---
kind: "section"
citation: "26 U.S.C. § 263A"
title: "26"
title_heading: "Internal Revenue Code"
number: "263A"
heading: "Capitalization and inclusion in inventory costs of certain expenses"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/26/263A"
units:
  - "Subtitle A — Income Taxes"
  - "Chapter 1 — Normal Taxes and Surtaxes"
  - "Subchapter B — Computation of Taxable Income"
  - "Part IX — Items Not Deductible"
---

# §263A. Capitalization and inclusion in inventory costs of certain expenses

- (a) **Nondeductibility of certain direct and indirect costs—**
  - (1) **In general—** In the case of any [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) to which this section applies, any costs described in [paragraph (2)](#a-2)—
    - (A) in the case of [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) which is inventory in the hands of the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b), shall be included in inventory costs, and
    - (B) in the case of any other [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a), shall be capitalized.
  - (2) **Allocable costs—** The costs described in this paragraph with respect to any [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) are—
    - (A) the direct costs of such [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a), and
    - (B) such [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a)’s proper share of those indirect costs (including taxes) part or all of which are allocable to such [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a).

    Any cost which (but for this subsection) could not be taken into account in computing [taxable income](/usc/26/63.md?p=a) for any taxable year shall not be treated as a cost described in this paragraph.

- (b) **Property to which section applies—** Except as otherwise provided in this section, this section shall apply to—
  - (1) **Property produced by taxpayer—** Real or tangible personal [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) [produced](/usc/26/864.md?p=a) by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b).
  - (2) **Property acquired for resale—** Real or personal [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) described in [section 1221(a)(1)](/usc/26/1221.md?p=a-1) which is acquired by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) for resale.

  For purposes of [paragraph (1)](#b-1), the term “tangible personal [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a)” shall include a film, sound recording, video tape, book, or similar [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a).

- (c) **General exceptions—**
  - (1) **Personal use property—** This section shall not apply to any [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) [produced](/usc/26/864.md?p=a) by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) for use by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) other than in a [trade or business](/usc/26/1402.md?p=c) or an activity conducted for profit.
  - (2) **Research and experimental expenditures—** This section shall not apply to any amount allowable as a deduction under section [174](/usc/26/174.md) or 174A.
  - (3) **Certain development and other costs of oil and gas wells or other mineral property—** This section shall not apply to any cost allowable as a deduction under section [167(h)](/usc/26/167.md?p=h), [179B](/usc/26/179B.md), [263(c)](/usc/26/263.md?p=c), [263(i)](/usc/26/263.md?p=i), [291(b)(2)](/usc/26/291.md?p=b-2), [616](/usc/26/616.md), or 617.
  - (4) **Coordination with long-term contract rules—** This section shall not apply to any [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) [produced](/usc/26/864.md?p=a) by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) pursuant to a long-term [contract](/usc/26/101.md?p=f-3-A).
  - (5) **Timber and certain ornamental trees—** This section shall not apply to—
    - (A) trees raised, harvested, or grown by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) other than trees described in [clause (ii)](#e-4-B-ii) of subsection (e)(4)(B) (after application of the last sentence thereof), and
    - (B) any real [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) underlying such trees.
  - (6) **Coordination with section 59(e)—** Paragraphs [(2)](#c-2) and [(3)](#c-3) shall apply to any amount allowable as a deduction under [section 59(e)](/usc/26/59.md?p=e) for [qualified expenditures](/usc/26/59.md?p=e-2) described in subparagraphs (B), (C), (D), and (E) of paragraph (2) thereof.
  - (7) **Coordination with section 168(k)(5)—** This section shall not apply to any amount allowed as a deduction by reason of [section 168(k)(5)](/usc/26/168.md?p=k-5) (relating to special rules for certain plants bearing fruits and nuts).
- (d) **Exception for farming businesses—**
  - (1) **Section not to apply to certain property—**
    - (A) **In general—** This section shall not apply to any of the following which is [produced](/usc/26/864.md?p=a) by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) in a farming business:
      - (i) Any animal.
      - (ii) Any plant which has a preproductive period of 2 years or less.
    - (B) **Exception for taxpayers required to use accrual method—** [Subparagraph (A)](#d-1-A) shall not apply to any corporation, [partnership](/usc/26/761.md?p=a), or tax shelter required to use an accrual method of accounting under section [447](/usc/26/447.md) or [448(a)(3)](/usc/26/448.md?p=a-3).
  - (2) **Treatment of certain plants lost by reason of casualty—**
    - (A) **In general—** If plants bearing an edible crop for human consumption were lost or damaged (while in the hands of the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b)) by reason of freezing temperatures, disease, drought, pests, or casualty, this section shall not apply to any costs of the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) of replanting plants bearing the same type of crop (whether on the same parcel of land on which such lost or damaged plants were located or any other parcel of land of the same acreage in the [United States](/usc/26/993.md?p=g)).
    - (B) **Special rule for person with minority interest who materially participates—** [Subparagraph (A)](#d-2-A) shall apply to amounts paid or incurred by a person (other than the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) described in [subparagraph (A)](#d-2-A)) if—
      - (i) the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) described in [subparagraph (A)](#d-2-A) has an equity [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) of more than 50 percent in the plants described in [subparagraph (A)](#d-2-A) at all times during the taxable year in which such amounts were paid or incurred, and
      - (ii) such other person holds any part of the remaining equity [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) and materially participates in the planting, maintenance, cultivation, or development of the plants described in [subparagraph (A)](#d-2-A) during the taxable year in which such amounts were paid or incurred.

