---
kind: "section"
citation: "29 U.S.C. § 705"
title: "29"
title_heading: "Labor"
number: "705"
heading: "Definitions"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/29/705"
units:
  - "Chapter 16 — Vocational Rehabilitation and Other Rehabilitation Services"
---

# §705. Definitions


For the purposes of this chapter:

- (1) **Administrative costs—** The term “administrative costs” means expenditures incurred in the performance of administrative functions under the vocational rehabilitation program carried out under subchapter I, including expenses related to program planning, development, monitoring, and evaluation, including expenses for—
  - (A) quality assurance;
  - (B) budgeting, accounting, financial management, information systems, and related data processing;
  - (C) providing information about the program to the public;
  - (D) technical assistance and support services to other [State](#34) agencies, private [nonprofit](#26) organizations, and businesses and industries, except for technical assistance and support services described in [section 723(b)(5) of this title](/usc/29/723.md?p=b-5);
  - (E) the [State](#34) Rehabilitation Council and other advisory committees;
  - (F) professional organization membership dues for [designated State unit](#8-B) employees;
  - (G) the removal of architectural barriers in [State](#34) vocational rehabilitation agency offices and [State](#34) operated rehabilitation facilities;
  - (H) operating and maintaining [designated State unit](#8-B) facilities, equipment, and grounds;
  - (I) supplies;
  - (J) administration of the comprehensive system of personnel development described in [section 721(a)(7) of this title](/usc/29/721.md?p=a-7), including personnel administration, administration of affirmative action plans, and training and staff development;
  - (K) administrative salaries, including clerical and other support staff salaries, in support of these administrative functions;
  - (L) travel costs related to carrying out the program, other than travel costs related to the provision of services;
  - (M) costs incurred in conducting reviews of rehabilitation counselor or coordinator determinations under [section 722(c) of this title](/usc/29/722.md?p=c); and
  - (N) legal expenses required in the administration of the program.
- (2) **Assessment for determining eligibility and vocational rehabilitation needs—** The term “assessment for determining eligibility and vocational rehabilitation needs” means, as appropriate in each case—
  - (A)
    - (i) a review of existing data—
      - (I) to determine whether an [individual](#22) is eligible for [vocational rehabilitation services](#40); and
      - (II) to assign priority for an order of selection described in [section 721(a)(5)(A) of this title](/usc/29/721.md?p=a-5-A) in the [States](#34) that use an order of selection pursuant to [section 721(a)(5)(A) of this title](/usc/29/721.md?p=a-5-A); and
    - (ii) to the extent necessary, the provision of appropriate assessment activities to obtain necessary additional data to make such determination and assignment;
  - (B) to the extent additional data is necessary to make a determination of the [employment outcomes](#11), and the nature and scope of [vocational rehabilitation services](#40), to be included in the individualized plan for employment of an eligible [individual](#22), a comprehensive assessment to determine the unique strengths, resources, priorities, concerns, abilities, capabilities, interests, and informed choice, including the need for [supported employment](#38), of the eligible [individual](#22), which comprehensive assessment—
    - (i) is limited to information that is necessary to identify the rehabilitation needs of the [individual](#22) and to develop the individualized plan for employment of the eligible [individual](#22);
    - (ii) uses, as a primary source of such information, to the maximum extent possible and appropriate and in accordance with confidentiality requirements—
      - (I) existing information obtained for the purposes of determining the eligibility of the [individual](#22) and assigning priority for an order of selection described in [section 721(a)(5)(A) of this title](/usc/29/721.md?p=a-5-A) for the [individual](#22); and
      - (II) such information as can be provided by the [individual](#22) and, where appropriate, by the family of the [individual](#22);
    - (iii) may include, to the degree needed to make such a determination, an assessment of the personality, interests, interpersonal skills, intelligence and related functional capacities, educational achievements, work experience, vocational aptitudes, personal and social adjustments, and employment opportunities of the [individual](#22), and the medical, psychiatric, psychological, and other pertinent vocational, educational, cultural, social, recreational, and environmental factors, that affect the employment and rehabilitation needs of the [individual](#22);
    - (iv) may include, to the degree needed, an appraisal of the patterns of work behavior of the [individual](#22) and services needed for the [individual](#22) to acquire occupational skills, and to develop work attitudes, work habits, work tolerance, and social and behavior patterns necessary for successful job performance, including the utilization of work in real job situations to assess and develop the capacities of the [individual](#22) to perform adequately in a work environment; and
    - (v) to the maximum extent possible, relies on information obtained from experiences in integrated employment settings in the community, and other integrated community settings;
  - (C) referral, for the provision of [rehabilitation technology](#32) services to the [individual](#22), to assess and develop the capacities of the [individual](#22) to perform in a work environment; and
  - (D) an exploration of the [individual](#22)’s abilities, capabilities, and capacity to perform in work situations, which shall be assessed periodically during trial work experiences, including experiences in which the [individual](#22) is provided appropriate supports and training.
- (3) **Assistive technology terms—**
  - (A) **Assistive technology—** The term “assistive technology” has the meaning given such term in [section 3002 of this title](/usc/29/3002.md).
  - (B) **Assistive technology device—** The term “assistive technology device” has the meaning given such term in [section 3002 of this title](/usc/29/3002.md), except that the reference in such section to the term “individuals with disabilities” shall be deemed to mean more than 1 [individual with a disability](#3-C-i) as defined in [paragraph (20)(A)](#20-A)).[^1]
  - (C) **Assistive technology service—** The term “assistive technology service” has the meaning given such term in [section 3002 of this title](/usc/29/3002.md), except that the reference in such section—
    - (i) to the term “individual with a disability” shall be deemed to mean an individual with a disability, as defined in [paragraph (20)(A)](#20-A); and
    - (ii) to the term “[individuals with disabilities](#3-B)” shall be deemed to mean more than 1 such [individual](#22).
