---
kind: "section"
citation: "20 U.S.C. § 1085"
title: "20"
title_heading: "Education"
number: "1085"
heading: "Definitions for student loan insurance program"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/20/1085"
units:
  - "Chapter 28 — Higher Education Resources and Student Assistance"
  - "Subchapter IV — Student Assistance"
  - "Part B — Federal Family Education Loan Program"
---

# §1085. Definitions for student loan insurance program


As used in this part:

- (a) **Eligible institution—**
  - (1) **In general—** Except as provided in [paragraph (2)](#a-2), the term “[eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b)” means an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a), as defined in [section 1002 of this title](/usc/20/1002.md), except that, for the purposes of sections [1077(a)(2)(C)(i)](/usc/20/1077.md?p=a-2-C-i) and [1078(b)(1)(M)(i)](/usc/20/1078.md?p=b-1-M-i) of this title, an [eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b) includes any institution that is within this definition without regard to whether such institution is participating in any program under this subchapter and includes any institution ineligible for participation in any program under this part pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection.
  - (2) **Ineligibility based on high default rates—**
    - (A) An institution whose [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) is equal to or greater than the threshold percentage specified in [subparagraph (B)](#a-2-B) for each of the three most recent fiscal years for which data are available shall not be eligible to participate in a program under this part for the fiscal year for which the determination is made and for the two succeeding fiscal years, unless, within 30 days of receiving notification from the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) of the loss of eligibility under this paragraph, the institution appeals the loss of its eligibility to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17). The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall issue a decision on any such appeal within 45 days after its submission. Such decision may permit the institution to continue to participate in a program under this part if—
      - (i) the institution demonstrates to the satisfaction of the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) that the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17)’s calculation of its [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) is not accurate, and that recalculation would reduce its [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) for any of the three fiscal years below the threshold percentage specified in [subparagraph (B)](#a-2-B);
      - (ii) there are exceptional mitigating circumstances within the meaning of [paragraph (5)](#a-5); or
      - (iii) there are, in the judgment of the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17), other exceptional mitigating circumstances that would make the application of this paragraph inequitable.

      During such appeal, the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) may permit the institution to continue to participate in a program under this part. If an institution continues to participate in a program under this part, and the institution’s appeal of the loss of eligibility is unsuccessful, the institution shall be required to pay to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) an amount equal to the amount of [interest](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=6), special allowance, reinsurance, and any related payments made by the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) (or which the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) is obligated to make) with respect to [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made under this part to students attending, or planning to attend, that institution during the pendency of such appeal.

    - (B) For purposes of determinations under [subparagraph (A)](#a-2-A), the threshold percentage is—
      - (i) 35 percent for fiscal year 1991 and 1992;
      - (ii) 30 percent for fiscal year 1993;
      - (iii) 25 percent for fiscal year 1994 through fiscal year 2011; and
      - (iv) 30 percent for fiscal year 2012 and any succeeding fiscal year.
    - (C) Until July 1, 1999, this paragraph shall not apply to any institution that is—
      - (i) a [part B institution](/usc/20/1061.md?p=2) within the meaning of [section 1061(2) of this title](/usc/20/1061.md?p=2);
      - (ii) a [tribally controlled college or university](/usc/20/1132.md?p=a-9), as defined in [section 1801(a)(4) of title 25](/usc/25/1801.md?p=a-4); or
      - (iii) a Navajo Community College under the Navajo Community College Act.
    - (D) Notwithstanding the first sentence of [subparagraph (A)](#a-2-A), the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall restore the eligibility to participate in a program under subpart 1 of part A, part B, or part E of an institution that did not appeal its loss of eligibility within 30 days of receiving notification if the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) determines, on a case-by-case basis, that the institution’s failure to appeal was substantially justified under the circumstances, and that—
      - (i) the institution made a timely request that the appropriate [guaranty agency](#j) correct errors in the draft data used to calculate the institution’s [cohort default rate](#m-1-A);
      - (ii) the [guaranty agency](#j) did not correct the erroneous data in a timely fashion; and
      - (iii) the institution would have been eligible if the erroneous data had been corrected by the [guaranty agency](#j).
  - (3) **Appeals for regulatory relief—** An institution whose [cohort default rate](#m-1-A), calculated in accordance with [subsection (m)](#m), is equal to or greater than the threshold percentage specified in [paragraph (2)(B)(iv)](#a-2-B-iv) for any two consecutive fiscal years may, not later than 30 days after the date the institution receives notification from the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17), file an appeal demonstrating exceptional mitigating circumstances, as defined in [paragraph (5)](#a-5). The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall issue a decision on any such appeal not later than 45 days after the date of submission of the appeal. If the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) determines that the institution demonstrates exceptional mitigating circumstances, the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) may not subject the institution to provisional certification based solely on the institution’s [cohort default rate](#m-1-A).
  - (4) **Appeals based upon allegations of improper loan servicing—** An institution that—
    - (A) is subject to loss of eligibility for the Federal Family [Education Loan](/usc/20/1019.md?p=3) Program pursuant to paragraph (2)(A) of this subsection;
    - (B) is subject to loss of eligibility for the Federal Supplemental [Loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) for Students pursuant to [section 1078–1(a)(2)](/usc/20/1078–1.md?p=a-2)[^1] of this title; or
    - (C) is an institution whose [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) equals or exceeds 20 percent for the most recent year for which data are available;

    may include in its appeal of such loss or rate a defense based on improper [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) servicing (in addition to other defenses). In any such appeal, the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that such institution has access for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 30 days, to a representative sample (as determined by the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17)) of the relevant [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) servicing and collection records used by a [guaranty agency](#j) in determining whether to pay a claim on a defaulted [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) or by the [Department](/usc/20/1003.md?p=4) in determining an institution’s [default](#l) rate in the [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) program under part D of this subchapter. The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall reduce the institution’s [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) to reflect the percentage of defaulted [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) in the representative sample that are required to be excluded pursuant to [subsection (m)(1)(B)](#m-1-B).

