---
kind: "section"
citation: "21 U.S.C. § 1041"
title: "21"
title_heading: "Food and Drugs"
number: "1041"
heading: "Enforcement provisions"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/21/1041"
units:
  - "Chapter 15 — Egg Products Inspection"
---

# §1041. Enforcement provisions

- (a) **Violations of section 1037; term of imprisonment and fine—** Any [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) who commits any offense prohibited by [section 1037 of this title](/usc/21/1037.md) shall upon conviction be subject to imprisonment for not more than one year, or a fine of not more than $5,000, or both such imprisonment and fine, but if such violation involves intent to defraud, or any distribution or attempted distribution of any article that is known to be [adulterated](/usc/21/1033.md?p=a) (except as defined in [section 1033(a)(8) of this title](/usc/21/1033.md?p=a-8)), such [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) shall be subject to imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine of not more than $10,000, or both.
- (b) **Persons preventing enforcement of chapter; term of imprisonment and fine—** Any [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) who forcibly assaults, resists, opposes, impedes, intimidates, or interferes with any [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) while engaged in or on account of the performance of his official duties under this chapter shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than three years or both. Whoever, in the commission of any such act, uses a deadly or dangerous weapon, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both. Whoever kills any [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) while engaged in or on account of the performance of his official duties under this chapter shall be punished as provided under sections 1111 and 1112 of title 18.
- (c) **Civil penalty—**
  - (1)
    - (A) Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, any [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) who violates any provision of this chapter or any regulation issued under this chapter, other than a violation for which a criminal penalty has been imposed under this chapter, may be assessed a civil penalty by the [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x) of not more than $5,000 for each such violation. Each violation to which this subparagraph applies shall be considered a separate offense.
    - (B) No penalty shall be assessed against any [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) under this subsection unless the [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) is given notice and opportunity for a hearing on the record before the [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x) in accordance with sections 554 and 556 of title 5.
    - (C) The amount of the civil penalty imposed under this subsection—
      - (i) shall be assessed by the [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x), by written order, taking into account the gravity of the violation, degree of culpability, and history of prior offenses; and
      - (ii) may be reviewed only as provided in [paragraph (2)](#c-2).
  - (2)
    - (A) The determination and order of the [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x) under this subsection shall be final and conclusive unless the [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) against whom such a violation is found under [paragraph (1)](#c-1) files an application for judicial review within 30 days after service of the order in the [United States](/usc/21/1033.md?p=z) court of appeals for the circuit in which the [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) has its principal place of business or in the [United States](/usc/21/1033.md?p=z) Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
    - (B) Judicial review of any such order shall be based on the record on which the determination and order are based.
    - (C) If the court determines that additional evidence needs to be taken, the court shall order the hearing to be reopened for this purpose in such manner and on such terms and conditions as the court considers proper. The [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x) may modify the findings of the [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x) as to the facts, or make new findings, on the basis of the additional evidence so taken.
  - (3) If any [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) fails to pay an assessment of a civil penalty after the penalty has become a final and unappealable order, or after the appropriate court of appeals has entered a final judgment in favor of the [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x), the [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x) shall refer the matter to the Attorney General. The Attorney General shall institute a civil action to recover the amount assessed in an appropriate district court of the [United States](/usc/21/1033.md?p=z). In the collection action, the validity and appropriateness of the [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x)’s order imposing the civil penalty shall not be subject to review.
  - (4) All penalties collected under this subsection shall be paid into the Treasury of the [United States](/usc/21/1033.md?p=z).
  - (5) The [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x) may compromise, modify, or remit, with or without conditions, any civil penalty assessed under this subsection.
  - (6) [Paragraph (1)](#c-1) shall not apply to an [official plant](/usc/21/1033.md?p=q).
- (d) **Scope of liability for violations of section 1037—** When construing or enforcing the provisions of [section 1037 of this title](/usc/21/1037.md), the act, omission, or failure of any [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) acting for or employed by any individual, partnership, corporation, or association within the scope of his employment or office shall in every case be deemed the act, omission, or failure of such individual, partnership, corporation, or association, as well as of such [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t).
- (e) **Penalties applicable to carriers or warehousemen—** No carrier or warehouseman shall be subject to the penalties of this chapter, other than the penalties for violation of [section 1040 of this title](/usc/21/1040.md) or paragraph (c)[^1] of this section, by reason of his receipt, carriage, holding, or delivery, in the usual course of business, as a carrier or warehouseman of [eggs](/usc/21/1033.md?p=g) or [egg products](/usc/21/1033.md?p=f) owned by another [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) unless the carrier or warehouseman has knowledge, or is in possession of facts which would cause a reasonable [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) to believe that such [eggs](/usc/21/1033.md?p=g) or [egg products](/usc/21/1033.md?p=f) were not eligible for transportation under, or were otherwise in violation of, this chapter, or unless the carrier or warehouseman refuses to furnish on request of a representative of the [Secretary](/usc/21/1033.md?p=x) the name and address of the [person](/usc/21/1033.md?p=t) from whom he received such [eggs](/usc/21/1033.md?p=g) or [egg products](/usc/21/1033.md?p=f) and copies of all documents, if there be any, pertaining to the delivery of the [eggs](/usc/21/1033.md?p=g) or [egg products](/usc/21/1033.md?p=f) to, or by, such carrier or ware­houseman.

## Footnotes

[^1]: So in original. Probably should be “subsection (c)”.

## Source credit

(Pub. L. 91–597, § 12, Dec. 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 1628; Pub. L. 102–237, title X, § 1012(d), Dec. 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 1899.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b), (c)(1)(A), and (e), was in the original “this Act”, meaning Pub. L. 91–597, Dec. 29, 1970, 84 Stat. 1620, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1031 of this title and Tables.

### Amendments

1991—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–237, § 1012(d)(1), (2), substituted “$5,000” for “$1,000” in first sentence, and redesignated last sentence, relating to scope of liability for violations of section 1037 of this title, as subsec. (d).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–237, § 1012(d)(4), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (e).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–237, § 1012(d)(5), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (b).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–237, § 1012(d)(2), designated last sentence of subsec. (a), relating to scope of liability for violations of section 1037 of this title, as subsec. (d).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 102–237, § 1012(d)(3), redesignated subsec. (b) as (e).

### Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

### Effective Date of 1991 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 102–237 effective 12 months after promulgation of final implementing regulations, see section 1012(h) of Pub. L. 102–237, set out as a note under section 1034 of this title.

### Effective Date

For effective date of this section, see section 29 of Pub. L. 91–597, set out as a note under section 1031 of this title.