- (4) **Community rehabilitation program—** The term “community rehabilitation program” means a program that provides directly or facilitates the provision of [vocational rehabilitation services](#40) to [individuals with disabilities](#3-B), and that provides, singly or in combination, for an [individual with a disability](#3-C-i) to enable the [individual](#22) to maximize opportunities for employment, including career advancement—
  - (A) medical, psychiatric, psychological, social, and vocational services that are provided under one management;
  - (B) testing, fitting, or training in the use of prosthetic and orthotic devices;
  - (C) recreational therapy;
  - (D) physical and occupational therapy;
  - (E) speech, language, and hearing therapy;
  - (F) psychiatric, psychological, and social services, including positive behavior management;
  - (G) [assessment for determining eligibility and vocational rehabilitation needs](#2);
  - (H) [rehabilitation technology](#32);
  - (I) job development, placement, and retention services;
  - (J) evaluation or control of specific [disabilities](#9);
  - (K) orientation and mobility services for [individuals](#22) who are blind;
  - (L) extended employment;
  - (M) psychosocial rehabilitation services;
  - (N) [supported employment services](#39) and [extended services](#13);
  - (O) [customized employment](#7);
  - (P) services to family members when necessary to the vocational rehabilitation of the [individual](#22);
  - (Q) [personal assistance services](#28); or
  - (R) services similar to the services described in one of subparagraphs [(A)](#4-A) through [(Q)](#4-Q).
- (5) **Competitive integrated employment—** The term “competitive integrated employment” means work that is performed on a full-time or part-time basis (including self-employment)—
  - (A) for which an [individual](#22)—
    - (i) is compensated at a rate that—
      - (I)
        - (aa) shall be not less than the higher of the rate specified in [section 206(a)(1) of this title](/usc/29/206.md?p=a-1) or the rate specified in the applicable [State](#34) or local minimum wage law; and
        - (bb) is not less than the customary rate paid by the employer for the same or similar work performed by other employees who are not [individuals with disabilities](#3-B), and who are similarly situated in similar occupations by the same employer and who have similar training, experience, and skills; or
      - (II) in the case of an [individual](#22) who is self-employed, yields an income that is comparable to the income received by other [individuals](#22) who are not [individuals with disabilities](#3-B), and who are self-employed in similar occupations or on similar tasks and who have similar training, experience, and skills; and
    - (ii) is eligible for the level of benefits provided to other employees;
  - (B) that is at a location where the employee interacts with other persons who are not [individuals with disabilities](#3-B) (not including supervisory personnel or [individuals](#22) who are providing services to such employee) to the same extent that [individuals](#22) who are not [individuals with disabilities](#3-B) and who are in comparable positions interact with other persons; and
  - (C) that, as appropriate, presents opportunities for advancement that are similar to those for other employees who are not [individuals with disabilities](#3-B) and who have similar positions.
- (6) **Construction; cost of construction—**
  - (A) **Construction—** The term “construction” means—
    - (i) the [construction](#6-A) of new buildings;
    - (ii) the acquisition, expansion, remodeling, alteration, and renovation of existing buildings; and
    - (iii) initial equipment of buildings described in clauses [(i)](#6-A-i) and [(ii)](#6-A-ii).
  - (B) **Cost of construction—** The term “cost of construction” includes architects’ fees and the cost of acquisition of land in connection with [construction](#6-A) but does not include the cost of offsite improvements.
- (7) **Customized employment—** The term “customized employment” means [competitive integrated employment](#5), for an [individual with a significant disability](#21-A), that is based on an individualized determination of the strengths, needs, and interests of the [individual with a significant disability](#21-A), is designed to meet the specific abilities of the [individual with a significant disability](#21-A) and the business needs of the employer, and is carried out through flexible strategies, such as—
  - (A) job exploration by the [individual](#22);
  - (B) working with an employer to facilitate placement, including—
    - (i) customizing a job description based on current employer needs or on previously unidentified and unmet employer needs;
    - (ii) developing a set of job duties, a work schedule and job arrangement, and specifics of supervision (including performance evaluation and review), and determining a job location;
    - (iii) representation by a professional chosen by the [individual](#22), or self-representation of the [individual](#22), in working with an employer to facilitate placement; and
    - (iv) providing services and supports at the job location.
- (8) **Designated State agency; designated State unit—**
  - (A) **Designated State agency—** The term “designated State agency” means an agency designated under [section 721(a)(2)(A) of this title](/usc/29/721.md?p=a-2-A).
  - (B) **Designated State unit—** The term “designated State unit” means—
    - (i) any [State](#34) agency unit required under [section 721(a)(2)(B)(ii) of this title](/usc/29/721.md?p=a-2-B-ii); or
    - (ii) in cases in which no such unit is so required, the [State](#34) agency described in [section 721(a)(2)(B)(i) of this title](/usc/29/721.md?p=a-2-B-i).
- (9) **Disability—** The term “disability” means—
  - (A) except as otherwise provided in [subparagraph (B)](#9-B), a physical or mental [impairment](#20-E-i) that constitutes or results in a substantial impediment to employment; or
  - (B) for purposes of sections [701](/usc/29/701.md), [711](/usc/29/711.md), and [712](/usc/29/712.md) of this title, and subchapters II, IV, V, and VII, the meaning given it in [section 12102 of title 42](/usc/42/12102.md).
- (10) **Drug and illegal use of drugs—**
  - (A) **Drug—** The term “drug” means a controlled substance, as defined in schedules I through V of section 202 of the Controlled Substances Act ([21 U.S.C. 812](/usc/21/812.md)).
  - (B) **Illegal use of drugs—** The term “illegal use of drugs” means the use of [drugs](#10-A), the possession or distribution of which is unlawful under the Controlled Substances Act [[21 U.S.C. 801](/usc/21/801.md) et seq.]. Such term does not include the use of a [drug](#10-A) taken under supervision by a licensed health care professional, or other uses authorized by the Controlled Substances Act or other provisions of Federal law.
- (11) **Employment outcome—** The term “employment outcome” means, with respect to an [individual](#22)—
  - (A) entering or retaining full-time or, if appropriate, part-time competitive employment in the integrated labor market;
  - (B) satisfying the vocational outcome of [supported employment](#38); or
  - (C) satisfying any other vocational outcome the [Secretary](#33) of Education may determine to be appropriate (including satisfying the vocational outcome of [customized employment](#7), self-employment, telecommuting, or business ownership),