  - (5) **Definition of mitigating circumstances—**
    - (A) For purposes of this subsection, an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a) shall be treated as having exceptional mitigating circumstances that make application of [paragraph (2)](#a-2) inequitable, and that provide for regulatory relief under [paragraph (3)](#a-3), if such institution, in the opinion of an [independent](/usc/20/1087vv.md?p=d) auditor, meets the following criteria:
      - (i) For a 12-month period that ended during the 6 months immediately preceding the fiscal year for which the cohort of borrowers used to calculate the institution’s [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) is determined, at least two-thirds of the students enrolled on at least a half-time basis at the institution—
        - (I) are eligible to receive a Federal Pell Grant award that is at least equal to one-half the Federal Pell Grant amount, determined under [section 1070a(b)(2)(A) of this title](/usc/20/1070a.md), for which a student would be eligible based on the student’s enrollment status; or
        - (II) have an adjusted gross income that when added with the adjusted gross income of the student’s parents (unless the student is an [independent](/usc/20/1087vv.md?p=d) student), of less than the poverty level, as determined by the [Department](/usc/20/1003.md?p=4) of Health and Human Services.
      - (ii) In the case of an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a) that offers an associate, baccalaureate, [graduate](/usc/20/1061.md?p=1) or professional degree, 70 percent or more of the institution’s regular students who were initially enrolled on a full-time basis and were scheduled to complete their programs during the same 12-month period described in [clause (i)](#a-5-A-i)—
        - (I) completed the educational programs in which the students were enrolled;
        - (II) transferred from the institution to a higher level educational program;
        - (III) at the end of the 12-month period, remained enrolled and making satisfactory progress toward completion of the student’s educational programs; or
        - (IV) entered [active duty](/usc/20/1088.md?p=d-1) in the Armed Forces of the United States.
      - (iii)
        - (I) In the case of an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a) that does not award a degree described in [clause (ii)](#a-5-A-ii), had a placement rate of 44 percent or more with respect to the institution’s former regular students who—
          - (aa) remained in the program beyond the point the students would have received a 100 percent tuition refund from the institution;
          - (bb) were initially enrolled on at least a half-time basis; and
          - (cc) were originally scheduled, at the time of enrollment, to complete their educational programs during the same 12-month period described in [clause (i)](#a-5-A-i).
        - (II) The placement rate shall not include students who are still enrolled and making satisfactory progress in the educational programs in which the students were originally enrolled on the date following 12 months after the date of the student’s last date of attendance at the institution.
        - (III) The placement rate is calculated by determining the percentage of all those former regular students who—
          - (aa) are employed, in an occupation for which the institution provided training, on the date following 12 months after the date of their last day of attendance at the institution;
          - (bb) were employed, in an occupation for which the institution provided training, for at least 13 weeks before the date following 12 months after the date of their last day of attendance at the institution; or
          - (cc) entered [active duty](/usc/20/1088.md?p=d-1) in the Armed Forces of the United States.
        - (IV) The placement rate shall not include as placements a student or former student for whom the institution is the employer.
    - (B) For purposes of determining a rate of completion and a placement rate under this paragraph, a student is originally scheduled, at the time of enrollment, to complete the educational program on the date when the student will have been enrolled in the program for the amount of time normally required to complete the program. The amount of time normally required to complete the program for a student who is initially enrolled full-time is the period of time specified in the institution’s enrollment contract, catalog, or other materials, for completion of the program by a full-time student. For a student who is initially enrolled less than full-time, the period is the amount of time it would take the student to complete the program if the student remained enrolled at that level of enrollment throughout the program.
  - (6) **Reduction of default rates at certain minority institutions—**
    - (A) **Beneficiaries of exception required to establish management plan—** After July 1, 1999, any institution that has a [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) that equals or exceeds 25 percent for each of the three most recent fiscal years for which data are available and that relies on the exception in [subparagraph (B)](#a-6-B) to continue to be an [eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b) shall—
      - (i) submit to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) a [default](#l) management plan which the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17), in the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17)’s discretion, after consideration of the institution’s history, resources, dollars in [default](#l), and targets for [default](#l) reduction, determines is acceptable and provides reasonable assurance that the institution will, by July 1, 2004, have a [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) that is less than 25 percent;
      - (ii) engage an [independent](/usc/20/1087vv.md?p=d) third party (which may be paid with funds received under [section 1059d of this title](/usc/20/1059d.md) or part B of subchapter III) to provide technical assistance in implementing such [default](#l) management plan; and
      - (iii) provide to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17), on an annual basis or at such other intervals as the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) may require, evidence of [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) improvement and successful implementation of such [default](#l) management plan.
    - (B) **Discretionary eligibility conditioned on improvement—** Notwithstanding the expiration of the exception in [paragraph (2)(C)](#a-2-C), the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) may, in the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17)’s discretion, continue to treat an institution described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph as an [eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b) for each of the 1-year periods beginning on July 1 of 1999 through 2003, only if the institution submits by the beginning of such period evidence satisfactory to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) that—
      - (i) such institution has complied and is continuing to comply with the requirements of [subparagraph (A)](#a-6-A); and
      - (ii) such institution has made substantial improvement, during each of the preceding 1-year periods, in the institution’s [cohort default rate](#m-1-A).
  - (7) **Default prevention and assessment of eligibility based on high default rates—**
    - (A) **First year—**
      - (i) **In general—** An institution whose [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) is equal to or greater than the threshold percentage specified in [paragraph (2)(B)(iv)](#a-2-B-iv) in any fiscal year shall establish a [default](#l) prevention task force to prepare a plan to—
        - (I) identify the factors causing the institution’s [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) to exceed such threshold;
        - (II) establish measurable objectives and the steps to be taken to improve the institution’s [cohort default rate](#m-1-A); and
        - (III) specify actions that the institution can take to improve student [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) repayment, including appropriate counseling regarding [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) repayment options.
      - (ii) **Technical assistance—** Each institution subject to this subparagraph shall submit the plan under [clause (i)](#a-7-A-i) to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17), who shall review the plan and offer technical assistance to the institution to promote improved student [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) repayment.
    - (B) **Second consecutive year—**
      - (i) **In general—** An institution whose [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) is equal to or greater than the threshold percentage specified in [paragraph (2)(B)(iv)](#a-2-B-iv) for two consecutive fiscal years, shall require the institution’s [default](#l) prevention task force established under [subparagraph (A)](#a-7-A) to review and revise the plan required under such subparagraph, and shall submit such revised plan to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17).
      - (ii) **Review by the Secretary—** The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall review each revised plan submitted in accordance with this subparagraph, and may direct that such plan be amended to include actions, with measurable objectives, that the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) determines, based on available data and analyses of student [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) [defaults](#l), will promote student [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) repayment.
  - (8) **Participation rate index—**
    - (A) **In general—** An institution that demonstrates to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) that the institution’s participation rate index is equal to or less than 0.0625 for any of the 3 most recent fiscal years for which data is available shall not be subject to [paragraph (2)](#a-2). The participation rate index shall be determined by multiplying the institution’s [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) for [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under this part or part D, or weighted average [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) for [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under this part and part D, by the percentage of the institution’s regular students, enrolled on at least a half-time basis, who received a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made under this part or part D for a 12-month period ending during the 6 months immediately preceding the fiscal year for which the cohort of borrowers used to calculate the institution’s [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) is determined.
    - (B) **Data—** An institution shall provide the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) with sufficient data to determine the institution’s participation rate index within 30 days after receiving an initial notification of the institution’s draft [cohort default rate](#m-1-A).
    - (C) **Notification—** Prior to publication of a final [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) for an institution that provides the data described in [subparagraph (B)](#a-8-B), the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall notify the institution of the institution’s compliance or noncompliance with [subparagraph (A)](#a-8-A).
- (b) **, (c) Repealed. Pub. L. 102–325, title IV, § 427(b)(1), (c), July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 549—**
- (d) **Eligible lender—**
  - (1) **In general—** Except as provided in paragraphs [(2)](#d-2) through [(6)](#d-6), the term “[eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4)” means—
    - (A) a National or [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A) chartered bank, a mutual savings bank, a savings and [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) association, a stock savings bank, or a credit union which—
      - (i) is subject to examination and supervision by an agency of the United States or of the [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A) in which its principal place of operation is established, and
      - (ii) does not have as its primary consumer credit function the making or holding of [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made to students under this part unless (I) it is a bank which is wholly owned by a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), or a bank which is subject to examination and supervision by an agency of the United States, makes student [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) as a trustee pursuant to an express trust, operated as a [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) under this part prior to January 1, 1975, and which meets the requirements of this provision prior to July 23, 1992, (II) it is a single wholly owned subsidiary of a bank holding company which does not have as its primary consumer credit function the making or holding of [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made to students under this part, (III) it is a bank (as defined in [section 1813(a)(1) of title 12](/usc/12/1813.md?p=a-1)) that is a wholly owned subsidiary of a [nonprofit](/usc/20/1003.md?p=13) foundation, the foundation is described in [section 501(c)(3) of title 26](/usc/26/501.md?p=c-3) and exempt from taxation under [section 501(a)](/usc/26/501.md?p=a) of such title, and the bank makes [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under this part only to undergraduate students who are age 22 or younger and has a portfolio of such [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) that is not more than $5,000,000, or (IV) it is a National or [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A) chartered bank, or a credit union, with [assets](/usc/20/1087vv.md?p=f-1) of less than $1,000,000,000;
    - (B) a pension fund as defined in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act [[29 U.S.C. 1001](/usc/29/1001.md) et seq.];
    - (C) an insurance company which is subject to examination and supervision by an agency of the United States or a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A);
    - (D) in any [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), a single agency of the [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A) or a single [nonprofit](/usc/20/1003.md?p=13) private agency designated by the [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A);
    - (E) an [eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b) which meets the requirements of paragraphs (2) through (5) of this subsection;
    - (F) for purposes only of purchasing and holding [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made by other [lenders](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) under this part, the Student [Loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) Marketing Association or the Holding Company of the Student [Loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) Marketing Association, including any subsidiary of the Holding Company, created pursuant to [section 1087–3 of this title](/usc/20/1087–3.md), or an agency of any [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A) functioning as a secondary market;
    - (G) for purposes of making [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under sections [1078–2(d)](/usc/20/1078–2.md?p=d) and [1078–3](/usc/20/1078–3.md) of this title, the Student [Loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) Marketing Association or the Holding Company of the Student [Loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) Marketing Association, including any subsidiary of the Holding Company, created pursuant to [section 1087–3 of this title](/usc/20/1087–3.md);
    - (H) for purposes of making [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under [sections 1078(h)](/usc/20/1078.md?p=h)[^1] and [1078(j)](/usc/20/1078.md?p=j) of this title, a [guaranty agency](#j);
    - (I) a Rural Rehabilitation Corporation, or its successor agency, which has received Federal funds under Public Law 499, Eighty-first Congress (64 Stat. 98 (1950));
    - (J) for purpose of making [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under [section 1078–3 of this title](/usc/20/1078–3.md), any [nonprofit](/usc/20/1003.md?p=13) private agency functioning in any [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A) as a secondary market; and
    - (K) a consumer finance company subsidiary of a national bank which, as of October 7, 1998, through one or more subsidiaries: (i) acts as a small business lending company, as determined under regulations of the Small Business Administration under section 120.470 of title 13, Code of Federal Regulations (as such section is in effect on October 7, 1998); and (ii) participates in the program authorized by this part pursuant to [subparagraph (C)](#d-1-C), provided the national bank and all of the bank’s direct and indirect subsidiaries taken together as a whole, do not have, as their primary consumer credit function, the making or holding of [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made to students under this part.
  - (2) **Requirements for eligible institutions—**
    - (A) **In general—** To be an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under this part, an [eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b)—
      - (i) shall employ at least one person whose full-time responsibilities are limited to the administration of programs of financial aid for students attending such institution;
      - (ii) shall not be a home study school;
      - (iii) shall not—
        - (I) make a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) to any undergraduate student;
        - (II) make a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) other than a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under section [1078](/usc/20/1078.md) or [1078–8](/usc/20/1078–8.md) of this title to a [graduate](/usc/20/1061.md?p=1) or professional student; or
        - (III) make a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) to a borrower who is not enrolled at that institution;
      - (iv) shall award any contract for financing, servicing, or administration of [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under this subchapter on a competitive basis;
      - (v) shall offer [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) that carry an origination fee or an [interest](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=6) rate, or both, that are less than such fee or rate authorized under the provisions of this subchapter;
      - (vi) shall not have a [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) (as defined in [subsection (m)](#m)) greater than 10 percent;
      - (vii) shall, for any year for which the institution engages in activities as an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4), provide for a compliance audit conducted in accordance with [section 1078(b)(1)(U)(iii)(I) of this title](/usc/20/1078.md), and the regulations thereunder, and submit the results of such audit to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17);
      - (viii) shall use any proceeds from special allowance payments and [interest](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=6) payments from borrowers, [interest](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=6) subsidies received from the [Department](/usc/20/1003.md?p=4) of Education, and any proceeds from the sale or other disposition of [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2), for need-based grant programs; and
      - (ix) shall have met the requirements of subparagraphs (A) through (F) of this paragraph as in effect on the day before February 8, 2006, and made [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under this part, on or before April 1, 2006.
    - (B) **Administrative expenses—** An [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [subparagraph (A)](#d-2-A) shall be permitted to use a portion of the proceeds described in [subparagraph (A)(viii)](#d-2-A-viii) for reasonable and direct administrative expenses.
    - (C) **Supplement, not supplant—** An [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [subparagraph (A)](#d-2-A) shall ensure that the proceeds described in [subparagraph (A)(viii)](#d-2-A-viii) are used to supplement, and not to supplant, non-Federal funds that would otherwise be used for need-based grant programs.
  - (3) **Disqualification for high default rates—** The term “[eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4)” does not include any [eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b) in any fiscal year immediately after the fiscal year in which the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) determines, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, that for each of 2 consecutive years, 15 percent or more of the total amount of such [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) as are described in [section 1078(a)(1) of this title](/usc/20/1078.md?p=a-1) made by the institution with respect to students at that institution and repayable in each such year, are in [default](#l), as defined in [subsection (m)](#m).
  - (4) **Waiver of disqualification—** Whenever the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) determines that—
    - (A) there is reasonable possibility that an [eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b) may, within 1 year after a determination is made under [paragraph (3)](#d-3), improve the collection of [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) described in [section 1078(a)(1) of this title](/usc/20/1078.md?p=a-1), so that the application of [paragraph (3)](#d-3) would be a hardship to that institution, or
    - (B) the termination of the [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6)’s status under [paragraph (3)](#d-3) would be a hardship to the present or for prospective students of the [eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b), after considering the management of that institution, the ability of that institution to improve the collection of [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2), the opportunities that institution offers to economically disadvantaged students, and other related factors,

