---
kind: "range"
citation: "16 U.S.C. §§ 1451–1465"
title: "16"
from: "1451"
to: "1465"
count: 24
release: "119-102"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/16/1451..1465"
---

# §1451. Congressional findings


The Congress finds that—

- (a) There is a national interest in the effective management, beneficial use, protection, and development of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1).
- (b) The [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) is rich in a variety of natural, commercial, recreational, ecological, industrial, and esthetic [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) of immediate and potential value to the present and future well-being of the Nation.
- (c) The increasing and competing demands upon the lands and waters of our [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) occasioned by population growth and economic development, including requirements for industry, commerce, [residential development](/usc/16/544.md?p=n), recreation, extraction of mineral [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) and fossil fuels, transportation and navigation, waste disposal, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, and other living marine [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8), have resulted in the loss of living marine [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8), wildlife, nutrient-rich [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), permanent and adverse changes to ecological [systems](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14), decreasing open space for public use, and shoreline erosion.
- (d) The habitat [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), and the fish, shellfish, other living marine [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8), and wildlife therein, are ecologically fragile and consequently extremely vulnerable to destruction by man’s alterations.
- (e) Important ecological, cultural, historic, and esthetic values in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) which are essential to the well-being of all citizens are being irretrievably damaged or lost.
- (f) New and expanding demands for food, energy, minerals, defense needs, recreation, waste disposal, transportation, and industrial activities in the Great Lakes, territorial sea, [exclusive economic zone](/usc/16/971.md?p=5), and Outer Continental Shelf are placing stress on these [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) and are creating the need for resolution of serious conflicts among important and competing [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) and values in coastal and ocean waters;[^1]
- (g) Special natural and scenic characteristics are being damaged by ill-planned development that threatens these values.
- (h) In light of competing demands and the urgent need to protect and to give high priority to natural [systems](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14) in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), present [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and local institutional arrangements for planning and regulating land and [water uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) in such [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) are inadequate.
- (i) The key to more effective protection and use of the land and water [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) is to encourage the [states](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) to exercise their full authority over the lands and waters in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) by assisting the [states](/usc/16/544.md?p=r), in cooperation with Federal and [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) and other vitally affected interests, in developing land and [water use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) for the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), including unified policies, criteria, standards, methods, and processes for dealing with land and [water use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) decisions of more than local significance.
- (j) The national objective of attaining a greater degree of energy self-sufficiency would be advanced by providing Federal financial assistance to meet [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and local needs resulting from new or expanded energy activity in or affecting the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1).
- (k) [Land uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), and the [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) of adjacent lands which drain into the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), may significantly affect the quality of [coastal waters](/usc/16/1453.md?p=3) and habitats, and efforts to control coastal water pollution from [land use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) activities must be improved.
- (l) Because global warming may result in a substantial sea level rise with serious adverse effects in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) must anticipate and plan for such an occurrence.
- (m) Because of their proximity to and reliance upon the ocean and its [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8), the [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) have substantial and significant interests in the protection, management, and development of the [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) of the [exclusive economic zone](/usc/16/971.md?p=5) that can only be served by the active participation of [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) in all Federal [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) affecting such [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) and, wherever appropriate, by the development of [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) ocean resource plans as part of their federally approved [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) [management programs](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12).