  in a manner consistent with this chapter.

- (12) **Establishment of a community rehabilitation program—** The term “establishment of a community rehabilitation program” includes the acquisition, expansion, remodeling, or alteration of existing buildings necessary to adapt them to [community rehabilitation program](#4) purposes or to increase their effectiveness for such purposes (subject, however, to such limitations as the [Secretary](#33) of Education may determine, in accordance with regulations the [Secretary](#33) of Education shall prescribe, in order to prevent [impairment](#20-E-i) of the objectives of, or duplication of, other Federal laws providing Federal assistance in the [construction](#6-A) of facilities for [community rehabilitation programs](#4)), and may include such additional equipment and staffing as the Commissioner considers appropriate.
- (13) **Extended services—** The term “extended services” means [ongoing support services](#27) and other appropriate services, needed to support and maintain an [individual with a most significant disability](#21-E-i) in [supported employment](#38), that—
  - (A) are provided singly or in combination and are organized and made available in such a way as to assist an eligible [individual](#22) in maintaining [supported employment](#38);
  - (B) are based on a determination of the needs of an eligible [individual](#22), as specified in an individualized plan for employment; and
  - (C) are provided by a [State](#34) agency, a [nonprofit](#26) private organization, employer, or any other appropriate resource, after an [individual](#22) has made the transition from support provided by the [designated State unit](#8-B).
- (14) **Federal share—**
  - (A) **In general—** Subject to [subparagraph (B)](#14-B), the term “Federal share” means 78.7 percent.
  - (B) **Exception—** The term “[Federal share](#14-A)” means the share specifically set forth in [section 731(a)(3) of this title](/usc/29/731.md?p=a-3), except that with respect to payments pursuant to part B of subchapter I to any [State](#34) that are used to meet the costs of [construction](#6-A) of those rehabilitation facilities identified in [section 723(b)(2) of this title](/usc/29/723.md?p=b-2) in such [State](#34), the [Federal share](#14-A) shall be the percentages determined in accordance with the provisions of [section 731(a)(3) of this title](/usc/29/731.md?p=a-3) applicable with respect to the [State](#34).
  - (C) **Relationship to expenditures by a political subdivision—** For the purpose of determining the non-[Federal share](#14-A) with respect to a [State](#34), expenditures by a political subdivision thereof or by a [local agency](#24) shall be regarded as expenditures by such [State](#34), subject to such limitations and conditions as the [Secretary](#33) of Education shall by regulation prescribe.
- (15) **Governor—** The term “Governor” means a chief executive officer of a [State](#34).
- (16) **Impartial hearing officer—**
  - (A) **In general—** The term “impartial hearing officer” means an [individual](#22)—
    - (i) who is not an employee of a public agency (other than an administrative law judge, hearing examiner, or employee of an [institution of higher education](#23));
    - (ii) who is not a member of the [State](#34) Rehabilitation Council described in [section 725 of this title](/usc/29/725.md);
    - (iii) who has not been involved previously in the vocational rehabilitation of the [applicant](#22) or eligible [individual](#22);
    - (iv) who has knowledge of the delivery of [vocational rehabilitation services](#40), the [State](#34) plan under [section 721 of this title](/usc/29/721.md), and the Federal and [State](#34) rules governing the provision of such services and training with respect to the performance of official duties; and
    - (v) who has no personal or financial interest that would be in conflict with the objectivity of the [individual](#22).
  - (B) **Construction—** An [individual](#22) shall not be considered to be an employee of a public agency for purposes of [subparagraph (A)(i)](#16-A-i) solely because the [individual](#22) is paid by the agency to serve as a hearing officer.
- (17) **Independent living core services—** The term “independent living core services” means—
  - (A) information and referral services;
  - (B) independent living skills training;
  - (C) peer counseling (including cross-[disability](#9) peer counseling);
  - (D) [individual](#22) and systems advocacy; and
  - (E) services that—
    - (i) facilitate the transition of [individuals with significant disabilities](#21-D) from nursing homes and other institutions to home and community-based residences, with the requisite supports and services;
    - (ii) provide assistance to [individuals with significant disabilities](#21-D) who are at risk of entering institutions so that the [individuals](#22) may remain in the community; and
    - (iii) facilitate the transition of youth who are [individuals with significant disabilities](#21-D), who were eligible for individualized education programs under section 614(d) of the [Individuals with Disabilities](#3-B) Education Act ([20 U.S.C. 1414(d)](/usc/20/1414.md?p=d)), and who have completed their secondary education or otherwise left school, to postsecondary life.
- (18) **Independent living services—** The term “independent living services” includes—
  - (A) [independent living core services](#17); and
  - (B)
    - (i) counseling services, including psychological, psychotherapeutic, and related services;
