---
kind: "section"
citation: "29 U.S.C. § 159"
title: "29"
title_heading: "Labor"
number: "159"
heading: "Representatives and elections"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/29/159"
units:
  - "Chapter 7 — Labor-Management Relations"
  - "Subchapter II — National Labor Relations"
---

# §159. Representatives and elections

- (a) **Exclusive representatives; employees’ adjustment of grievances directly with employer—** [Representatives](/usc/29/152.md?p=4) designated or selected for the purposes of collective bargaining by the majority of the [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) in a unit appropriate for such purposes, shall be the exclusive [representatives](/usc/29/152.md?p=4) of all the [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) in such unit for the purposes of collective bargaining in respect to rates of pay, wages, hours of employment, or other conditions of employment: Provided, That any individual [employee](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) or a group of [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) shall have the right at any time to present grievances to their [employer](/usc/29/152.md?p=2) and to have such grievances adjusted, without the intervention of the bargaining [representative](/usc/29/142.md?p=3), as long as the adjustment is not inconsistent with the terms of a collective-bargaining contract or agreement then in effect: Provided further, That the bargaining [representative](/usc/29/142.md?p=3) has been given opportunity to be present at such adjustment.
- (b) **Determination of bargaining unit by Board—** The Board shall decide in each case whether, in order to assure to [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) the fullest freedom in exercising the rights guaranteed by this subchapter, the unit appropriate for the purposes of collective bargaining shall be the [employer](/usc/29/152.md?p=2) unit, craft unit, plant unit, or subdivision thereof: Provided, That the Board shall not (1) decide that any unit is appropriate for such purposes if such unit includes both [professional employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=12) and [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) who are not [professional employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=12) unless a majority of such [professional employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=12) vote for inclusion in such unit; or (2) decide that any craft unit is inappropriate for such purposes on the ground that a different unit has been established by a prior Board determination, unless a majority of the [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) in the proposed craft unit vote against separate representation or (3) decide that any unit is appropriate for such purposes if it includes, together with other [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3), any individual employed as a guard to enforce against [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) and other [persons](/usc/29/152.md?p=1) rules to protect property of the [employer](/usc/29/152.md?p=2) or to protect the safety of [persons](/usc/29/152.md?p=1) on the [employer](/usc/29/152.md?p=2)’s premises; but no [labor organization](/usc/29/152.md?p=5) shall be certified as the [representative](/usc/29/142.md?p=3) of [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) in a bargaining unit of guards if such organization admits to membership, or is affiliated directly or indirectly with an organization which admits to membership, [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) other than guards.
- (c) **Hearings on questions affecting commerce; rules and regulations—**
  - (1) Whenever a petition shall have been filed, in accordance with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Board—
    - (A) by an [employee](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) or group of [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) or any individual or [labor organization](/usc/29/152.md?p=5) acting in their behalf alleging that a substantial number of [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) (i) wish to be represented for collective bargaining and that their [employer](/usc/29/152.md?p=2) declines to recognize their [representative](/usc/29/142.md?p=3) as the [representative](/usc/29/142.md?p=3) defined in subsection [(a)](#a), or (ii) assert that the individual or [labor organization](/usc/29/152.md?p=5), which has been certified or is being currently recognized by their [employer](/usc/29/152.md?p=2) as the bargaining [representative](/usc/29/142.md?p=3), is no longer a [representative](/usc/29/142.md?p=3) as defined in [subsection (a)](#a); or
    - (B) by an [employer](/usc/29/152.md?p=2), alleging that one or more individuals or [labor organizations](/usc/29/152.md?p=5) have presented to him a claim to be recognized as the [representative](/usc/29/142.md?p=3) defined in [subsection (a)](#a);

    the Board shall investigate such petition and if it has reasonable cause to believe that a question of representation [affecting commerce](/usc/29/152.md?p=7) exists shall provide for an appropriate hearing upon due notice. Such hearing may be conducted by an officer or [employee](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) of the regional office, who shall not make any recommendations with respect thereto. If the Board finds upon the record of such hearing that such a question of representation exists, it shall direct an election by secret ballot and shall certify the results thereof.