# §1452. Congressional declaration of policy


The Congress finds and declares that it is the national policy—

- (1) to [preserve](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=7), protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance, the [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) of the Nation’s [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) for this and succeeding generations;
- (2) to encourage and assist the [states](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) to exercise effectively their responsibilities in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) through the development and implementation of [management programs](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) to achieve wise use of the land and water [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), giving full consideration to ecological, cultural, historic, and esthetic values as well as the needs for compatible economic development, which [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) should at least provide for—
  - (A) the protection of natural [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8), including wetlands, flood plains, [estuaries](/usc/16/1453.md?p=7), beaches, dunes, barrier islands, [coral reefs](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), and fish and wildlife and their habitat, within the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1),
  - (B) the management of coastal development to minimize the loss of life and property caused by improper development in flood-prone, storm surge, geological hazard, and erosion-prone [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) and in [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) likely to be affected by or vulnerable to sea level rise, land subsidence, and saltwater intrusion, and by the destruction of natural protective features such as beaches, dunes, wetlands, and barrier islands.[^1]
  - (C) the management of coastal development to improve, safeguard, and restore the quality of [coastal waters](/usc/16/1453.md?p=3), and to protect natural [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) and [existing uses](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=3) of those waters,
  - (D) priority consideration being given to coastal-dependent [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) and orderly processes for siting major facilities related to national defense, energy, [fisheries](/usc/16/1383a.md?p=o-1) development, recreation, ports and transportation, and the location, to the maximum extent practicable, of new commercial and industrial developments in or adjacent to [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) where such development already exists,
  - (E) public access to the coasts for recreation purposes,
  - (F) assistance in the redevelopment of deteriorating urban waterfronts and ports, and sensitive preservation and [restoration](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) of historic, cultural, and esthetic coastal features,
  - (G) the coordination and simplification of procedures in order to ensure expedited governmental decisionmaking for the management of coastal [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8),
  - (H) continued consultation and coordination with, and the giving of adequate consideration to the views of, affected Federal agencies,
  - (I) the giving of timely and effective notification of, and opportunities for public and [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) participation in, coastal management decisionmaking,
  - (J) assistance to support comprehensive planning, [conservation](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), and management for living marine [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8), including planning for the siting of pollution control and aquaculture facilities within the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), and improved coordination between [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and Federal [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) management agencies and [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and wildlife agencies, and
  - (K) the study and development, in any case in which the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) considers it to be appropriate, of plans for addressing the adverse effects upon the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) of land subsidence and of sea level rise; and
- (3) to encourage the preparation of [special area management plans](/usc/16/1453.md?p=17) which provide for increased specificity in protecting significant natural [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8), reasonable coastal-dependent economic growth, improved protection of life and property in hazardous [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), including those [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) likely to be affected by land subsidence, sea level rise, or fluctuating water levels of the Great Lakes, and improved predictability in governmental decisionmaking;
- (4) to encourage the participation and cooperation of the public, [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11), and interstate and other regional agencies, as well as of the Federal agencies having [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) affecting the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), in carrying out the purposes of this chapter;
- (5) to encourage coordination and cooperation with and among the appropriate Federal, [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), and local agencies, and international organizations where appropriate, in collection, analysis, synthesis, and dissemination of coastal management information, research results, and technical assistance, to support [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and Federal regulation of [land use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) practices affecting the coastal and ocean [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) of the United States; and
- (6) to respond to changing circumstances affecting the coastal environment and coastal resource management by encouraging [States](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) to consider such issues as ocean [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) potentially affecting the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1).

# §1453. Definitions


For purposes of this chapter—

- (1) The term “coastal zone” means the [coastal waters](#3) (including the lands therein and thereunder) and the adjacent shorelands (including the waters therein and thereunder), strongly influenced by each other and in proximity to the shorelines of the several [coastal states](#4), and includes islands, transitional and intertidal [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), salt marshes, wetlands, and beaches. The zone extends, in Great Lakes waters, to the international boundary between the United States and Canada and, in other [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), seaward to the outer limit of [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) title and ownership under the Submerged Lands Act ([43 U.S.C. 1301](/usc/43/1301.md) et seq.), the Act of March 2, 1917 ([48 U.S.C. 749](/usc/48/749.md)) [[48 U.S.C. 731](/usc/48/731.md) et seq.], the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America, as approved by the Act of March 24, 1976 [[48 U.S.C. 1801](/usc/48/1801.md) et seq.], or section 1 of the Act of November 20, 1963 ([48 U.S.C. 1705](/usc/48/1705.md)), as applicable. The zone extends inland from the shorelines only to the extent necessary to control shorelands, the [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) of which have a direct and significant impact on the [coastal waters](#3), and to control those geographical [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) which are likely to be affected by or vulnerable to sea level rise. Excluded from the coastal zone are lands the use of which is by law subject solely to the discretion of or which is held in [trust](/usc/16/450ss–1.md?p=4) by the Federal Government, its officers or agents.
- (2) The term “coastal resource of national significance” means any coastal wetland, beach, dune, barrier island, reef, [estuary](#7), or fish and wildlife habitat, if any such [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) is determined by a [coastal state](#4) to be of substantial biological or natural storm protective value.
- (3) The term “coastal waters” means (A) in the Great Lakes [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), the waters within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States consisting of the Great Lakes, their connecting waters, harbors, roadsteads, and [estuary](#7)-type [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) such as bays, shallows, and marshes and (B) in other [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), those waters, adjacent to the shorelines, which contain a measurable quantity or percentage of sea water, including, but not limited to, sounds, bays, lagoons, bayous, ponds, and [estuaries](#7).
- (4) The term “coastal state” means a [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) of the United States in, or bordering on, the Atlantic, Pacific, or Arctic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, Long Island Sound, or one or more of the Great Lakes. For the purposes of this chapter, the term also includes Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the [Trust](/usc/16/450ss–1.md?p=4) Territories of the Pacific Islands, and American Samoa.
- (5) The term “coastal energy activity” means any of the following activities if, and to the extent that (A) the conduct, support, or facilitation of such activity requires and involves the siting, construction, expansion, or operation of any equipment or facility; and (B) any technical requirement exists which, in the determination of the [Secretary](#16), necessitates that the siting, construction, expansion, or operation of such equipment or facility be carried out in, or in close proximity to, the [coastal zone](#1) of any [coastal state](#4);[^1]
  - (i) Any [outer Continental Shelf energy activity](#13).
  - (ii) Any transportation, conversion, treatment, transfer, or storage of liquefied natural gas.
  - (iii) Any transportation, transfer, or storage of oil, natural gas, or coal (including, but not limited to, by means of any deepwater port, as defined in section 1502(10)[^2] of [title 33](/usc/33.md)).