    - (ii) services related to securing housing or shelter, including services related to community group living, and supportive of the purposes of this chapter and of the subchapters of this chapter, and adaptive housing services (including appropriate accommodations to and modifications of any space used to serve, or occupied by, [individuals with disabilities](#3-B));
    - (iii) [rehabilitation technology](#32);
    - (iv) mobility training;
    - (v) services and training for [individuals](#22) with cognitive and sensory [disabilities](#9), including life skills training, and interpreter and reader services;
    - (vi) [personal assistance services](#28), including attendant care and the training of personnel providing such services;
    - (vii) surveys, directories, and other activities to identify appropriate housing, recreation opportunities, and accessible transportation, and other support services;
    - (viii) consumer information programs on rehabilitation and [independent living services](#18) available under this chapter, especially for minorities and other [individuals with disabilities](#3-B) who have traditionally been unserved or underserved by programs under this chapter;
    - (ix) education and training necessary for living in a community and participating in community activities;
    - (x) supported living;
    - (xi) transportation, including referral and assistance for such transportation and training in the use of public transportation vehicles and systems;
    - (xii) physical rehabilitation;
    - (xiii) therapeutic treatment;
    - (xiv) provision of needed prostheses and other appliances and devices;
    - (xv) [individual](#22) and group social and recreational services;
    - (xvi) training to develop skills specifically designed for youths who are [individuals with disabilities](#3-B) to promote self-awareness and esteem, develop advocacy and self-empowerment skills, and explore career options;
    - (xvii) services for children;
    - (xviii) services under other Federal, [State](#34), or local programs designed to provide resources, training, counseling, or other assistance, of substantial benefit in enhancing the independence, productivity, and quality of life of [individuals with disabilities](#3-B);
    - (xix) appropriate preventive services to decrease the need of [individuals](#22) assisted under this chapter for similar services in the future;
    - (xx) community awareness programs to enhance the understanding and integration into society of [individuals with disabilities](#3-B); and
    - (xxi) such other services as may be necessary and not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter.
- (19) **Indian; American Indian; Indian American; Indian tribe—**
  - (A) **In general—** The terms “Indian”, “American Indian”, and “Indian American” mean an [individual](#22) who is a member of an [Indian tribe](#19-B) and includes a Native and a descendant of a Native, as such terms are defined in subsections [(b)](/usc/29/3.md) and [(r)](/usc/29/3.md) of section 3 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ([43 U.S.C. 1602](/usc/43/1602.md)).
  - (B) **Indian tribe—** The term “Indian tribe” means any Federal or [State](#34) Indian tribe, band, rancheria, pueblo, colony, or community, including any Alaskan native village or regional village corporation (as defined in or established pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act [[43 U.S.C. 1601](/usc/43/1601.md) et seq.]) and a tribal organization (as defined in [section 5304(l)](/usc/25/5304.md?p=l) of title 25).
- (20) **Individual with a disability—**
  - (A) **In general—** Except as otherwise provided in [subparagraph (B)](#20-B), the term “[individual with a disability](#3-C-i)” means any [individual](#22) who—
    - (i) has a physical or mental [impairment](#20-E-i) which for such [individual](#22) constitutes or results in a substantial impediment to employment; and
    - (ii) can benefit in terms of an [employment outcome](#11) from [vocational rehabilitation services](#40) provided pursuant to subchapter I, III, or VI.
  - (B) **Certain programs; limitations on major life activities—** Subject to subparagraphs [(C)](#20-C), [(D)](#20-D), [(E)](#20-E), and [(F)](#20-F), the term “[individual with a disability](#3-C-i)” means, for purposes of sections [701](/usc/29/701.md), [711](/usc/29/711.md), and [712](/usc/29/712.md) of this title, and subchapters II, IV, V, and VII of this chapter, any person who has a [disability](#9) as defined in [section 12102 of title 42](/usc/42/12102.md).
  - (C) **Rights and advocacy provisions—**
    - (i) **In general; exclusion of individuals engaging in drug use—** For purposes of subchapter V, the term “[individual with a disability](#3-C-i)” does not include an [individual](#22) who is currently engaging in the [illegal use of drugs](#10-B), when a covered entity acts on the basis of such use.
    - (ii) **Exception for individuals no longer engaging in drug use—** Nothing in [clause (i)](#20-C-i) shall be construed to exclude as an [individual with a disability](#3-C-i) an [individual](#22) who—
      - (I) has successfully completed a supervised [drug](#10-A) rehabilitation program and is no longer engaging in the [illegal use of drugs](#10-B), or has otherwise been rehabilitated successfully and is no longer engaging in such use;
      - (II) is participating in a supervised rehabilitation program and is no longer engaging in such use; or
      - (III) is erroneously regarded as engaging in such use, but is not engaging in such use;

    except that it shall not be a violation of this chapter for a covered entity to adopt or administer reasonable policies or procedures, including but not limited to [drug](#10-A) testing, designed to ensure that an [individual](#22) described in subclause (I) or (II) is no longer engaging in the [illegal use of drugs](#10-B).

