civil nuclear credit program described in [section 18753 of this title](/usc/42/18753.md), taking into account—
  - (1) the zero-emission nuclear power production credit authorized by [section 45U of title 26](/usc/26/45U.md); and
  - (2) any increased fuel costs associated with the use of domestic fuel that may arise from the implementation of that program.

## Source credit

(Pub. L. 118–31, div. C, title XXXI, § 3131, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 795; Pub. L. 118–42, div. D, title III, § 312(c), Mar. 9, 2024, 138 Stat. 211.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### References in Text

Enactment of this Act, referred to in subsec. (h)(1), means the enactment of Pub. L. 118–31, which was approved Dec. 22, 2023.

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (k), is act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 919, which is classified principally to chapter 23 (§ 2011 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of this title and Tables.

### Codification

Section is comprised of section 3131 of Pub. L. 118–31. Pars. (1) and (2) of subsec. (p) of section 3131 of Pub. L. 118–31 amended sections 19351 and 16274 of this title, respectively.

Section was enacted as the Nuclear Fuel Security Act of 2023, and also as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024, and not as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 which comprises this chapter.

### Amendments

2024—Subsec. (f)(1)(B)(i). Pub. L. 118–42, § 312(c)(1), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: “may not make commitments under this subsection (including cooperative agreements (used in accordance with section 6305 of title 31), purchase agreements, guarantees, leases, service contracts, or any other type of commitment) for the purchase or other acquisition of HALEU or LEU unless—

“(I) funds are specifically provided for those purposes in advance in appropriations Acts enacted after December 22, 2023; or

“(II) the commitment is funded entirely by funds made available to the Secretary from the account described in subsection (j)(2)(B); and”.

Subsec. (h)(4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 118–42, § 312(c)(1), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: “may not make commitments under this subsection (including cooperative agreements (used in accordance with section 6305 of title 31), purchase agreements, guarantees, leases, service contracts, or any other type of commitment) for the purchase or other acquisition of HALEU or LEU unless—

“(I) funds are specifically provided for those purposes in advance in appropriations Acts enacted after December 22, 2023; or

“(II) the commitment is funded entirely by funds made available to the Secretary from the account described in subsection (j)(2)(B); and”.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 118–42, § 312(c)(2), amended subsec. (j) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (j) consisted of pars. (1) and (2) relating to reasonable compensation for LEU and HALEU and deposit of revenues from the sale or transfer of certain fuel feed material into a revolving fund.