      The [determination](/usc/26/1313.md?p=a) of whether an individual materially participates in any activity shall be made in a manner similar to the manner in which such [determination](/usc/26/1313.md?p=a) is made under [section 2032A(e)(6)](/usc/26/2032A.md?p=e-6).

    - (C) **Special temporary rule for citrus plants lost by reason of casualty—**
      - (i) **In general—** In the case of the replanting of citrus plants, [subparagraph (A)](#d-2-A) shall apply to amounts paid or incurred by a person (other than the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) described in [subparagraph (A)](#d-2-A)) if—
        - (I) the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) described in [subparagraph (A)](#d-2-A) has an equity [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) of not less than 50 percent in the replanted citrus plants at all times during the taxable year in which such amounts were paid or incurred and such other person holds any part of the remaining equity [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1), or
        - (II) such other person acquired the entirety of such [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b)’s equity [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) in the land on which the lost or damaged citrus plants were located at the time of such loss or damage, and the replanting is on such land.
      - (ii) **Termination—** [Clause (i)](#d-2-C-i) shall not apply to any cost paid or incurred after the date which is 10 years after the date of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.
  - (3) **Election to have this section not apply—**
    - (A) **In general—** If a [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) makes an election under this paragraph, this section shall not apply to any plant [produced](/usc/26/864.md?p=a) in any farming business carried on by such [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b).
    - (B) **Certain persons not eligible—** No election may be made under this paragraph by a corporation, [partnership](/usc/26/761.md?p=a), or tax shelter, if such corporation, [partnership](/usc/26/761.md?p=a), or tax shelter is required to use an accrual method of accounting under section [447](/usc/26/447.md) or [448(a)(3)](/usc/26/448.md?p=a-3).
    - (C) **Special rule for citrus and almond growers—** An election under this paragraph shall not apply with respect to any item which is attributable to the planting, cultivation, maintenance, or development of any citrus or almond grove (or part thereof) and which is incurred before the close of the 4th taxable year beginning with the taxable year in which the trees were planted. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the portion of a citrus or almond grove planted in 1 taxable year shall be treated separately from the portion of such grove planted in another taxable year.
    - (D) **Election—** Unless the Secretary otherwise consents, an election under this paragraph may be made only for the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b)’s 1st taxable year which begins after December 31, 1986, and during which the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) engages in a farming business. Any such election, once made, may be revoked only with the consent of the Secretary.
- (e) **Definitions and special rules for purposes of subsection (d)—**
  - (1) **Recapture of expensed amounts on disposition—**
    - (A) **In general—** In the case of any plant with respect to which amounts would have been capitalized under [subsection (a)](#a) but for an election under [subsection (d)(3)](#d-3)—
      - (i) such plant (if not otherwise [section 1245](/usc/26/1245.md) [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a)) shall be treated as [section 1245](/usc/26/1245.md) [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a), and
      - (ii) for purposes of [section 1245](/usc/26/1245.md), the recapture amount shall be treated as a deduction allowed for depreciation with respect to such [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a).
    - (B) **Recapture amount—** For purposes of [subparagraph (A)](#e-1-A), the term “recapture amount” means any amount allowable as a deduction to the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) which, but for an election under [subsection (d)(3)](#d-3), would have been capitalized with respect to the plant.
  - (2) **Effects of election on depreciation—**
    - (A) **In general—** If the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) (or any [related person](/usc/26/864.md?p=d-4)) makes an election under [subsection (d)(3)](#d-3), the provisions of [section 168(g)(2)](/usc/26/168.md?p=g-2) (relating to alternative depreciation) shall apply to all [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) of the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) used predominantly in the farming business and placed in service in any taxable year during which any such election is in effect.
    - (B) **Related person—** For purposes of [subparagraph (A)](#e-2-A), the term “[related person](/usc/26/864.md?p=d-4)” means—
      - (i) the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) and members of the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b)’s family,
      - (ii) any corporation (including an [S corporation](/usc/26/1361.md?p=a-1)) if 50 percent or more (in [value](/usc/26/851.md?p=c-4)) of the [stock](/usc/26/1504.md?p=a-4) of such corporation is owned (directly or through the application of [section 318](/usc/26/318.md)) by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) or members of the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b)’s family,
      - (iii) a corporation and any other corporation which is a member of the same [controlled group](/usc/26/414.md?p=l-2-D-v) described in [section 1563(a)(1)](/usc/26/1563.md?p=a-1), and
      - (iv) any [partnership](/usc/26/761.md?p=a) if 50 percent or more (in [value](/usc/26/851.md?p=c-4)) of the [interests](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) in such [partnership](/usc/26/761.md?p=a) is owned directly or [indirectly](/usc/26/101.md?p=a-3-B) by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) or members of the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b)’s family.
    - (C) **Members of family—** For purposes of this paragraph, the term “family” means the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b), the spouse of the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b), and any of their children who have not attained age 18 before the close of the taxable year.
  - (3) **Preproductive period—**
    - (A) **In general—** For purposes of this section, the term “preproductive period” means—
      - (i) in the case of a plant which will have more than 1 crop or yield, the period before the 1st marketable crop or yield from such plant, or
      - (ii) in the case of any other plant, the period before such plant is reasonably expected to be disposed of.