    - (iii) **Exclusion for certain services—** Notwithstanding [clause (i)](#20-C-i), for purposes of programs and activities providing health services and services provided under subchapters I, II, and III, an [individual](#22) shall not be excluded from the benefits of such programs or activities on the basis of his or her current [illegal use of drugs](#10-B) if he or she is otherwise entitled to such services.
    - (iv) **Disciplinary action—** For purposes of programs and activities providing educational services, local educational agencies may take disciplinary action pertaining to the use or possession of illegal [drugs](#10-A) or alcohol against any student who is an [individual with a disability](#3-C-i) and who currently is engaging in the [illegal use of drugs](#10-B) or in the use of alcohol to the same extent that such disciplinary action is taken against students who are not [individuals with disabilities](#3-B). Furthermore, the due process procedures at section 104.36 of title 34, Code of Federal Regulations (or any corresponding similar regulation or ruling) shall not apply to such disciplinary actions.
    - (v) **Employment; exclusion of alcoholics—** For purposes of sections [793](/usc/29/793.md) and [794](/usc/29/794.md) of this title as such sections relate to employment, the term “[individual with a disability](#3-C-i)” does not include any [individual](#22) who is an alcoholic whose current use of alcohol prevents such [individual](#22) from performing the duties of the job in question or whose employment, by reason of such current alcohol abuse, would constitute a direct threat to property or the safety of others.
  - (D) **Employment; exclusion of individuals with certain diseases or infections—** For the purposes of sections [793](/usc/29/793.md) and [794](/usc/29/794.md) of this title, as such sections relate to employment, such term does not include an [individual](#22) who has a currently contagious disease or infection and who, by reason of such disease or infection, would constitute a direct threat to the health or safety of other [individuals](#22) or who, by reason of the currently contagious disease or infection, is unable to perform the duties of the job.
  - (E) **Rights provisions; exclusion of individuals on basis of homosexuality or bisexuality—** For the purposes of sections [791](/usc/29/791.md), [793](/usc/29/793.md), and [794](/usc/29/794.md) of this title—
    - (i) for purposes of the application of [subparagraph (B)](#20-B) to such sections, the term “impairment” does not include homosexuality or bisexuality; and
    - (ii) therefore the term “[individual with a disability](#3-C-i)” does not include an [individual](#22) on the basis of homosexuality or bisexuality.
  - (F) **Rights provisions; exclusion of individuals on basis of certain disorders—** For the purposes of sections [791](/usc/29/791.md), [793](/usc/29/793.md), and [794](/usc/29/794.md) of this title, the term “[individual with a disability](#3-C-i)” does not include an [individual](#22) on the basis of—
    - (i) transvestism, transsexualism, pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, gender identity disorders not resulting from physical [impairments](#20-E-i), or other sexual behavior disorders;
    - (ii) compulsive gambling, kleptomania, or pyromania; or
    - (iii) psychoactive substance use disorders resulting from current [illegal use of drugs](#10-B).
  - (G) **Individuals with disabilities—** The term “[individuals with disabilities](#3-B)” means more than one [individual with a disability](#3-C-i).
- (21) **Individual with a significant disability—**
  - (A) **In general—** Except as provided in subparagraph [(B)](#21-B) or [(C)](#21-C), the term “individual with a significant disability” means an [individual with a disability](#3-C-i)—
    - (i) who has a severe physical or mental [impairment](#20-E-i) which seriously limits one or more functional capacities (such as mobility, communication, self-care, self-direction, interpersonal skills, work tolerance, or work skills) in terms of an [employment outcome](#11);
    - (ii) whose vocational rehabilitation can be expected to require multiple [vocational rehabilitation services](#40) over an extended period of time; and
    - (iii) who has one or more physical or mental [disabilities](#9) resulting from amputation, arthritis, autism, blindness, burn injury, cancer, cerebral palsy, cystic fibrosis, deafness, head injury, heart disease, hemiplegia, hemophilia, respiratory or pulmonary dysfunction, intellectual [disability](#9), mental illness, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, musculo-skeletal disorders, neurological disorders (including stroke and epilepsy), paraplegia, quadriplegia, and other spinal cord conditions, sickle cell anemia, specific learning [disability](#9), end-stage renal disease, or another [disability](#9) or combination of [disabilities](#9) determined on the basis of an [assessment for determining eligibility and vocational rehabilitation needs](#2) described in subparagraphs [(A)](#2-A) and [(B)](#2-B) of paragraph (2) to cause comparable substantial functional limitation.
  - (B) **Independent living services and centers for independent living—** For purposes of subchapter VII, the term “[individual with a significant disability](#21-A)” means an [individual](#22) with a severe physical or mental [impairment](#20-E-i) whose ability to function independently in the family or community or whose ability to obtain, maintain, or advance in employment is substantially limited and for whom the delivery of [independent living services](#18) will improve the ability to function, continue functioning, or move toward functioning independently in the family or community or to continue in employment, respectively.
  - (C) **Research and training—** For purposes of subchapter II, the term “[individual with a significant disability](#21-A)” includes an [individual](#22) described in subparagraph [(A)](#21-A) or [(B)](#21-B).
  - (D) **Individuals with significant disabilities—** The term “individuals with significant disabilities” means more than one [individual with a significant disability](#21-A).
  - (E) **Individual with a most significant disability—**
    - (i) **In general—** The term “individual with a most significant disability”, used with respect to an [individual](#22) in a [State](#34), means an [individual with a significant disability](#21-A) who meets criteria established by the [State](#34) under [section 721(a)(5)(C) of this title](/usc/29/721.md?p=a-5-C).
    - (ii) **Individuals with the most significant disabilities—** The term “individuals with the most significant disabilities” means more than one [individual with a most significant disability](#21-E-i).
- (22) **Individual’s representative; applicant’s representative—** The terms “individual’s representative” and “applicant’s representative” mean a parent, a family member, a guardian, an advocate, or an authorized representative of an individual or applicant, respectively.
- (23) **Institution of higher education—** The term “institution of higher education” has the meaning given the term in [section 1002 of title 20](/usc/20/1002.md).
- (24) **Local agency—** The term “local agency” means an agency of a unit of general local government or of an [Indian tribe](#19-B) (or combination of such units or tribes) which has an agreement with the [designated State agency](#8-A) to conduct a vocational rehabilitation program under the supervision of such [State](#34) agency in accordance with the [State](#34) plan approved under [section 721 of this title](/usc/29/721.md). Nothing in the preceding sentence of this paragraph or in [section 721 of this title](/usc/29/721.md) shall be construed to prevent the local agency from arranging to utilize another local [public or nonprofit](#31) agency to provide [vocational rehabilitation services](#40) if such an arrangement is made part of the agreement specified in this paragraph.
- (25) **Local workforce development board—** The term “local workforce development board” means a local board, as defined in [section 3](/usc/29/3.md) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act [[29 U.S.C. 3102](/usc/29/3102.md)].