  - (2) In determining whether or not a question of representation [affecting commerce](/usc/29/152.md?p=7) exists, the same regulations and rules of decision shall apply irrespective of the identity of the [persons](/usc/29/152.md?p=1) filing the petition or the kind of relief sought and in no case shall the Board deny a [labor organization](/usc/29/152.md?p=5) a place on the ballot by reason of an order with respect to such [labor organization](/usc/29/152.md?p=5) or its predecessor not issued in conformity with [section 160(c) of this title](/usc/29/160.md?p=c).
  - (3) No election shall be directed in any bargaining unit or any subdivision within which in the preceding twelve-month period, a valid election shall have been held. [Employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) engaged in an economic [strike](/usc/29/142.md?p=2) who are not entitled to reinstatement shall be eligible to vote under such regulations as the Board shall find are consistent with the purposes and provisions of this subchapter in any election conducted within twelve months after the commencement of the [strike](/usc/29/142.md?p=2). In any election where none of the choices on the ballot receives a majority, a run-off shall be conducted, the ballot providing for a selection between the two choices receiving the largest and second largest number of valid votes cast in the election.
  - (4) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the waiving of hearings by stipulation for the purpose of a consent election in conformity with regulations and rules of decision of the Board.
  - (5) In determining whether a unit is appropriate for the purposes specified in [subsection (b)](#b) the extent to which the [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) have organized shall not be controlling.
- (d) **Petition for enforcement or review; transcript—** Whenever an order of the Board made pursuant to [section 160(c) of this title](/usc/29/160.md?p=c) is based in whole or in part upon facts certified following an investigation pursuant to [subsection (c)](#c) of this section and there is a petition for the enforcement or review of such order, such certification and the record of such investigation shall be included in the transcript of the entire record required to be filed under subsection (e) or (f) of [section 160 of this title](/usc/29/160.md), and thereupon the decree of the court enforcing, modifying, or setting aside in whole or in part the order of the Board shall be made and entered upon the pleadings, testimony, and proceedings set forth in such transcript.
- (e) **Secret ballot; limitation of elections—**
  - (1) Upon the filing with the Board, by 30 per centum or more of the [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) in a bargaining unit covered by an agreement between their [employer](/usc/29/152.md?p=2) and a [labor organization](/usc/29/152.md?p=5) made pursuant to [section 158(a)(3) of this title](/usc/29/158.md?p=a-3), of a petition alleging they desire that such authority be rescinded, the Board shall take a secret ballot of the [employees](/usc/29/152.md?p=3) in such unit and certify the results thereof to such [labor organization](/usc/29/152.md?p=5) and to the [employer](/usc/29/152.md?p=2).
  - (2) No election shall be conducted pursuant to this subsection in any bargaining unit or any subdivision within which, in the preceding twelve-month period, a valid election shall have been held.

## Source credit

(July 5, 1935, ch. 372, § 9, 49 Stat. 453; June 23, 1947, ch. 120, title I, § 101, 61 Stat. 143; Oct. 22, 1951, ch. 534, § 1(c), (d), 65 Stat. 601; Pub. L. 86–257, title II, § 201(d), title VII, § 702, Sept. 14, 1959, 73 Stat. 525, 542.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### Amendments

1959—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 86–257, § 702, substituted “Employees engaged in an economic strike who are not entitled to reinstatement shall be eligible to vote under such regulations as the Board shall find are consistent with the purposes and provisions of this subchapter in any election conducted within twelve months after the commencement of the strike” for “Employees on strike who are not entitled to reinstatement shall not be eligible to vote.”

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 86–257, § 201(d), repealed subsecs. (f) and (g) which required unions to file their constitutions, bylaws and a report, prescribed the contents of the report and directed the filing of annual financial reports, and are now covered by section 431 of this title.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 86–257, § 201(d), repealed subsec. (h) which related to affidavits showing union’s officers free from Communist Party affiliation or belief.

1951—Subsec. (e). Act Oct. 22, 1951, § 1(c), struck out par. (1) and renumbered pars. (2) and (3) as (1) and (2).

Subsecs. (f) to (h). Act Oct. 22, 1951, § 1(d), struck out “No petition under section 159(e)(1) shall be entertained” wherever appearing.

1947—Act June 23, 1947, amended section generally to allow employees to carry their grievances directly to the employer, to circumscribe certain powers of the Board, to make the union file with the Secretary of Labor its constitution, bylaws, and report before being certified as a bargaining agent, to require annual reports by labor unions, and to require labor unions to file affidavits with the Board showing that none of its officers are affiliated with or believe in the Communist Party.

### Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

### Effective Date of 1959 Amendment

Amendment by section 702 of Pub. L. 86–257 effective sixty days after Sept. 14, 1959, see section 707 of Pub. L. 86–257, set out as a note under section 153 of this title.

### Effective Date of 1947 Amendment

For effective date of amendment by act June 23, 1947, see section 104 of act June 23, 1947, set out as a note under section 151 of this title.

### Certain Certifications of Bargaining Units Unaffected

Act June 23, 1947, ch. 120, title I, § 103, 61 Stat. 152, provided that: “No provisions of this title [amending this subchapter] shall affect any certification of representatives or any determination as to the appropriate collective-bargaining unit, which was made under section 9 of the National Labor Relations Act [this section] prior to the effective date of this title [sixty days after June 23, 1947] until one year after the date of such certification or if, in respect of any such certification, a collective-bargaining contract was entered into prior to the effective date of this title [sixty days after June 23, 1947], until the end of the contract period or until one year after such date, whichever first occurs.”