      For purposes of this subparagraph, use by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) in a farming business of any supply [produced](/usc/26/864.md?p=a) in such business shall be treated as a [disposition](/usc/26/424.md?p=c-1).

    - (B) **Rule for determining period—** In the case of a plant grown in commercial quantities in the [United States](/usc/26/993.md?p=g), the preproductive period for such plant if grown in the [United States](/usc/26/993.md?p=g) shall be based on the nationwide weighted average preproductive period for such plant.
  - (4) **Farming business—** For purposes of this section—
    - (A) **In general—** The term “farming business” means the [trade or business](/usc/26/1402.md?p=c) of farming.
    - (B) **Certain trades and businesses included—** The term “farming business” shall include the [trade or business](/usc/26/1402.md?p=c) of—
      - (i) operating a nursery or sod farm, or
      - (ii) the raising or harvesting of trees bearing fruit, nuts, or other crops, or ornamental trees.

      For purposes of [clause (ii)](#e-4-B-ii), an evergreen tree which is more than 6 years old at the time severed from the roots shall not be treated as an ornamental tree.

  - (5) **Certain inventory valuation methods permitted—** The Secretary shall by regulations permit the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) to use reasonable inventory valuation methods to compute the amount required to be capitalized under [subsection (a)](#a) in the case of any plant.
- (f) **Special rules for allocation of interest to property produced by the taxpayer—**
  - (1) **Interest capitalized only in certain cases—** [Subsection (a)](#a) shall only apply to [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) costs which are—
    - (A) paid or incurred during the production period, and
    - (B) allocable to [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) which is described in [subsection (b)(1)](#b-1) and which has—
      - (i) a long useful life,
      - (ii) an estimated production period exceeding 2 years, or
      - (iii) an estimated production period exceeding 1 year and a cost exceeding $1,000,000.
  - (2) **Allocation rules—**
    - (A) **In general—** In determining the amount of [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) required to be capitalized under [subsection (a)](#a) with respect to any [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a)—
      - (i) [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) on any indebtedness directly attributable to production expenditures with respect to such [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) shall be assigned to such [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a), and
      - (ii) [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) on any other indebtedness shall be assigned to such [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) to the extent that the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b)’s [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) costs could have been reduced if production expenditures (not attributable to indebtedness described in [clause (i)](#f-2-A-i)) had not been incurred.
    - (B) **Exception for qualified residence interest—** [Subparagraph (A)](#f-2-A) shall not apply to any qualified residence [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) (within the meaning of [section 163(h)](/usc/26/163.md?p=h)).
    - (C) **Special rule for flow-through entities—** Except as provided in regulations, in the case of any flow-through entity, this paragraph shall be applied first at the entity level and then at the beneficiary level.
  - (3) **Interest relating to property used to produce property—** This subsection shall apply to any [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) on indebtedness allocable (as determined under [paragraph (2)](#f-2)) to [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) used to produce [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) to which this subsection applies to the extent such [interest](/usc/26/856.md?p=f-1) is allocable (as so determined) to the [produced](/usc/26/864.md?p=a) [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a).
  - (4) **Exemption for aging process of beer, wine, and distilled spirits—** For purposes of this subsection, the production period shall not include the aging period for—
    - (A) beer (as defined in [section 5052(a)](/usc/26/5052.md?p=a)),
    - (B) wine (as described in [section 5041(a)](/usc/26/5041.md?p=a)), or
    - (C) distilled spirits (as defined in [section 5002(a)(8)](/usc/26/5002.md?p=a-8)), except such spirits that are unfit for use for beverage purposes.
  - (5) **Definitions—** For purposes of this subsection—
    - (A) **Long useful life—** [Property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) has a long useful life if such [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) is—
      - (i) real [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a), or
      - (ii) [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) with a class life of 20 years or more (as determined under [section 168](/usc/26/168.md)).
    - (B) **Production period—** The term “production period” means, when used with respect to any [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a), the period—
      - (i) beginning on the date on which production of the [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) begins, and
      - (ii) except as provided in [paragraph (4)](#f-4), ending on the date on which the [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) is ready to be placed in service or is ready to be held for sale.
    - (C) **Production expenditures—** The term “production expenditures” means the costs (whether or not incurred during the production period) required to be capitalized under [subsection (a)](#a) with respect to the [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a).
- (g) **Production—** For purposes of this section—
  - (1) **In general—** The term “produce” includes construct, build, install, manufacture, develop, or improve.
  - (2) **Treatment of property produced under contract for the taxpayer—** The [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) shall be treated as producing any [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) [produced](/usc/26/864.md?p=a) for the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) under a [contract](/usc/26/101.md?p=f-3-A) with the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b); except that only costs paid or incurred by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) (whether under such [contract](/usc/26/101.md?p=f-3-A) or otherwise) shall be taken into account in applying [subsection (a)](#a) to the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b).
- (h) **Exemption for free lance authors, photographers, and artists—**
  - (1) **In general—** Nothing in this section shall require the capitalization of any qualified creative expense.
  - (2) **Qualified creative expense—** For purposes of this subsection, the term “qualified creative expense” means any expense—
    - (A) which is paid or incurred by an individual in the [trade or business](/usc/26/1402.md?p=c) of such individual (other than as an [employee](/usc/26/430.md?p=c-7-D-vi)) of being a writer, photographer, or artist, and
    - (B) which, without regard to this section, would be allowable as a deduction for the taxable year.

    Such term does not include any expense related to printing, photographic plates, motion picture films, video tapes, or similar items.