- (26) **Nonprofit—** The term “nonprofit”, when used with respect to a [community rehabilitation program](#4), means a [community rehabilitation program](#4) carried out by a corporation or association, no part of the net earnings of which inures, or may lawfully inure, to the benefit of any private shareholder or [individual](#22) and the income of which is exempt from taxation under [section 501(c)(3) of title 26](/usc/26/501.md?p=c-3).
- (27) **Ongoing support services—** The term “ongoing support services” means services—
  - (A) provided to [individuals with the most significant disabilities](#21-E-ii);
  - (B) provided, at a minimum, twice monthly—
    - (i) to make an assessment, regarding the employment situation, at the worksite of each such [individual](#22) in [supported employment](#38), or, under special circumstances, especially at the request of the client, off site; and
    - (ii) based on the assessment, to provide for the coordination or provision of specific intensive services, at or away from the worksite, that are needed to maintain employment stability; and
  - (C) consisting of—
    - (i) a particularized assessment supplementary to the comprehensive assessment described in [paragraph (2)(B)](#2-B);
    - (ii) the provision of skilled job trainers who accompany the [individual](#22) for intensive job skill training at the worksite;
    - (iii) job development, job retention, and placement services;
    - (iv) social skills training;
    - (v) regular observation or supervision of the [individual](#22);
    - (vi) followup services such as regular contact with the employers, the [individuals](#22), the [individuals](#22)’ representatives, and other appropriate [individuals](#22), in order to reinforce and stabilize the job placement;
    - (vii) facilitation of natural supports at the worksite;
    - (viii) any other service identified in [section 723 of this title](/usc/29/723.md); or
    - (ix) a service similar to another service described in this subparagraph.
- (28) **Personal assistance services—** The term “personal assistance services” means a range of services, provided by one or more persons, designed to assist an [individual with a disability](#3-C-i) to perform daily living activities on or off the job that the [individual](#22) would typically perform if the [individual](#22) did not have a [disability](#9). Such services shall be designed to increase the [individual](#22)’s control in life and ability to perform everyday activities on or off the job.
- (30) **2 Pre-employment transition services—** The term “pre-employment transition services” means services provided in accordance with [section 733 of this title](/usc/29/733.md).
- (31) **Public or nonprofit—** The term “public or nonprofit”, used with respect to an agency or organization, includes an [Indian tribe](#19-B).
- (32) **Rehabilitation technology—** The term “rehabilitation technology” means the systematic application of technologies, engineering methodologies, or scientific principles to meet the needs of and address the barriers confronted by [individuals with disabilities](#3-B) in areas which include education, rehabilitation, employment, transportation, independent living, and recreation. The term includes rehabilitation engineering, [assistive technology devices](#3-B), and [assistive technology services](#3-C).
- (33) **Secretary—** Unless where the context otherwise requires, the term “Secretary”—
  - (A) used in subchapter I, III, IV, V, VI, or part B of subchapter VII, means the [Secretary](#33) of Education; and
  - (B) used in subchapter II or part A of subchapter VII, means the [Secretary](#33) of Health and Human Services.
- (34) **State—** The term “State” includes, in addition to each of the several States of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
- (35) **State workforce development board—** The term “State workforce development board” means a [State](#34) board, as defined in [section 3](/usc/29/3.md) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act [[29 U.S.C. 3102](/usc/29/3102.md)].
- (36) **Statewide workforce development system—** The term “statewide workforce development system” means a workforce development system, as defined in [section 3](/usc/29/3.md) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act [[29 U.S.C. 3102](/usc/29/3102.md)].
- (37) **Student with a disability—**
  - (A) **In general—** The term “student with a disability” means an [individual with a disability](#3-C-i) who—
    - (i)
      - (I)
        - (aa) is not younger than the earliest age for the provision of transition services under section 614(d)(1)(A)(i)(VIII) of the [Individuals with Disabilities](#3-B) Education Act ([20 U.S.C. 1414(d)(1)(A)(i)(VIII)](/usc/20/1414.md?p=d-1-A-i-VIII)); or
        - (bb) if the [State](#34) involved elects to use a lower minimum age for receipt of [pre-employment transition services](#30) under this chapter, is not younger than that minimum age; and
      - (II)
        - (aa) is not older than 21 years of age; or
        - (bb) if the [State](#34) law for the [State](#34) provides for a higher maximum age for receipt of services under the [Individuals with Disabilities](#3-B) Education Act ([20 U.S.C. 1400](/usc/20/1400.md) et seq.), is not older than that maximum age; and
    - (ii)
      - (I) is eligible for, and receiving, special education or related services under part B of the [Individuals with Disabilities](#3-B) Education Act ([20 U.S.C. 1411](/usc/20/1411.md) et seq.); or
      - (II) is an [individual with a disability](#3-C-i), for purposes of [section 794 of this title](/usc/29/794.md).
  - (B) **Students with disabilities—** The term “students with disabilities” means more than 1 [student with a disability](#37-A).
- (38) **Supported employment—** The term “supported employment” means [competitive integrated employment](#5), including [customized employment](#7), or employment in an integrated work setting in which [individuals](#22) are working on a short-term basis toward [competitive integrated employment](#5), that is individualized and customized consistent with the strengths, abilities, interests, and informed choice of the [individuals](#22) involved, for [individuals with the most significant disabilities](#21-E-ii)—
  - (A)
    - (i) for whom [competitive integrated employment](#5) has not historically occurred; or
    - (ii) for whom [competitive integrated employment](#5) has been interrupted or intermittent as a result of a significant [disability](#9); and
  - (B) who, because of the nature and severity of their [disability](#9), need intensive [supported employment services](#39) and [extended services](#13) after the transition described in [paragraph (13)(C)](#13-C), in order to perform the work involved.
- (39) **Supported employment services—** The term “supported employment services” means [ongoing support services](#27), including [customized employment](#7), needed to support and maintain an [individual with a most significant disability](#21-E-i) in [supported employment](#38), that—
  - (A) are provided singly or in combination and are organized and made available in such a way as to assist an eligible [individual](#22) to achieve [competitive integrated employment](#5);
  - (B) are based on a determination of the needs of an eligible [individual](#22), as specified in an individualized plan for employment; and
  - (C) are provided by the [designated State unit](#8-B) for a period of not more than 24 months, except that period may be extended, if necessary, in order to achieve the [employment outcome](#11) identified in the individualized plan for employment.
- (40) **Vocational rehabilitation services—** The term “vocational rehabilitation services” means those services identified in [section 723 of this title](/usc/29/723.md) which are provided to [individuals with disabilities](#3-B) under this chapter.
- (41) **Workforce investment activities—** The term “workforce investment activities” means workforce investment activities, as defined in [section 3](/usc/29/3.md) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act [[29 U.S.C. 3102](/usc/29/3102.md)], that are carried out under that Act.
- (42) **Youth with a disability—**
  - (A) **In general—** The term “youth with a disability” means an [individual with a disability](#3-C-i) who—
    - (i) is not younger than 14 years of age; and
    - (ii) is not older than 24 years of age.
  - (B) **Youth with disabilities—** The term “youth with disabilities” means more than 1 [youth with a disability](#42-A).