    the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall waive the provisions of [paragraph (3)](#d-3) with respect to that institution. Any determination required under this paragraph shall be made by the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) prior to the termination of an [eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b) as a [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) under the exception of [paragraph (3)](#d-3). Whenever the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) grants a waiver pursuant to this paragraph, the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall provide technical assistance to the institution concerned in order to improve the collection rate of such [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2).

  - (5) **Disqualification for use of certain incentives—** The term “[eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4)” does not include any [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) that the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) determines, after notice and opportunity for a hearing, has—
    - (A) offered, directly or indirectly, points, premiums, payments (including payments for referrals and for processing or finder fees), prizes, stock or other securities, travel, entertainment expenses, tuition payment or reimbursement, the provision of information technology equipment at below-market value, additional financial aid funds, or other inducements, to any [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a), any employee of an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a), or any individual or entity in order to secure applicants for [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under this part;
    - (B) conducted unsolicited mailings, by postal or electronic means, of student [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) application forms to students enrolled in [secondary schools](/usc/20/1003.md?p=16) or postsecondary institutions, or to family members of such students, except that applications may be mailed, by postal or electronic means, to students or borrowers who have previously received [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under this part from such [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6);
    - (C) entered into any type of consulting arrangement, or other contract to provide services to a [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6), with an employee who is employed in the financial aid office of an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a), or who otherwise has responsibilities with respect to student [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) or other financial aid of the institution;
    - (D) compensated an employee who is employed in the financial aid office of an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a), or who otherwise has responsibilities with respect to student [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) or other financial aid of the institution, and who is serving on an [advisory board](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=9), commission, or group established by a [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) or group of [lenders](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) for providing such service, except that the [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) may reimburse such employee for reasonable expenses incurred in providing such service;
    - (E) performed for an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a) any function that such [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a) is required to perform under this title, except that a [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) shall be permitted to perform functions on behalf of such institution in accordance with section [1092(b)](/usc/20/1092.md?p=b) or [1092(l)](/usc/20/1092.md?p=l) of this title;
    - (F) paid, on behalf of an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a), another person to perform any function that such [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a) is required to perform under this subchapter, except that a [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) shall be permitted to perform functions on behalf of such institution in accordance with section [1092(b)](/usc/20/1092.md?p=b) or [1092(l)](/usc/20/1092.md?p=l) of this title;
    - (G) provided payments or other benefits to a student at an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a) to act as the [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6)’s representative to secure applications under this subchapter from individual prospective borrowers, unless such student—
      - (i) is also employed by the [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) for other purposes; and
      - (ii) made all appropriate disclosures regarding such employment;
    - (H) offered, directly or indirectly, [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under this part as an inducement to a prospective borrower to purchase a policy of insurance or other product; or
    - (I) engaged in fraudulent or misleading advertising.

    It shall not be a violation of this paragraph for a [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) to provide technical assistance to institutions of higher education comparable to the kinds of technical assistance provided to institutions of higher education by the [Department](/usc/20/1003.md?p=4).

