---
kind: "section"
citation: "28 U.S.C. § 4103"
title: "28"
title_heading: "Judiciary and Judicial Procedure"
number: "4103"
heading: "Removal"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/28/4103"
units:
  - "Part VI — Particular Proceedings"
  - "Chapter 181 — Foreign Judgments"
---

# §4103. Removal


In addition to removal allowed under [section 1441](/usc/28/1441.md), any action brought in a [State](/usc/28/3002.md?p=14) [domestic court](/usc/28/4101.md?p=2) to enforce a [foreign judgment](/usc/28/4101.md?p=4) for [defamation](/usc/28/4101.md?p=1) in which—

- (1) any plaintiff is a citizen of a [State](/usc/28/3002.md?p=14) different from any defendant;
- (2) any plaintiff is a foreign [state](/usc/28/3002.md?p=14) or a citizen or subject of a foreign [state](/usc/28/3002.md?p=14) and any defendant is a citizen of a [State](/usc/28/3002.md?p=14); or
- (3) any plaintiff is a citizen of a [State](/usc/28/3002.md?p=14) and any defendant is a foreign [state](/usc/28/3002.md?p=14) or citizen or subject of a foreign [state](/usc/28/3002.md?p=14),

may be removed by any defendant to the district [court](/usc/28/3002.md?p=2) of the [United States](/usc/28/3002.md?p=15) for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending without regard to the amount in controversy between the parties.


## Source credit

(Added Pub. L. 111–223, § 3(a), Aug. 10, 2010, 124 Stat. 2383.)