  - (3) **Definitions—** For purposes of this subsection—
    - (A) **Writer—** The term “writer” means any individual if the personal efforts of such individual create (or may reasonably be expected to create) a literary manuscript, musical composition (including any accompanying words), or dance score.
    - (B) **Photographer—** The term “photographer” means any individual if the personal efforts of such individual create (or may reasonably be expected to create) a photograph or photographic negative or transparency.
    - (C) **Artist—**
      - (i) **In general—** The term “artist” means any individual if the personal efforts of such individual create (or may reasonably be expected to create) a picture, painting, sculpture, statue, etching, drawing, cartoon, graphic design, or original print edition.
      - (ii) **Criteria—** In determining whether any expense is paid or incurred in the [trade or business](/usc/26/1402.md?p=c) of being an artist, the following criteria shall be taken into account:
        - (I) The originality and uniqueness of the item created (or to be created).
        - (II) The predominance of aesthetic [value](/usc/26/851.md?p=c-4) over utilitarian [value](/usc/26/851.md?p=c-4) of the item created (or to be created).
    - (D) **Treatment of certain corporations—**
      - (i) **In general—** If—
        - (I) substantially all of the [stock](/usc/26/1504.md?p=a-4) of a corporation is owned by a qualified [employee](/usc/26/430.md?p=c-7-D-vi)-owner and members of his family (as defined in [section 267(c)(4)](/usc/26/267.md?p=c-4)), and
        - (II) the principal activity of such corporation is performance of personal services directly related to the activities of the qualified [employee](/usc/26/430.md?p=c-7-D-vi)-owner and such services are substantially performed by the qualified [employee](/usc/26/430.md?p=c-7-D-vi)-owner,

      this subsection shall apply to any expense of such corporation which directly relates to the activities of such [employee](/usc/26/430.md?p=c-7-D-vi)-owner in the same manner as if such expense were incurred by such [employee](/usc/26/430.md?p=c-7-D-vi)-owner.

      - (ii) **Qualified employee-owner—** For purposes of this subparagraph, the term “qualified [employee](/usc/26/430.md?p=c-7-D-vi)-owner” means any individual who is an [employee](/usc/26/430.md?p=c-7-D-vi)-owner of the corporation (as defined in [section 269A(b)(2)](/usc/26/269A.md?p=b-2)) and who is a writer, photographer, or artist.
- (i) **Exemption for certain small businesses—**
  - (1) **In general—** In the case of any [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) (other than a tax shelter prohibited from using the [cash](/usc/26/856.md?p=c-5-K) receipts and disbursements method of accounting under [section 448(a)(3)](/usc/26/448.md?p=a-3)) which meets the [gross receipts](/usc/26/993.md?p=f) test of [section 448(c)](/usc/26/448.md?p=c) for any taxable year, this section shall not apply with respect to such [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) for such taxable year.
  - (2) **Application of gross receipts test to individuals, etc.** In the case of any [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) which is not a corporation or a [partnership](/usc/26/761.md?p=a), the [gross receipts](/usc/26/993.md?p=f) test of [section 448(c)](/usc/26/448.md?p=c) shall be applied in the same manner as if each [trade or business](/usc/26/1402.md?p=c) of such [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) were a corporation or [partnership](/usc/26/761.md?p=a).
  - (3) **Coordination with section 481—** Any change in method of accounting made pursuant to this subsection shall be treated for purposes of [section 481](/usc/26/481.md) as initiated by the [taxpayer](/usc/26/1313.md?p=b) and made with the consent of the Secretary.
- (j) **Regulations—** The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including—
  - (1) regulations to prevent the use of related parties, pass-thru entities, or intermediaries to avoid the application of this section, and
  - (2) regulations providing for simplified procedures for the application of this section in the case of [property](/usc/26/317.md?p=a) described in [subsection (b)(2)](#b-2).

## Source credit

(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title VIII, § 803(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2350; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1008(b)(1)–(4), title VI, § 6026(a)–(c), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3437, 3438, 3691–3693; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7816(d)(1), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2420; Pub. L. 106–170, title V, § 532(c)(2)(B), Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1930; Pub. L. 108–357, title III, § 338(b)(2), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1481; Pub. L. 109–58, title XIII, § 1329(b), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1020; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, § 143(b)(6)(H), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3064; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§ 13102(b), 13207(a), 13801(a), (b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2103, 2113, 2169, 2170; Pub. L. 116–94, div. Q, title I, § 144(a)(1), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3234; Pub. L. 116–260, div. EE, title I, § 106(a)(1), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3041; Pub. L. 119–21, title VII, § 70302(b)(7)(B), July 4, 2025, 139 Stat. 192.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### References in Text

The date of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(C)(ii), probably means the date of enactment of title I of Pub. L. 115–97, which was approved Dec. 22, 2017. Prior versions of the bill that was enacted into law as Pub. L. 115–97 included such Short Title, but it was not enacted as part of title I of Pub. L. 115–97.

### Amendments

2025—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 119–21 inserted “or 174A” after “174”.