## Footnotes

[^1]: So in original. The second closing parenthesis probably should not appear.
[^2]: So in original. There is no par. (29).

## Source credit

(Pub. L. 93–112, § 7, formerly § 6, as added Pub. L. 105–220, title IV, § 403, Aug. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1097; amended Pub. L. 105–244, title I, § 102(a)(9)(A), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1619; renumbered § 7 and amended Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(f) [title VIII, § 402(a)(1), (b)(3), (c)(1)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–337, 2681–412, 2681–413, 2681–415; Pub. L. 105–394, title IV, § 402(a), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3661; Pub. L. 110–325, § 7, Sept. 25, 2008, 122 Stat. 3558; Pub. L. 111–256, § 2(d)(1), Oct. 5, 2010, 124 Stat. 2643; Pub. L. 113–128, title IV, § 404, July 22, 2014, 128 Stat. 1632.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### References in Text

The Controlled Substances Act, referred to in par. (10)(B), is title II of Pub. L. 91–513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, which is classified principally to subchapter I (§ 801 et seq.) of chapter 13 of Title 21, Food and Drugs. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of Title 21 and Tables.

The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, referred to in par. (19)(B), is Pub. L. 92–203, Dec. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 688, which is classified generally to chapter 33 (§ 1601 et seq.) of Title 43, Public Lands. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 43 and Tables.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, referred to in par. (37)(A)(i)(II)(bb), (ii)(I), is title VI of Pub. L. 91–230, Apr. 13, 1970, 84 Stat. 175, which is classified generally to chapter 33 (§ 1400 et seq.) of Title 20, Education. Part B of the Act is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 1411 et seq.) of chapter 33 of Title 20. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1400 of Title 20 and Tables.

The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, referred to in par. (41), is Pub. L. 113–128, July 22, 2014, 128 Stat. 1425, which enacted chapter 32 (§ 3101 et seq.) of this title, repealed chapter 30 (§ 2801 et seq.) of this title and chapter 73 (§ 9201 et seq.) of Title 20, Education, and made amendments to numerous other sections and notes in the Code. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3101 of this title and Tables.

### Prior Provisions

Provisions similar to this section were contained in section 706 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–220.

A prior section 705, Pub. L. 93–112, § 6, Sept. 26, 1973, 87 Stat. 359; Pub. L. 99–506, title X, § 1001(a)(2), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1841; Pub. L. 100–630, title II, § 201(b), Nov. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 3303; Pub. L. 102–569, title I, § 128(b)(1), Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4388, related to consolidated rehabilitation plan, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–220, title IV, § 403, Aug. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1093.

A prior section 7 of Pub. L. 93–112 was renumbered section 8 and is classified to section 706 of this title.

Another prior section 7 of Pub. L. 93–112 was classified to section 706 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 105–220.

### Amendments

2014—Par. (2)(B)(v). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(1), added cl. (v).

Par. (3). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(2), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which defined “assistive technology device”.

Par. (4). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(3), redesignated par. (5) as (4).

Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(2), struck out par. (4) which defined “assistive technology service”.

Par. (4)(O). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(4)(B), added subpar. (O). Former subpar. (O) redesignated (P).

Par. (4)(P), (Q). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(4)(A), redesignated subpars. (O) and (P) as (P) and (Q), respectively. Former subpar. (Q) redesignated (R).

Par. (4)(R). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(4)(C), substituted “(Q)” for “(P)”.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(4)(A), redesignated subpar. (Q) as (R).