  - (6) **Rebate fee requirement—** To be an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under this part, an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) shall pay rebate fees in accordance with [section 1078–3(f) of this title](/usc/20/1078–3.md?p=f).
  - (7) **Eligible lender trustees—** Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) may not make or hold a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under this part as trustee for an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a), or for an organization affiliated with an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a), unless—
    - (A) the [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) is serving as trustee for that institution or organization as of September 30, 2006, under a contract that was originally entered into before September 30, 2006, and that continues in effect or is renewed after September 30, 2006; and
    - (B) the institution or organization, and the [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4), with respect to its duties as trustee, each comply on and after January 1, 2007, with the requirements of [paragraph (2)](#d-2), except that—
      - (i) the requirements of clauses [(i)](#d-2-A-i), [(ii)](#d-2-A-ii), [(vi)](#d-2-A-vi), and [(viii)](#d-2-A-viii) of paragraph (2)(A) shall, subject to clause (ii) of this subparagraph, only apply to the institution (including both an institution for which the [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) serves as trustee and an institution affiliated with an organization for which the [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) serves as trustee);
      - (ii) in the case of an organization affiliated with an institution—
        - (I) the requirements of clauses [(iii)](#d-2-A-iii) and [(v)](#d-2-A-v) of paragraph (2)(A) shall apply to the organization; and
        - (II) the requirements of [clause (viii)](#d-2-A-viii) of paragraph (2)(A) shall apply to the institution or the organization (or both), if the institution or organization receives (directly or indirectly) the proceeds described in such clause;
      - (iii) the requirements of clauses [(iv)](#d-2-A-iv) and [(ix)](#d-2-A-ix) of paragraph (2)(A) shall not apply to the [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4), institution, or organization; and
      - (iv) the [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4), institution, and organization shall ensure that the [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made or held by the [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) as trustee for the institution or organization, as the case may be, are included in a compliance audit in accordance with [clause (vii)](#d-2-A-vii) of paragraph (2)(A).
  - (8) **School as lender program audit—** Each institution serving as an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [paragraph (1)(E)](#d-1-E), and each [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) serving as a trustee for an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a) or an organization affiliated with an [institution of higher education](/usc/20/1001.md?p=a), shall annually complete and submit to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) a compliance audit to determine whether—
    - (A) the institution or [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) is using all proceeds from special allowance payments and [interest](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=6) payments from borrowers, [interest](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=6) subsidies received from the [Department](/usc/20/1003.md?p=4), and any proceeds from the sale or other disposition of [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2), for need-based grant programs, in accordance with [paragraph (2)(A)(viii)](#d-2-A-viii);
    - (B) the institution or [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) is using not more than a reasonable portion of the proceeds described in [paragraph (2)(A)(viii)](#d-2-A-viii) for direct administrative expenses; and
    - (C) the institution or [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) is ensuring that the proceeds described in [paragraph (2)(A)(viii)](#d-2-A-viii) are being used to supplement, and not to supplant, Federal and non-Federal funds that would otherwise be used for need-based grant programs.
- (e) **Line of credit—** The term “line of credit” means an arrangement or agreement between the [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) and the borrower whereby a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) is paid out by the [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) to the borrower in annual installments, or whereby the [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6) agrees to make, in addition to the initial [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2), additional [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) in subsequent years.
- (f) **Due diligence—** The term “due diligence” requires the utilization by a [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6), in the servicing and collection of [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) insured under this part, of servicing and collection practices at least as extensive and forceful as those generally practiced by financial institutions for the collection of consumer [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2).
- (g) **, (h) Repealed. Pub. L. 102–325, title IV, § 427(f), July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 550—**
- (i) **Holder—** The term “holder” means an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) who owns a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2).
- (j) **Guaranty agency—** The term “guaranty agency” means any [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A) or [nonprofit](/usc/20/1003.md?p=13) private institution or organization with which the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) has an agreement under [section 1078(b) of this title](/usc/20/1078.md?p=b).
- (k) **Insurance beneficiary—** The term “insurance beneficiary” means the insured or its authorized representative assigned in accordance with [section 1079(d) of this title](/usc/20/1079.md?p=d).
- (l) **Default—** Except as provided in [subsection (m)](#m), the term “default” includes only such defaults as have existed for (1) 270 days in the case of a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) which is repayable in monthly installments, or (2) 330 days in the case of a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) which is repayable in less frequent installments.
- (m) **Cohort default rate—**
  - (1) **In general—**
    - (A) Except as provided in [paragraph (2)](#m-2), the term “cohort default rate” means, for any fiscal year in which 30 or more current and former students at the institution enter repayment on [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under section 1078, 1078–1,[^1] or 1078–8 of this title received for attendance at the institution, the percentage of those current and former students who enter repayment on such [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) (or on the portion of a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made under [section 1078–3 of this title](/usc/20/1078–3.md) that is used to repay any such [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2)) received for attendance at that institution in that fiscal year who [default](#l) before the end of the second fiscal year following the fiscal year in which the students entered repayment. The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall require that each [guaranty agency](#j) that has insured [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) for current or former students of the institution afford such institution a reasonable opportunity (as specified by the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17)) to review and correct errors in the information required to be provided to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) by the [guaranty agency](#j) for the purposes of calculating a cohort default rate for such institution, prior to the calculation of such rate.
    - (B) In determining the number of students who [default](#l) before the end of such second fiscal year, the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall include only [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) for which the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) or a [guaranty agency](#j) has paid claims for insurance. In considering appeals with respect to [cohort default rates](#m-1-A) pursuant to [subsection (a)(3)](#a-3), the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall exclude, from the calculation of the number of students who entered repayment and from the calculation of the number of students who [default](#l), any [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) which, due to improper servicing or collection, would, as demonstrated by the evidence submitted in support of the institution’s timely appeal to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17), result in an inaccurate or incomplete calculation of such [cohort default rate](#m-1-A).
    - (C) For any fiscal year in which fewer than 30 of the institution’s current and former students enter repayment, the term “[cohort default rate](#m-1-A)” means the percentage of such current and former students who entered repayment on such [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) (or on the portion of a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made under [section 1078–3 of this title](/usc/20/1078–3.md) that is used to repay any such [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2)) in any of the three most recent fiscal years, who [default](#l) before the end of the second fiscal year following the year in which they entered repayment.
  - (2) **Special rules—**
    - (A) In the case of a student who has attended and borrowed at more than one school, the student (and such student’s subsequent repayment or [default](#l)) is attributed to each school for attendance at which the student received a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) that entered repayment in the fiscal year.
    - (B) A [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) on which a payment is made by the school, such school’s owner, [agent](/usc/20/1019.md?p=1), contractor, employee, or any other entity or individual affiliated with such school, in order to avoid [default](#l) by the borrower, is considered as in [default](#l) for purposes of this subsection.
    - (C) Any [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) which has been rehabilitated before the end of the second fiscal year following the year in which the [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) entered repayment is not considered as in [default](#l) for purposes of this subsection. The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) may require [guaranty agencies](#j) to collect data with respect to defaulted [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) in a manner that will permit the identification of any defaulted [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) for which (i) the borrower is currently making payments and has made not less than 6 consecutive on-time payments by the end of such second fiscal year, and (ii) a [guaranty agency](#j) has renewed the borrower’s subchapter IV eligibility as provided in [section 1078–6(b) of this title](/usc/20/1078–6.md?p=b).
    - (D) For the purposes of this subsection, a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made in accordance with [section 1078–1](/usc/20/1078–1.md)[^1] of this title (or the portion of a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made under [section 1078–3 of this title](/usc/20/1078–3.md) that is used to repay a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made under [section 1078–1](/usc/20/1078–1.md)[^1] of this title) shall not be considered to enter repayment until after the borrower has ceased to be enrolled in a course of study leading to a degree or certificate at an [eligible institution](/usc/20/1058.md?p=b) on at least a half-time basis (as determined by the institution) and ceased to be in a period of forbearance based on such enrollment. Each [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) of a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made under [section 1078–1](/usc/20/1078–1.md)[^1] of this title (or a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made under [section 1078–3 of this title](/usc/20/1078–3.md) a portion of which is used to repay a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made under [section 1078–1](/usc/20/1078–1.md)[^1] of this title) shall provide the [guaranty agency](#j) with the information necessary to determine when the [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) entered repayment for purposes of this subsection, and the [guaranty agency](#j) shall provide such information to the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17).
  - (3) **Regulations to prevent evasions—** The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall prescribe regulations designed to prevent an institution from evading the application to that institution of a [default](#l) rate determination under this subsection through the use of such measures as branching, consolidation, change of ownership or control, or any similar device.
  - (4) **Collection and reporting of cohort default rates and life of cohort default rates—**
    - (A) The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall publish not less often than once every fiscal year a report showing cohort [default](#l) data and life of [cohort default rates](#m-1-A) for each category of institution, including: (i) four-year public institutions; (ii) four-year private [nonprofit](/usc/20/1003.md?p=13) institutions; (iii) two-year public institutions; (iv) two-year private [nonprofit](/usc/20/1003.md?p=13) institutions; (v) four-year proprietary institutions; (vi) two-year proprietary institutions; and (vii) less than two-year proprietary institutions. For purposes of this subparagraph, for any fiscal year in which one or more current and former students at an institution enter repayment on [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) under section [1078](/usc/20/1078.md), [1078–2](/usc/20/1078–2.md), or [1078–8](/usc/20/1078–8.md) of this title, received for attendance at the institution, the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall publish the percentage of those current and former students who enter repayment on such [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) (or on the portion of a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) made under [section 1078–3 of this title](/usc/20/1078–3.md) that is used to repay any such [loans](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2)) received for attendance at the institution in that fiscal year who [default](#l) before the end of each succeeding fiscal year.
    - (B) The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) may designate such additional subcategories within the categories specified in [subparagraph (A)](#m-4-A) as the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) deems appropriate.
    - (C) The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall publish not less often than once every fiscal year a report showing [default](#l) data for each institution for which a [cohort default rate](#m-1-A) is calculated under this subsection.
    - (D) The [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall publish the report described in [subparagraph (C)](#m-4-C) by September 30 of each year.
- (n) **Repealed. Pub. L. 102–325, title IV, § 427(f), July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 550—**
- (o) **Economic hardship—**
  - (1) **In general—** For purposes of this part and part E, a borrower shall be considered to have an economic hardship if—
    - (A) such borrower is working full-time and is earning an amount which does not exceed the greater of—
      - (i) the minimum wage rate described in [section 206 of title 29](/usc/29/206.md); or
      - (ii) an amount equal to 150 percent of the [poverty line](/usc/20/1003.md?p=14) applicable to the borrower’s family size as determined in accordance with [section 9902(2) of title 42](/usc/42/9902.md?p=2); or
    - (B) such borrower meets such other criteria as are established by the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) by regulation in accordance with [paragraph (2)](#o-2).
  - (2) **Considerations—** In establishing criteria for purposes of [paragraph (1)(B)](#o-1-B), the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall consider the borrower’s income and debt-to-income ratio as primary factors.
- (p) **Eligible not-for-profit holder—**
  - (1) **Definition—** Subject to the limitations in [paragraph (2)](#p-2) and the prohibition in [paragraph (3)](#p-3), the term “eligible not-for-profit holder” means an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [subsection (d)](#d) (except for an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) described in [subsection (d)(1)(E)](#d-1-E)) that requests a special allowance payment under [section 1087–1(b)(2)(I)(vi)(II) of this title](/usc/20/1087–1.md?p=b-2-I-vi-II) or a payment under [section 1141 of this title](/usc/20/1141.md) and that is—
    - (A) a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), or a political subdivision, authority, agency, or other instrumentality thereof, including such entities that are eligible to issue bonds described in section 1.103–1 of title 26, Code of Federal Regulations, or [section 144(b) of title 26](/usc/26/144.md?p=b);
    - (B) an entity described in section 150(d)(2) of such title that has not made the election described in section 150(d)(3) of such title;
    - (C) an entity described in section 501(c)(3) of such title; or
    - (D) acting as a trustee on behalf of a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph [(A)](#p-1-A), [(B)](#p-1-B), or [(C)](#p-1-C), regardless of whether such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [subsection (d)](#d).
  - (2) **Limitations—**
    - (A) **Existing on September 27, 2007—**
      - (i) **In general—** An [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) shall not be an [eligible not-for-profit holder](#p-1) under this chapter unless such [lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=6)—
        - (I) was a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph [(1)(A)](#p-1-A), (B), or (C) that was, on September 27, 2007, acting as an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [subsection (d)](#d) (other than an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) described in [subsection (d)(1)(E)](#d-1-E)); or
        - (II) is acting as a trustee on behalf of a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph [(A)](#p-1-A), [(B)](#p-1-B), or [(C)](#p-1-C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [subsection (d)](#d), and such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity, on September 27, 2007, was the sole beneficial owner of a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) eligible for any special allowance payment under [section 1087–1 of this title](/usc/20/1087–1.md).
      - (ii) **Exception—** Notwithstanding [clause (i)](#p-2-A-i), a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A) may elect, in accordance with regulations of the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17), to waive the requirements of this subparagraph for a new not-for-profit [holder](#i) determined by the [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A) to be necessary to carry out a public purpose of such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), except that a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A) may not make such election with respect the[^2] requirements of [clause (i)(II)](#p-2-A-i-II).
    - (B) **No for-profit ownership or control—**
      - (i) **In general—** No [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph [(1)(A)](#p-1-A), (B), or (C) shall be an [eligible not-for-profit holder](#p-1) under this chapter if such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is owned or controlled, in whole or in part, by a for-profit entity.
      - (ii) **Trustees—** A trustee described in [paragraph (1)(D)](#p-1-D) shall not be an [eligible not-for-profit holder](#p-1) under this chapter with respect to a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph [(A)](#p-1-A), [(B)](#p-1-B), or [(C)](#p-1-C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [subsection (d)](#d), if such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is owned or controlled, in whole or in part, by a for-profit entity.
    - (C) **Sole ownership of loans and income—** No [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, trustee, or other entity described in paragraph [(1)(A)](#p-1-A), (B), (C), or (D) shall be an [eligible not-for-profit holder](#p-1) under this chapter with respect to any [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2), or income from any [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2), unless—
      - (i) such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is the sole beneficial owner of such [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) and the income from such [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2); or
      - (ii) such trustee holds the [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) on behalf of a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph [(A)](#p-1-A), [(B)](#p-1-B), or [(C)](#p-1-C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [subsection (d)](#d), and such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is the sole beneficial owner of such [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) and the income from such [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2).
    - (D) **Trustee compensation limitations—** A trustee described in [paragraph (1)(D)](#p-1-D) shall not receive compensation as consideration for acting as an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) on behalf of a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph [(A)](#p-1-A), [(B)](#p-1-B), or [(C)](#p-1-C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [subsection (d)](#d), in excess of reasonable and customary fees.
    - (E) **Rule of construction—** For purposes of subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) of this paragraph, a [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph [(A)](#p-1-A), [(B)](#p-1-B), or [(C)](#p-1-C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an [eligible lender](/usc/20/1019.md?p=4) under [subsection (d)](#d), shall not—
      - (i) be deemed to be owned or controlled, in whole or in part, by a for-profit entity; or
      - (ii) lose its status as the sole owner of a beneficial [interest](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=6) in a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) and the income from a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2),

