---
kind: "unit"
title: "28"
title_heading: "Judiciary and Judicial Procedure"
key: "ptI/ch21"
level: "chapter"
label: "Chapter 21"
heading: "General Provisions Applicable to Courts and Judges"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/28/ptI-ch21"
sections_count: 13
---

# Chapter 21 — General Provisions Applicable to Courts and Judges

Title 28 — Judiciary and Judicial Procedure › Part I — Organization of Courts

## Sections

- [§451. Definitions](/usc/28/451.md)
- [§452. Courts always open; powers unrestricted by expiration of sessions](/usc/28/452.md)
- [§453. Oaths of justices and judges](/usc/28/453.md)
- [§454. Practice of law by justices and judges](/usc/28/454.md)
- [§455. Disqualification of justice, judge, or magistrate judge](/usc/28/455.md)
- [§456. Traveling expenses of justices and judges; official duty stations](/usc/28/456.md)
- [§457. Records; obsolete papers](/usc/28/457.md)
- [§458. Relative of justice or judge ineligible to appointment](/usc/28/458.md)
- [§459. Administration of oaths and acknowledgments](/usc/28/459.md)
- [§460. Application to other courts](/usc/28/460.md)
- [§461. Adjustments in certain salaries](/usc/28/461.md)
- [§462. Court accommodations](/usc/28/462.md)
- [§463. Expenses of litigation](/usc/28/463.md)