---
kind: "section"
citation: "3 U.S.C. § 451"
title: "3"
title_heading: "The President"
number: "451"
heading: "Procedure for consideration of alleged violations"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/3/451"
units:
  - "Chapter 5 — Extension of Certain Rights and Protections to Presidential Offices"
  - "Subchapter III — Administrative and Judicial Dispute Resolution Procedures"
---

# §451. Procedure for consideration of alleged violations


The procedure for consideration of alleged violations of part A of subchapter II consists of—

- (1) counseling and mediation as provided in [section 452](/usc/3/452.md); and
- (2) election, as provided in [section 453](/usc/3/453.md), of either—
  - (A) an administrative proceeding as provided in [section 453(1)](/usc/3/453.md?p=1) and judicial review as provided in [section 1296 of title 28](/usc/28/1296.md); or
  - (B) a civil action in a district court of the United States as provided in [section 1346(g) of title 28](/usc/28/1346.md?p=g).

## Source credit

(Added Pub. L. 104–331, § 2(a), Oct. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 4067.)