2020—Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 116–260 amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) consisted of subpars. (A) and (B) relating to exemption for aging process of beer, wine, and distilled spirits, and termination of such exemption after Dec. 31, 2020, respectively.

2019—Subsec. (f)(4)(B). Pub. L. 116–94 substituted “December 31, 2020” for “December 31, 2019”.

2017—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–97, § 13102(b)(2), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) related to property acquired for resale.

Subsec. (d)(2)(C). Pub. L. 115–97, § 13207(a), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (f)(4), (5). Pub. L. 115–97, § 13801(a), added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5).

Subsec. (f)(5)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 115–97, § 13801(b), inserted “except as provided in paragraph (4),” before “ending on the date”.

Subsecs. (i), (j). Pub. L. 115–97, § 13102(b)(1), added subsec. (i) and redesignated former subsec. (i) as (j).

2015—Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 114–113 added par. (7).

2005—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 109–58 inserted “167(h),” after “under section”.

2004—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 108–357, which directed amendment of par. (3) by inserting “179B,” after “section”, was executed by making the insertion after “section” the second place it appeared to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1999—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 106–170 substituted “1221(a)(1)” for “1221(1)”.

1989—Subsec. (h)(3)(D). Pub. L. 101–239 substituted “corporations” for “personal service corporations” in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

“(i) In general.—In the case of a personal service corporation, this subsection shall apply to any expense of such corporation which directly relates to the activities of the qualified employee-owner in the same manner as if such expense were incurred by such employee-owner.

“(ii) Qualified employee-owner.—The term ‘qualified employee-owner’ means any individual who is an employee-owner of the personal service corporation and who is a writer, photographer, or artist, but only if substantially all of the stock of such corporation is owned by such individual and members of his family (as defined in section 267(c)(4)).

“(iii) Personal service corporation.—For purposes of this subparagraph, the term ‘personal service corporation’ means any personal service corporation (as defined in section 269A(b)).”

1988—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1008(b)(1), inserted at end “Any cost which (but for this subsection) could not be taken into account in computing taxable income for any taxable year shall not be treated as a cost described in this paragraph.”

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1008(b)(2)(A), substituted “section 263(c), 263(i), 291(b)(2), 616, or 617” for “section 263(c), 616(a), or 617(a)”.

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1008(b)(2)(B), added par. (6).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6026(b)(2)(A), substituted “Section not to apply to certain property” for “Section to apply only if preproductive period is more than 2 years” in heading.

Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6026(b)(1), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A) read as follows: “This section shall not apply to any plant or animal which is produced by the taxpayer in a farming business and which has a preproductive period of 2 years or less.”

Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1008(b)(3)(A), substituted “the plants described in subparagraph (A) at all times during the taxable year in which such amounts were paid or incurred” for “such grove, orchard, or vineyard”.

Subsec. (d)(2)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1008(b)(3)(B), substituted “the plants described in subparagraph (A) during the taxable year in which such amounts were paid or incurred” for “such grove, orchard, or vineyard during the 4-taxable year period beginning with the taxable year in which the grove, orchard, or vineyard was lost or damaged”.

Subsec. (d)(3)(A). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6026(b)(2)(B), struck out “or animal” after “plant”.

Subsec. (d)(3)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6026(c), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: “No election may be made under this paragraph—

“(i) by a corporation, partnership, or tax shelter, if such corporation, partnership, or tax shelter is required to use an accrual method of accounting under section 447 or 448(a)(3), or

“(ii) with respect to the planting, cultivation, maintenance, or development of pistachio trees.”

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6026(b)(2)(B), struck out “or animal” after “plant” wherever appearing in pars. (1), (3), and (5).

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, § 1008(b)(4), substituted “allocable (as determined under paragraph (2)) to” for “incurred or continued in connection with” and inserted “(as so determined)” after “allocable”.

Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 100–647, § 6026(a), added subsec. (h) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i).

### Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

### Effective Date of 2025 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 119–21 applicable to amounts paid or incurred in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2024, subject to election for retroactive application by certain small businesses and election to deduct certain unamortized amounts paid or incurred in taxable years beginning before Jan. 1, 2025, see section 70302(e), (f) of Pub. L. 119–21, set out as an Effective Date note under section 174A of this title.

### Effective Date of 2020 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–260, div. EE, title I, § 106(a)(2), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3042, provided that: “The amendment made by this subsection [amending this section] shall apply to interest costs paid or accrued after December 31, 2020.”