      by such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity, or by the trustee described in [paragraph (1)(D)](#p-1-D), granting a security [interest](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=6) in, or otherwise pledging as collateral, such [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2), or the income from such [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2), to secure a debt obligation for which such [State](/usc/20/1003.md?p=21-A), political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is the issuer of the debt obligation.

  - (3) **Prohibition—** In the case of a [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) for which the special allowance payment is calculated under [section 1087–1(b)(2)(I)(vi)(II) of this title](/usc/20/1087–1.md?p=b-2-I-vi-II) and that is sold by the [eligible not-for-profit holder](#p-1) holding the [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) to an entity that is not an [eligible not-for-profit holder](#p-1) under this chapter, the special allowance payment for such [loan](/usc/20/1066a.md?p=2) shall, beginning on the date of the sale, no longer be calculated under [section 1087–1(b)(2)(I)(vi)(II) of this title](/usc/20/1087–1.md?p=b-2-I-vi-II) and shall be calculated under [section 1087–1(b)(2)(I)(vi)(I) of this title](/usc/20/1087–1.md?p=b-2-I-vi-I) instead.
  - (4) **Regulations—** Not later than 1 year after September 27, 2007, the [Secretary](/usc/20/1003.md?p=17) shall promulgate regulations in accordance with the provisions of this subsection.

## Footnotes

[^1]: See References in Text note below.
[^2]: So in original. Probably should be “with respect to the”.

## Source credit

(Pub. L. 89–329, title IV, § 435, as added Pub. L. 99–498, title IV, § 402(a), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1408; amended Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa), June 3, 1987, 101 Stat. 347; Pub. L. 101–239, title II, §§ 2003(a)(2), 2007(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2113, 2120; Pub. L. 101–508, title III, § 3004(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–26; Pub. L. 101–542, title III, § 301, Nov. 8, 1990, 104 Stat. 2387; Pub. L. 102–26, § 2(a)(1), Apr. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 123; Pub. L. 102–325, title IV, §§ 416(e)(2), 427(a), (b)(1), (c)–(g), July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 519, 549, 550; Pub. L. 103–66, title IV, §§ 4046(b)(1), 4106(b), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 362, 368; Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(55)–(62), Dec. 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 2468, 2469; Pub. L. 103–235, § 1, Apr. 28, 1994, 108 Stat. 381; Pub. L. 103–382, title III, § 357, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3967; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title I, § 101(e) [title VI, § 602(b)(1)(A)], Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–233, 3009–283; Pub. L. 105–244, title I, § 102(b)(2), title IV, § 429(a)–(c)(1), (d), title IX, § 901(d), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1622, 1704–1709, 1828; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(1) [title III, §§ 308(a), 312], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–45, 2763A–46; Pub. L. 109–171, title VIII, § 8011, Feb. 8, 2006, 120 Stat. 165; Pub. L. 109–292, § 3(a), Sept. 30, 2006, 120 Stat. 1340; Pub. L. 110–84, title III, § 304, Sept. 27, 2007, 121 Stat. 797; Pub. L. 110–109, § 4, Oct. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 1028; Pub. L. 110–315, title IV, §§ 436(a)(1), (b)–(e)(1), 438(a)(3), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3253–3256, 3258; Pub. L. 111–39, title IV, § 402(b)(2), (f)(10), July 1, 2009, 123 Stat. 1940, 1944; Pub. L. 111–152, title II, § 2101(b)(3), Mar. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1073.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### References in Text

The Navajo Community College Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(C)(iii), is Pub. L. 92–189, Dec. 15, 1971, 85 Stat. 646, which was classified to section 640a et seq. of Title 25, Indians, and was omitted from the Code as being of special and not general application.

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(B), probably means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93–406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829, which is classified principally to chapter 18 (§ 1001 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 29 and Tables.

Section 1078–1 of this title, referred to in subsecs. (a)(4)(B) and (m)(1)(A), (2)(D), was repealed by Pub. L. 103–66, title IV, § 4047(b)–(d), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 364, eff. July 1, 1994, except with respect to loans provided under that section as it existed prior to Aug. 10, 1993. Subsequently, a new section 1078–1, relating to voluntary flexible agreements with guaranty agencies, was enacted by Pub. L. 105–244, title IV, § 418, Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1691.