Par. (5). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(5), added par. (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (4).

Par. (6)(B). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(6), substituted “includes architects’ fees” for “includes architects’ fees”.

Par. (7). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(7), added par. (7).

Par. (11)(C). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(8), inserted “of Education” after “Secretary” and “customized employment,” after “vocational outcome of”.

Par. (12). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(9), inserted “of Education” after “Secretary” in two places.

Par. (14)(C). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(10), inserted “of Education” after “Secretary”.

Par. (17)(E). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(11), added subpar. (E).

Par. (18). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(12), substituted “term ‘independent living services’ includes—” for “term ‘independent living services’ includes—” in introductory provisions.

Par. (19)(A). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(13)(A), inserted “and includes a Native and a descendant of a Native, as such terms are defined in subsections (b) and (r) of section 3 of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1602)” before period at end.

Par. (19)(B). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(13)(B), inserted “and a tribal organization (as defined in section 5304(l) of title 25)” before period at end.

Par. (23). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(14), substituted “section 1002” for “section 1001”.

Par. (25). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(15), added par. (25) and struck out former par. (25) which defined “local workforce investment board”.

Par. (29). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(17), redesignated par. (29) as (31).

Par. (30). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(18), added par. (30). Former par. (30) redesignated (32).

Pars. (31), (32). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(17), redesignated pars. (29) and (30) as (31) and (32), respectively. Former pars. (31) and (32) redesignated (33) and (34), respectively.

Par. (33). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(19), added par. (33) and struck out former par. (33) which defined “Secretary”.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(17), redesignated par. (31) as (33). Former par. (33) redesignated (35).

Par. (34). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(17), redesignated par. (32) as (34). Former par. (34) redesignated (36).

Pars. (35), (36). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(20), added pars. (35) and (36) and struck out former pars. (35) and (36), which defined “State workforce investment board” and “statewide workforce investment system”, respectively.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(17), redesignated pars. (33) and (34) as (35) and (36), respectively. Former pars. (35) and (36) redesignated (38) and (39), respectively.

Par. (37). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(16), (21), added par. (37) and struck out former par. (37) which defined “transition services”.

Pars. (38), (39). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(22), added pars. (38) and (39) and struck out former pars. (38) and (39) which defined “supported employment” and “supported employment services”, respectively.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(17), redesignated pars. (35) and (36) as (38) and (39), respectively. Former pars. (38) and (39) redesignated (40) and (41), respectively.

Par. (40). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(17), redesignated par. (38) as (40).

Par. (41). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(23), substituted “as defined in section 3 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act” for “as defined in section 101 of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998”.

Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(17), redesignated par. (39) as (41).

Par. (42). Pub. L. 113–128, § 404(24), added par. (42).

2010—Par. (21)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 111–256 substituted “intellectual disability,” for “mental retardation,”.

2008—Par. (9)(B). Pub. L. 110–325, § 7(1), substituted “the meaning given it in section 12102 of title 42” for “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities”.

Par. (20)(B). Pub. L. 110–325, § 7(2), substituted “any person who has a disability as defined in section 12102 of title 42.” for “any person who—

“(i) has a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more of such person’s major life activities;

“(ii) has a record of such an impairment; or

“(iii) is regarded as having such an impairment.”

1998—Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(f) [title VIII, § 402(b)(3)], made technical amendment to section designation and catchline in the original and inserted par. (1) heading.

Par. (2)(B). Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(f) [title VIII, § 402(c)(1)(A)], substituted “nature” for “objectives, nature,”.

Par. (3). Pub. L. 105–394, § 402(a)(1), which directed the amendment of section 6 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 by substituting “3002” for “2202(2)”, was executed to this section, which is section 7 of that act, to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the renumbering of section 6 as 7 by Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(f) [title VIII, § 402(a)(1)].

Par. (4). Pub. L. 105–394, § 402(a)(2), which directed the amendment of section 6 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 by substituting “3002” for “2202(3)”, was executed to this section, which is section 7 of that act, to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the renumbering of section 6 as 7 by Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(f) [title VIII, § 402(a)(1)].

Par. (7). Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(f) [title VIII, § 402(c)(1)(B)], struck out heading and text of par. (7). Text read as follows: “The term ‘criminal act’ means any crime, including an act, omission, or possession under the laws of the United States or a State or unit of general local government, which poses a substantial threat of personal injury, notwithstanding that by reason of age, insanity, or intoxication or otherwise the person engaging in the act, omission, or possession was legally incapable of committing a crime.”

Par. (16)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(f) [title VIII, § 402(c)(1)(C)], substituted “eligible individual” for “client”.

Par. (23). Pub. L. 105–244 substituted “section 1001 of title 20” for “section 1141(a) of title 20”.

Par. (36)(C). Pub. L. 105–277, § 101(f) [title VIII, § 402(c)(1)(D)], substituted “employment outcome” for “rehabilitation objectives”.

### Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

### Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–325, § 8, Sept. 25, 2008, 122 Stat. 3559, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 12103 and 12205a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending this section, former section 706 of this title, and sections 12101, 12102, 12111 to 12114, 12201, and 12206 to 12213 of Title 42, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 12101 of Title 42] and the amendments made by this Act shall become effective on January 1, 2009.”

### Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–244 effective Oct. 1, 1998, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 105–244, see section 3 of Pub. L. 105–244, set out as a note under section 1001 of Title 20, Education.

### Definitions

For meaning of references to an intellectual disability and to individuals with intellectual disabilities in provisions amended by section 2 of Pub. L. 111–256, see section 2(k) of Pub. L. 111–256, set out as a note under section 1400 of Title 20, Education.