### Effective Date of 2019 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–94, div. Q, title I, § 144(a)(2), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3234, provided that: “The amendment made by this subsection [amending this section] shall apply to interest costs paid or accrued after December 31, 2019.”

### Effective Date of 2017 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 13102(e), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2104, provided that: In general.—Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 447, 448, 460, and 471 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. Preservation of suspense account rules with respect to any existing suspense accounts.—So much of the amendments made by subsection (a)(5)(C) as relate to section 447(i) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall not apply with respect to any suspense account established under such section before the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2017]. Exemption from percentage completion for long-term contracts.—The amendments made by subsection (d) [amending section 460 of this title] shall apply to contracts entered into after December 31, 2017, in taxable years ending after such date.”

Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 13207(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2113, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to costs paid or incurred after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2017].”

Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 13801(c), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2170, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to interest costs paid or accrued in calendar years beginning after December 31, 2017.”

### Effective Date of 2015 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 114–113 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 2015, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 143(b)(7) of Pub. L. 114–113, set out as a note under section 168 of this title.

### Effective Date of 2005 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–58 applicable to amounts paid or incurred in taxable years beginning after Aug. 8, 2005, see section 1329(c) of Pub. L. 109–58, set out as a note under section 167 of this title.

### Effective Date of 2004 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to expenses paid or incurred after Dec. 31, 2002, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 338(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as an Effective Date note under section 179B of this title.

### Effective Date of 1999 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–170 applicable to any instrument held, acquired, or entered into, any transaction entered into, and supplies held or acquired on or after Dec. 17, 1999, see section 532(d) of Pub. L. 106–170, set out as a note under section 170 of this title.

### Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

### Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by section 1008(b)(1)–(4) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, § 6026(d), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3693, as amended by Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7816(d)(2), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2421, provided that: In general.—Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, the amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the amendments made by section 803 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 [section 803 of Pub. L. 99–514]. Subsection (b).— In general.—The amendments made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply to costs incurred after December 31, 1988, in taxable years ending after such date. Revocation of election.—If a taxpayer engaged in a farming business involving the production of animals having a preproductive period of more than 2 years made an election under section 263A(d)(3) of the 1986 Code for a taxable year beginning before January 1, 1989, such taxpayer may, without the consent of the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate, revoke such election effective for the taxpayer’s 1st taxable year beginning after December 31, 1988.”

### Effective Date

Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7831(d)(2), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2427, provided that: “If any interest costs incurred after December 31, 1986, are attributable to costs incurred before January 1, 1987, the amendments made by section 803 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 [section 803 of Pub. L. 99–514, enacting this section, amending sections 48, 267, 312, 447, 464, and 471 of this title, and repealing sections 189, 278, and 280 of this title] shall apply to such interest costs only to the extent such interest costs are attributable to costs which were required to be capitalized under section 263 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and which would have been taken into account in applying section 189 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (as in effect before its repeal by section 803 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986) or, if applicable, section 266 of such Code.”