Section 1078(h) of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(H), was repealed by Pub. L. 110–315, title IV, § 438(a)(2)(B), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3258.

Public Law 499, Eighty-first Congress (64 Stat. 98 (1950)), referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(I), is act May 3, 1950, ch. 152, 64 Stat. 98, known as the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation Trust Liquidation Act, which was classified to sections 440 to 444 of former Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, and as notes set out under section 1001 of Title 7, Agriculture, and section 440 of former Title 40, and was omitted from the Code.

### Prior Provisions

A prior section 1085, Pub. L. 89–329, title IV, § 435, Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 1247; Pub. L. 89–698, title II, § 204, Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1072; Pub. L. 90–575, title I, §§ 116(a), 118(a), Oct. 16, 1968, 82 Stat. 1023, 1026; Pub. L. 94–482, title I, § 127(a), Oct. 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 2130; Pub. L. 95–43, § 1(a)(35), (36), June 15, 1977, 91 Stat. 216; Pub. L. 96–374, title IV, §§ 413(e), 421(e)(2), title XIII, § 1391(a)(1), Oct. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 1418, 1432, 1503; Pub. L. 99–272, title XVI, §§ 16017(b)(2), 16020, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 347, 349, defined terms used in this part, prior to the general revision of this part by Pub. L. 99–498.

### Amendments

2010—Subsec. (a)(5)(A)(i)(I). Pub. L. 111–152 substituted “one-half the Federal Pell Grant amount, determined under section 1070a(b)(2)(A) of this title, for which a student would be eligible” for “one-half the maximum Federal Pell Grant award for which a student would be eligible”.

2009—Subsec. (a)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(A), substituted “a tribally controlled college or university, as defined in section 1801(a)(4) of title 25” for “a tribally controlled community college within the meaning of section 1801(a)(4) of title 25”.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(B)(i), substituted “section 501(a) of such title” for “section 501(1) of such title” in subpar. (A)(ii)(III) and “sections 1078–2(d) and 1078–3 of this title,” for “sections 1078–1(d), 1078–2(d), and 1078–3 of this title,” in subpar (G).

Subsec. (d)(2)(A)(vi), (3). Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(B)(ii), (iii), made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to subsec. (m).

Subsec. (d)(5)(A). Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(B)(iv), substituted “to any institution of higher education, any employee of an institution of higher education, or any individual or entity in order to secure applicants for loans under this part” for “to any institution of higher education or any employee of an institution of higher education in order to secure applicants for loans under this part”.

Subsec. (d)(5)(E), (F). Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(b)(2), inserted “or 1092(l)” after “section 1092(b)”.

Subsec. (o)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(C), made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 9902(2) of title 42.

Subsec. (p)(1). Pub. L. 111–39, § 402(f)(10)(D), made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 1141 of this title.

2008—Subsec. (a)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(a)(1)(A)(i), substituted “paragraph (5)” for “paragraph (4)”.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B)(iii), (iv). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(a)(1)(A)(ii), added cls. (iii) and (iv) and struck out former cl. (iii) which read as follows: “25 percent for any succeeding fiscal year.”

Subsec. (a)(3) to (8). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(a)(1)(B)–(E), added pars. (3) and (7), redesignated former pars. (3), (4), (5), and (6), as (4), (5), (6), and (8), respectively, and, in introductory provisions of par. (5)(A), substituted “For purposes of this subsection, an institution of higher education shall be treated as having exceptional mitigating circumstances that make application of paragraph (2) inequitable, and that provide for regulatory relief under paragraph (3), if such institution, in the opinion of an independent auditor, meets the following criteria:” for “For purposes of paragraph (2)(A)(ii), an institution of higher education shall be treated as having exceptional mitigating circumstances that make application of that paragraph inequitable if such institution, in the opinion of an independent auditor, meets the following criteria:”.

Subsec. (a)(8)(A). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(a)(1)(F), substituted “0.0625” for “0.0375”.

Subsec. (d)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(b), substituted “part, (III)” for “part, or (III)” and inserted “, or (IV) it is a National or State chartered bank, or a credit union, with assets of less than $1,000,000,000” before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (d)(1)(G). Pub. L. 110–315, § 438(a)(3), substituted “and 1078–3” for “1078–3, and 1087–2(q)”.

Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(c), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) related to disqualification for use of certain incentives.

Subsec. (d)(8). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(d), added par. (8).

Subsec. (m)(1)(A). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(A)(i), substituted “end of the second fiscal year following the fiscal year in which the students entered repayment” for “end of the following fiscal year” in first sentence.

Subsec. (m)(1)(B). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(A)(ii), substituted “such second fiscal year” for “such fiscal year”.

Subsec. (m)(1)(C). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(A)(iii), substituted “end of the second fiscal year following the year in which they entered repayment” for “end of the fiscal year immediately following the year in which they entered repayment”.

Subsec. (m)(2)(C). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(B), substituted “end of the second fiscal year following the year in which the loan entered repayment is not considered as in default for purposes of this subsection” for “end of such following fiscal year is not considered as in default for the purposes of this subsection” and “such second fiscal year” for “such following fiscal year”.

Subsec. (m)(4). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(C)(i), substituted “Collection and reporting of cohort default rates and life of cohort default rates” for “Collection and reporting of cohort default rates” in heading.

Subsec. (m)(4)(A). Pub. L. 110–315, § 436(e)(1)(C)(ii), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The Secretary shall collect data from all insurers under this part and shall publish not less often than once every fiscal year a report showing default data for each category of institution, including (i) 4-year public institutions, (ii) 4-year private institutions, (iii) 2-year public institutions, (iv) 2-year private institutions, (v) 4-year proprietary institutions, (vi) 2-year proprietary institutions, and (vii) less than 2-year proprietary institutions.”

2007—Subsec. (o)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110–84, § 304(1)(A), substituted “150 percent of the poverty line applicable to the borrower’s family size” for “100 percent of the poverty line for a family of 2” and inserted “or” after semicolon at end.

Subsec. (o)(1)(B), (C). Pub. L. 110–84, § 304(1)(B), (C), redesignated subpar. (C) as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “such borrower is working full-time and has a Federal educational debt burden that equals or exceeds 20 percent of such borrower’s adjusted gross income, and the difference between such borrower’s adjusted gross income minus such burden is less than 220 percent of the greater of—

“(i) the annual earnings of an individual earning the minimum wage under section 206 of title 29; or

“(ii) the income official poverty line (as defined by the Office of Management and Budget, and revised annually in accordance with section 9902(2) of title 42) applicable to a family of two; or”.

Subsec. (o)(2). Pub. L. 110–84, § 304(2), substituted “(1)(B)” for “(1)(C)”.

Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 110–84, § 304(3), added subsec. (p).

Subsec. (p)(1)(D). Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(1), added subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: “a trustee acting as an eligible lender on behalf of a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C).”

Subsec. (p)(2)(A)(i)(II). Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(A), added subcl. (II) and struck out former subcl. (II) which read as follows: “is a trustee acting as an eligible lender under this chapter on behalf of such a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subclause (I) of this clause.”

Subsec. (p)(2)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(B), inserted “of” after “waive the requirements”.

Subsec. (p)(2)(B). Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(C), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “No political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) shall be an eligible not-for-profit holder under this chapter if such entity is owned or controlled, in whole or in part, by a for-profit entity.”

Subsec. (p)(2)(C). Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(D), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “No State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) shall be an eligible not-for-profit holder under this chapter with respect to any loan, or income from any loan, unless the State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) is the sole owner of the beneficial interest in such loan and the income from such loan.”

Subsec. (p)(2)(D). Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(E), substituted “a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (1), regardless of whether such State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity is an eligible lender under subsection (d),” for “an entity described in described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C)”.

Subsec. (p)(2)(E). Pub. L. 110–109, § 4(2)(F), reenacted heading without change and amended text of subpar. (E) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “For purposes of subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D) of this paragraph, a State, political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity described in paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) shall not—

“(i) be deemed to be owned or controlled, in whole or in part, by a for-profit entity, or

“(ii) lose its status as the sole owner of a beneficial interest in a loan and the income from a loan by that political subdivision, authority, agency, instrumentality, or other entity,

by granting a security interest in, or otherwise pledging as collateral, such loan, or the income from such loan, to secure a debt obligation in the operation of an arrangement described in paragraph (1)(D).”

