---
kind: "section"
citation: "25 U.S.C. § 2103"
title: "25"
title_heading: "Indians"
number: "2103"
heading: "Secretary’s determination on Minerals Agreements"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/25/2103"
units:
  - "Chapter 23 — Development of Tribal Mineral Resources"
---

# §2103. Secretary’s determination on Minerals Agreements

- (a) **Time; enforcement—** The [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3) shall approve or disapprove any Minerals Agreement submitted to him for approval within (1) one hundred and eighty days after submission or (2) sixty days after compliance, if required, with [section 4332(2)(C) of title 42](/usc/42/4332.md) or any other requirement of Federal law, whichever is later. Any party to such an agreement may enforce the provisions of this subsection pursuant to [section 1361 of title 28](/usc/28/1361.md).
- (b) **Factors for consideration; extent of required study—** In approving or disapproving a Minerals Agreement, the [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3) shall determine if it is in the best interest of the [Indian tribe](/usc/25/2101.md?p=2) or of any individual [Indian](/usc/25/2101.md?p=1) who may be party to such agreement and shall consider, among other things, the potential economic return to the tribe; the potential environmental, social, and cultural effects on the tribe; and provisions for resolving disputes that may arise between the parties to the agreement: Provided, That the [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3) shall not be required to prepare any study regarding environmental, socioeconomic, or cultural effects of the implementation of a Minerals Agreement apart from that which may be required under [section 4332(2)(C) of title 42](/usc/42/4332.md).
- (c) **Prior notice of proposed finding; privileged information—** Not later than thirty days prior to formal approval or disapproval of any Minerals Agreement, the [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3) shall provide written findings forming the basis of his intent to approve or disapprove such agreement to the affected [Indian tribe](/usc/25/2101.md?p=2). Notwithstanding any other law, such findings and all projections, studies, data or other information possessed by the Department of the Interior regarding the terms and conditions of the Minerals Agreement, the financial return to the [Indian](/usc/25/2101.md?p=1) parties thereto, or the extent, nature, value or disposition of the [Indian](/usc/25/2101.md?p=1) mineral resources, or the production, products or proceeds thereof, shall be held by the Department of the Interior as privileged proprietary information of the affected [Indian](/usc/25/2101.md?p=1) or [Indian tribe](/usc/25/2101.md?p=2).
- (d) **Delegation; final action; appeal; burden on Secretary—** The authority to disapprove agreements under this section may only be delegated to the Assistant [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3) of the Interior for [Indian](/usc/25/2101.md?p=1) Affairs. The decision of the [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3) or, where authority is delegated, of the Assistant [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3) of the Interior for [Indian](/usc/25/2101.md?p=1) Affairs, to disapprove a Minerals Agreement shall be deemed a final agency action. The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction to review the [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3)’s disapproval action and shall determine the matter de novo. The burden is on the [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3) to sustain his action.
- (e) **Nonliability of United States; continuing obligations—** Where the [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3) has approved a Minerals Agreement in compliance with the provisions of this chapter and any other applicable provision of law, the United States shall not be liable for losses sustained by a tribe or individual [Indian](/usc/25/2101.md?p=1) under such agreement: Provided, That the [Secretary](/usc/25/2101.md?p=3) shall continue to have a trust obligation to ensure that the rights of a tribe or individual [Indian](/usc/25/2101.md?p=1) are protected in the event of a violation of the terms of any Minerals Agreement by any other party to such agreement: Provided further, That nothing in this chapter shall absolve the United States from any responsibility to [Indians](/usc/25/2101.md?p=1), including those which derive from the trust relationship and from any treaties, Executive orders, or agreement between the United States and any [Indian tribe](/usc/25/2101.md?p=2).

## Source credit

(Pub. L. 97–382, § 4, Dec. 22, 1982, 96 Stat. 1938.)