Pub. L. 99–514, title VIII, § 803(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2356, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1008(b)(7), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3438; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, § 7831(d)(1), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2426, provided that: In general.—Except as provided in this subsection, the amendments made by this section [enacting this section, amending sections 48, 267, 312, 447, 464, and 471 of this title, and repealing sections 189, 278, and 280 of this title] shall apply to costs incurred after December 31, 1986, in taxable years ending after such date. Special rule for inventory property.—In the case of any property which is inventory in the hands of the taxpayer— In general.—The amendments made by this section shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986. Change in method of accounting.—If the taxpayer is required by the amendments made by this section to change its method of accounting with respect to such property for any taxable year— such change shall be treated as initiated by the taxpayer, such change shall be treated as made with the consent of the Secretary, and the period for taking into account the adjustments under section 481 by reason of such change shall not exceed 4 years. Special rule for self-constructed property.—The amendments made by this section shall not apply to any property which is produced by the taxpayer for use by the taxpayer if substantial construction had occurred before March 1, 1986.Transitional rule for capitalization of interest and taxes.— Transition property exempted from interest capitalization.—Section 263A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by this section) and the amendment made by subsection (b)(1) [repealing section 189 of this title] shall not apply to interest costs which are allocable to any property— to which the amendments made by section 201 [amending sections 46, 167, 168, 178, 179, 280F, 291, 312, 465, 467, 514, 751, 1245, 4162, 6111, and 7701 of this title] do not apply by reason of sections 204(a)(1)(D) and (E) and 204(a)(5)(A) [set out as a note under section 168 of this title], and to which the amendments made by section 251 [amending sections 46 and 48 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 46 of this title] do not apply by reason of section 251(d)(3)(M) [set out as a note under section 46 of this title]. Interest and taxes.—Section 263A of such Code shall not apply to property described in the matter following subparagraph (B) of section 207(e)(2) of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 [section 207(e)(2)(B) of Pub. L. 97–248, formerly set out as a note under section 189 of this title] to the extent it would require the capitalization of interest and taxes paid or incurred in connection with such property which are not required to be capitalized under section 189 of such Code (as in effect before the amendment made by subsection (b)(1)) [repealing section 189 of this title]. Transition rule concerning capitalization of inventory rules.—In the case of a corporation which on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986] was a member of an affiliated group of corporations (within the meaning of section 1504(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986), the parent of which— was incorporated in California on April 15, 1925, adopted LIFO accounting as of the close of the taxable year ended December 31, 1950, and was, on May 22, 1986, merged into a Delaware corporation incorporated on March 12, 1986,the amendments made by this section shall apply under a cut-off method whereby the uniform capitalization rules are applied only in costing layers of inventory acquired during taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1987. Treatment of certain rehabilitation project.