2006—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 109–171 amended heading and text of par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “To be an eligible lender under this part, an eligible institution—

“(A) shall employ at least one person whose full-time responsibilities are limited to the administration of programs of financial aid for students attending such institution;

“(B) shall not be a home study school;

“(C) shall make loans to not more than 50 percent of the undergraduate students at the institution;

“(D) shall not make a loan, other than a loan to a graduate or professional student, unless the borrower has previously received a loan from the school or has been denied a loan by an eligible lender;

“(E) shall not have a cohort default rate (as defined in subsection (m) of this section) greater than 15 percent; and

“(F) shall use the proceeds from special allowance payments and interest payments from borrowers for need-based grant programs, except for reasonable reimbursement for direct administrative expenses;

except that the requirements of subparagraphs (C) and (D) shall not apply with respect to loans made, and loan commitments made, after October 17, 1986, and prior to July 1, 1987.”

Subsec. (d)(7). Pub. L. 109–292 added par. (7).

2000—Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(1) [title III, § 308(a)], added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (a)(5)(A)(i). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(1) [title III, § 312(1)], substituted “July 1, 2004,” for “July 1, 2002,”.

Subsec. (a)(5)(B). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(1) [title III, § 312(2)], substituted “1999 through 2003” for “1999, 2000, and 2001” in introductory provisions.

1998—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–244, § 102(b)(2), substituted “section 1002” for “section 1088”.

Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(a)(1)(A)(i), (ii), struck out “or” at end of cl. (i), added cls. (ii) and (iii), and struck out former cl. (ii) which read as follows: “there are, in the judgment of the Secretary, exceptional mitigating circumstances that would make the application of this paragraph inequitable.”

Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(a)(1)(A)(iii), inserted at end of concluding provisions “If an institution continues to participate in a program under this part, and the institution’s appeal of the loss of eligibility is unsuccessful, the institution shall be required to pay to the Secretary an amount equal to the amount of interest, special allowance, reinsurance, and any related payments made by the Secretary (or which the Secretary is obligated to make) with respect to loans made under this part to students attending, or planning to attend, that institution during the pendency of such appeal.”

Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(a)(1)(B), substituted “July 1, 1999,” for “July 1, 1998,” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(2)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 105–244, § 901(d), made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 1801(a)(4) of title 25.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(a)(2), in concluding provisions, inserted “for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 30 days,” after “access” and substituted “used by a guaranty agency in determining whether to pay a claim on a defaulted loan or by the Department in determining an institution’s default rate in the loan program under part C of this subchapter” for “of the affected guaranty agencies and loan servicers for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed 30 days”.

Subsec. (a)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(a)(3), added pars. (4) to (6).

Subsec. (d)(1)(A)(ii)(III). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(b)(1)(A), added subcl. (III).

Subsec. (d)(1)(K). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(b)(1)(B)–(D), added subpar. (K).

Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(b)(2), inserted concluding provisions.

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(c)(1), substituted “270 days” for “180 days” and “330 days” for “240 days”.

Subsec. (m)(1)(B). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(d)(1), substituted “insurance. In considering appeals with respect to cohort default rates pursuant to subsection (a)(3), the Secretary shall exclude, from the calculation of the number of students who entered repayment and from the calculation of the number of students who default,” for “insurance, and, in considering appeals with respect to cohort default rates pursuant to subsection (a)(3) of this section, exclude”.

Subsec. (m)(2)(C). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(d)(2), inserted at end “The Secretary may require guaranty agencies to collect data with respect to defaulted loans in a manner that will permit the identification of any defaulted loan for which (i) the borrower is currently making payments and has made not less than 6 consecutive on-time payments by the end of such following fiscal year, and (ii) a guaranty agency has renewed the borrower’s title IV eligibility as provided in section 1078–6(b) of this title.”

Subsec. (m)(4)(D). Pub. L. 105–244, § 429(d)(3), added subpar. (D).

1996—Subsec. (d)(1)(F). Pub. L. 104–208, § 101(e) [title VI, § 602(b)(1)(A)(i)], inserted “or the Holding Company of the Student Loan Marketing Association, including any subsidiary of the Holding Company, created pursuant to section 1087–3 of this title,” after “Student Loan Marketing Association”.

Subsec. (d)(1)(G). Pub. L. 104–208, § 101(e) [title VI, § 602(b)(1)(A)(ii)], inserted “or the Holding Company of the Student Loan Marketing Association, including any subsidiary of the Holding Company, created pursuant to section 1087–3 of this title” after “Student Loan Marketing Association”.

1994—Subsec. (a)(2)(C). Pub. L. 103–235 substituted “July 1, 1998” for “July 1, 1994”.

Subsec. (o)(1). Pub. L. 103–382, § 357(1)–(3), struck out “or” at end of subpar. (A), added subpar. (B), and redesignated former subpar. (B) as (C).

Subsec. (o)(2). Pub. L. 103–382, § 357(4), substituted “(1)(C)” for “(1)(B)”.

1993—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(55), added par. (3).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 103–66, § 4106(b)(1), in par. (1) substituted “through (6)” for “through (5)” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(57), realigned margins of closing provisions.

Subsec. (d)(2)(D). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(56), substituted “lender;” for “lender; and”.

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(58), substituted “subsection (m)” for “subsection (o)”.

Subsec. (d)(6). Pub. L. 103–66, § 4106(b)(2), added par. (6).

Subsec. (m)(1). Pub. L. 103–66, § 4046(b)(1)(C), which directed the insertion in par. (1)(D) of “(or the portion of a loan made under section 1078–3 of this title that is used to repay a loan made under such section)” after “section 1078–1 of this title” the first place it appears, and “(or a loan made under section 1078–3 of this title a portion of which is used to repay a loan made under such section)” after “section 1078–1 of this title” the second place it appears, could not be executed because subsec. (m)(1) does not contain a subpar. (D).

Subsec. (m)(1)(A). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(60)(A), inserted at end “The Secretary shall require that each guaranty agency that has insured loans for current or former students of the institution afford such institution a reasonable opportunity (as specified by the Secretary) to review and correct errors in the information required to be provided to the Secretary by the guaranty agency for the purposes of calculating a cohort default rate for such institution, prior to the calculation of such rate.”

Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(59), substituted “section 1078, 1078–1, or 1078–8” for “section 1078 or 1078–1”.

Pub. L. 103–66, § 4046(b)(1)(A), inserted “(or on the portion of a loan made under section 1078–3 of this title that is used to repay any such loans)” after “on such loans”.

Subsec. (m)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(60)(B), substituted “and, in considering appeals with respect to cohort default rates pursuant to subsection (a)(3) of this section, exclude any loans which, due to improper servicing or collection, would, as demonstrated by the evidence submitted in support of the institution’s timely appeal to the Secretary, result in an inaccurate or incomplete calculation of such cohort default rate.” for “and, in calculating the cohort default rate, exclude any loans which, due to improper servicing or collection, would result in an inaccurate or incomplete calculation of the cohort default rate.”

Subsec. (m)(1)(C). Pub. L. 103–66, § 4046(b)(1)(B), inserted “(or on the portion of a loan made under section 1078–3 of this title that is used to repay any such loans)” after “on such loans”.

Subsec. (m)(2)(D). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(61), inserted “(or the portion of a loan made under section 1078–3 of this title that is used to repay a loan made under section 1078–1 of this title)” after “in accordance with section 1078–1 of this title”, and “(or a loan made under section 1078–3 of this title a portion of which is used to repay a loan made under section 1078–1 of this title)” after “a loan made under section 1078–1 of this title”.

Subsec. (m)(4). Pub. L. 103–208, § 2(c)(62), added par. (4).

1992—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(a)(1), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: “Subject to subsection (n) of this section, the term ‘eligible institution’ means—

“(A) an institution of higher education;

“(B) a vocational school; or

“(C) with respect to students who are nationals of the United States, an institution outside the United States which is comparable to an institution of higher education or to a vocational school and which has been approved by the Secretary for the purpose of this part,

except that such term does not include any such institution or school which employs or uses commissioned salesmen to promote the availability of any loan program described in section 1078(a)(1), 1078–1, or 1078–2 of this title at that institution or school.”

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(a)(3), struck out “and” at end of subpar. (B)(i), substituted “fiscal year 1993; and” for “any succeeding fiscal year.” in subpar. (B)(ii), and added subpar. (B)(iii).

Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(a)(1), (2), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which required Secretary to establish criteria for qualifying foreign medical schools as “eligible institutions”.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(a)(2), redesignated par. (3) as (2).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(b)(1), struck out subsec. (b) which defined “institution of higher education”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(c), struck out subsec. (c) which defined “vocational school”.

Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(d)(1), in introductory provisions, struck out “a trust company,” after “stock savings bank,” and in cl. (ii), inserted at end of subcl. (I) “or a bank which is subject to examination and supervision by an agency of the United States, makes student loans as a trustee pursuant to an express trust, operated as a lender under this part prior to January 1, 1975, and which meets the requirements of this provision prior to July 23, 1992, or” and substituted a semicolon for “or (III) it is a trust company which makes student loans as a trustee pursuant to an express trust and which operated as a lender under this part prior to January 1, 1981;”.

Subsec. (d)(2)(E), (F). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(d)(2), added subpars. (E) and (F).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(e), inserted “servicing and” before “collection practices”.

Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(f), struck out subsec. (g) which defined “temporarily totally disabled” and subsec. (h) which defined “parental leave”.

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(g), amended subsec. (m) generally, revising and restating as pars. (1) to (3) provisions formerly contained in a single paragraph.

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 102–325, § 427(f), struck out subsec. (n) which related to impact of loss of accreditation on certification or recertification as an eligible institution.

Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 102–325, § 416(e)(2), added subsec. (o).

1991—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 102–26 substituted “or who are beyond the age of compulsory school attendance in the State in which the institution is located” for “and who have the ability to benefit (as determined by the institution under section 1088(d) of this title) from the training offered by such institution;”.

1990—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 101–508 added par. (3).

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 101–542, § 301(1), substituted “Except as provided in subsection (m), the term” for “The term”.

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 101–542, § 301(2), inserted after first sentence “In determining the number of students who default before the end of such fiscal year, the Secretary shall include only loans for which the Secretary or a guaranty agency has paid claims for insurance, and, in calculating the cohort default rate, exclude any loans which, due to improper servicing or collection, would result in an inaccurate or incomplete calculation of the cohort default rate.”

1989—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101–239, § 2007(a)(1), substituted “Subject to subsection (n) of this section, the term” for “The term”.

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 101–239, § 2003(a)(2), added subsec. (m).

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 101–239, § 2007(a)(2), added subsec. (n).

1987—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)(1), inserted “, or in the case of a hospital or health care facility, which provides training of not less than one year for graduates of accredited health professions programs, leading to a degree or certificate upon completion of such training” before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (d)(1)(J). Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)(2), added subpar. (J).

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)(3), added subpars. (C) and (D) and inserted concluding provision that the requirements of subpars. (C) and (D) not apply with respect to loans made, and loan commitments made, after Oct. 17, 1986, and prior to July 1, 1987.

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)(4), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “Such term when used with respect to the disabled dependent of a single parent borrower means a dependent who, by reason of injury or illness, cannot be expected to be able to attend school or to be gainfully employed during a period of injury or illness of not less than 3 months and who during such period requires continuous nursing or similar services.”

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 100–50, § 10(aa)(5), struck out “Definition of” before “Parental” in heading.

### Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

### Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–152 effective July 1, 2010, see section 2101(c) of Pub. L. 111–152, set out as a note under section 1070a of this title.

### Effective Date of 2009 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–39 effective as if enacted on the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–315 (Aug. 14, 2008), see section 3 of Pub. L. 111–39, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title.

### Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–315, title IV, § 436(a)(2), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3254, provided that: “The amendment made by paragraph (1)(F) [amending this section] shall take effect for fiscal years beginning on or after October 1, 2011.”

Pub. L. 110–315, title IV, § 436(e)(2), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3257, provided that: Effective date.—The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect for purposes of calculating cohort default rates for fiscal year 2009 and succeeding fiscal years. Transition.—Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), the method of calculating cohort default rates under section 435(m) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1085(m)] as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 14, 2008] shall continue in effect, and the rates so calculated shall be the basis for any sanctions imposed on institutions of higher education because of their cohort default rates, until three consecutive years of cohort default rates calculated in accordance with the amendments made by paragraph (1) are available.”

### Effective Date of 2007 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–84 effective Oct. 1, 2007, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 110–84, set out as a note under section 1070a of this title.

### Effective Date of 2006 Amendment

Pub. L. 109–292, § 3(b), Sept. 30, 2006, 120 Stat. 1341, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall not apply with respect to any loan under part B of title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1071 et seq.) disbursed before January 1, 2007.”

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–171 effective July 1, 2006, except as otherwise provided, see section 8001(c) of Pub. L. 109–171, set out as a note under section 1002 of this title.

### Effective Date of 2000 Amendment

Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(1) [title III, § 308(b)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–45, provided that: “The amendment made by subsection (a) of this section [amending this section] shall be effective for cohort default rate calculations for fiscal years 1997 and 1998.”

### Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by sections 102(b)(2) and 429(a), (b), (d) of Pub. L. 105–244 effective Oct. 1, 1998, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 105–244, see section 3 of Pub. L. 105–244, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title.

Pub. L. 105–244, title IV, § 429(c)(2), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1708, provided that: “The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to loans for which the first day of delinquency occurs on or after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 7, 1998].”

### Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–208 effective on reorganization effective date as defined in section 1087–3(h) of this title, see section 101(e) [title VI, § 602(b)(1)(B)] of Pub. L. 104–208, set out as a note under section 1078–3 of this title.

### Effective Date of 1993 Amendments

Amendments by section 2(c)(55), (60)(B) of Pub. L. 103–208 applicable with respect to determination (and appeals from determinations) of cohort default rates for fiscal year 1989 and any succeeding fiscal year, amendments by section 2(c)(56)–(58), (61) of Pub. L. 103–208 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the Higher Education Amendments of 1992, Pub. L. 102–325, amendment by section 2(c)(59) of Pub. L. 103–208 effective on and after 30 days after Dec. 20, 1993, amendment by section 2(c)(60)(A) of Pub. L. 103–208 effective on and after Oct. 1, 1994, and amendment by section 2(c)(62) effective on and after Dec. 20, 1993, see section 5(a), (b)(2), (3), (7), (8) of Pub. L. 103–208, set out as a note under section 1051 of this title.

Amendment by section 4046(b)(1) of Pub. L. 103–66 effective July 1, 1994, see section 4046(c) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 1078–3 of this title.

### Effective Date of 1991 Amendment

Pub. L. 102–26, § 2(d)(1), Apr. 9, 1991, 105 Stat. 124, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 1078–1, 1088, 1091, 1094, and 1141 of this title] shall apply to any grant, loan, or work assistance to cover the cost of instruction for periods of enrollment beginning on or after July 1, 1991.”

### Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–508, title III, § 3004(d), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–27, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section, section 1078 of this title, and provisions set out as a note under section 1078–1 of this title] shall be effective July 1, 1991, except that the amendment made by subsection (b) [amending section 1078 of this title] shall be effective upon enactment.”

### Effective Date of 1987 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–50 effective as if enacted as part of the Higher Education Amendments of 1986, Pub. L. 99–498, see section 27 of Pub. L. 100–50, set out as a note under section 1001 of this title.

### Effective Date

Section effective Oct. 17, 1986, with subsec. (d)(5) of this section effective 30 days after Oct. 17, 1986, see section 402(b) of Pub. L. 99–498, set out as a note under section 1071 of this title.

### Waiver of Mitigating Circumstances Requirement for Student Loan Insurance Program Eligibility

Pub. L. 115–141, div. H, title III, § 314, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 752, provided that: In General.—For the purpose of carrying out section 435(a)(2) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1085(a)(2)), the Secretary of Education may waive the requirements under sections 435(a)(5)(A)(i) and 435(a)(5)(A)(ii) of such Act (20 U.S.C. 1085(a)(5)(A)(i) and 20 U.S.C. 1085(a)(5)(A)(ii))— for an institution of higher education that offers an associate degree, is a public institution, and is located in an economically distressed county, defined as a county that ranks in the lowest 5 percent of all counties in the United States based on a national index of county economic status; and for an institution— that is a public institution of higher education or a Tribal College or University (as defined in section 316(b) of such Act (20 U.S.C. 1059c[(b)])); and whose fall enrollment for the most recently completed academic year was comprised of a majority of students who are Indian (as defined in such section) or Alaska Natives (as defined in section 317(b) of such Act (20 U.S.C. 1059d(b))[)]. Applicability.—Subsection (a) shall apply to an institution of higher education that otherwise would be ineligible to participate in a program under part A of title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1070 et seq.] on or after the date of enactment of this Act [Mar. 23, 2018] due to the application of section 435(a)(2) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1085(a)(2)). Coverage.—This section shall be in effect for the period covered by this Act [div. H of Pub. L. 115–141, 132 Stat. 696] and for the succeeding fiscal year.”

### Definition of Institution of Higher Education

Pub. L. 102–325, title IV, § 427(b)(2), July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 549, provided that: “With respect to reference in any other provision of law to the definition of institution of higher education contained in section 435(b) of the Act [former 20 U.S.C. 1085(b)], such provision shall be deemed to refer to section 481(a) of the Act [former 20 U.S.C. 1088(a)].”