—The amendments made by this section shall not apply to interest and taxes paid or incurred with respect to the rehabilitation and conversion of a certified historic building which was formerly a factory into an apartment project with 155 units, 39 units of which are for low-income families, if the project was approved for annual interest assistance on June 10, 1986, by the housing authority of the State in which the project is located. Special rule for casualty losses.—Section 263A(d)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by this section) shall apply to expenses incurred on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 1986].”

### Construction

Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 13809, as added by Pub. L. 115–123, div. D, title II, § 41111(a), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 160, provided that: “Nothing in this subpart [subpart A (§§ 13801–13809) of part IX of subtitle C of title I of Pub. L. 115–97, amending this section and sections 5001, 5041, 5051, 5212, 5412, 5414, and 7652 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 5001, 5041, 5051, 5212, and 5412 of this title], the amendments made by this subpart, or any regulation promulgated under this subpart or the amendments made by this subpart, shall be construed to preempt, supersede, or otherwise limit or restrict any State, local, or tribal law that prohibits or regulates the production or sale of distilled spirits, wine, or malt beverages.”

[Pub. L. 115–123, div. D, title II, § 41111(b), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 160, provided that: “The amendment made by this section [enacting section 13809 of Pub. L. 115–97, set out above] shall take effect as if included in Public Law 115–97.” ]

### Allocation Ratio for Apportioning Storage Costs and Related Handling Costs

Pub. L. 100–647, title I, § 1008(b)(8), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3438, provided that: “The allocation used in the regulations prescribed under section 263A(h)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 for apportioning storage costs and related handling costs shall be determined by dividing the amount of such costs by the beginning inventory balances and the purchases during the year and by multiplying the resulting allocation ratio by inventory amounts determined in accordance with the provisions of the joint explanatory statement of the committee of conference of the conference report accompanying H.R. 3838 (H.R. Rept. No. 99–841, Vol. II., 99th Cong., 2d Sess. II–306–307 (1986)).”

### Amortization of Past Service Pension Costs

Pub. L. 100–203, title X, § 10204, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–394, provided that: In General.—For purposes of sections 263A and 460 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, the allocable costs (within the meaning of section 263A(a)(2) or section 460(c) of such Code, whichever is applicable) with respect to any property shall include contributions paid to or under a pension or annuity plan whether or not such contributions represent past service costs.Effective Date.— In general.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), subsection (a) shall apply to costs incurred after December 31, 1987, in taxable years ending after such date. Special rule for inventory property.—In the case of any property which is inventory in the hands of the taxpayer— In general.—Subsection (a) shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1987. Change in method of accounting.—If the taxpayer is required by this section to change its method of accounting for any taxable year— such change shall be treated as initiated by the taxpayer, such change shall be treated as made with the consent of the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate, and the net amount of adjustments required by section 481 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be taken into account over a period not longer than 4 taxable years.”