  For purposes of this paragraph, the siting, construction, expansion, or operation of any equipment or facility shall be “in close proximity to” the [coastal zone](#1) of any [coastal state](#4) if such siting, construction, expansion, or operation has, or is likely to have, a significant effect on such [coastal zone](#1).

- (6) The term “energy facilities” means any equipment or facility which is or will be used primarily—
  - (A) in the exploration for, or the development, production, conversion, storage, transfer, processing, or transportation of, any energy resource; or
  - (B) for the [manufacture](/usc/16/559b.md?p=c), production, or assembly of equipment, machinery, products, or devices which are involved in any activity described in [subparagraph (A)](#6-A).

  The term includes, but is not limited to (i) electric generating plants; (ii) petroleum refineries and associated facilities; (iii) gasification plants; (iv) facilities used for the transportation, conversion, treatment, transfer, or storage of liquefied natural gas; (v) uranium enrichment or nuclear fuel processing facilities; (vi) oil and gas facilities, including platforms, assembly plants, storage depots, tank farms, crew and supply bases, and refining complexes; (vii) facilities including deepwater ports, for the transfer of petroleum; (viii) pipelines and transmission facilities; and (ix) terminals which are associated with any of the foregoing.

- (6a) The term “enforceable policy” means [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) policies which are legally binding through constitutional provisions, laws, regulations, [land use](#10) plans, ordinances, or judicial or administrative decisions, by which a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) exerts control over private and public land and [water uses](#18) and natural [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) in the [coastal zone](#1).
- (7) The term “estuary” means that part of a river or stream or other body of water having unimpaired connection with the open sea, where the sea water is measurably diluted with fresh water derived from land drainage. The term includes estuary-type [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) of the Great Lakes.
- (8) The term “estuarine sanctuary” means a research [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) which may include any part or all of an [estuary](#7) and any island, transitional [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), and upland in, adjoining, or adjacent to such [estuary](#7), and which constitutes to the extent feasible a natural [unit](/usc/16/430f–7.md?p=4), set aside to provide scientists and students the opportunity to examine over a period of time the ecological relationships within the [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A).
- (9) The term “[Fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2)” means the [Coastal Zone](#1) Management [Fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) established under [section 1456a(b) of this title](/usc/16/1456a.md?p=b).
- (10) The term “land use” means activities which are conducted in, or on the shorelands within, the [coastal zone](#1), subject to the requirements outlined in [section 1456(g) of this title](/usc/16/1456.md?p=g).
- (11) The term “local government” means any political [subdivision](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=15) of, or any special entity created by, any [coastal state](#4) which (in whole or part) is located in, or has authority over, such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s [coastal zone](#1) and which (A) has authority to levy taxes, or to establish and collect user fees, or (B) provides any public facility or public service which is financed in whole or part by taxes or user fees. The term includes, but is not limited to, any school district, fire district, transportation authority, and any other special purpose district or authority.
- (12) The term “management program” includes, but is not limited to, a comprehensive statement in words, [maps](/usc/16/430f–7.md?p=1), illustrations, or other media of communication, prepared and adopted by the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, setting forth objectives, policies, and standards to guide public and private [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) of lands and waters in the [coastal zone](#1).
- (13) The term “outer Continental Shelf energy activity” means any exploration for, or any development or production of, oil or natural gas from the outer Continental Shelf (as defined in [section 1331(a) of title 43](/usc/43/1331.md?p=a)) or the siting, construction, expansion, or operation of any new or expanded [energy facilities](#6) directly required by such exploration, development, or production.
- (14) The term “person” means any individual; any corporation, [partnership](/usc/16/8202.md?p=7), association, or other entity organized or existing under the laws of any [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2); the Federal Government; any [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), regional, or [local government](#11); or any entity of any such Federal, [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), regional, or [local government](#11).
- (15) The term “public facilities and public services” means facilities or services which are financed, in whole or in part, by any [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or political [subdivision](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=15) thereof, including, but not limited to, highways and secondary roads, parking, mass transit, docks, navigation aids, fire and police protection, water supply, waste collection and treatment (including drainage), schools and education, and hospitals and health care. Such term may also include any other facility or service so financed which the [Secretary](#16) finds will support increased population.
- (16) The term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Commerce.
- (17) The term “special area management plan” means a comprehensive plan providing for natural resource protection and reasonable coastal-dependent economic growth containing a detailed and comprehensive statement of policies; standards and criteria to guide public and private [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) of lands and waters; and mechanisms for timely implementation in specific geographic [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) within the [coastal zone](#1).
- (18) The term “water use” means a use, activity, or [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) conducted in or on waters within the [coastal zone](#1).

# §1454. Submittal of State program for approval


Any [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) which has completed the development of its [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) shall submit such [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) for review and approval pursuant to [section 1455 of this title](/usc/16/1455.md).


# §1455. Administrative grants

- (a) **Authorization; matching funds—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may make grants to any [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) for the purpose of administering that [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12), if the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) matches any such grant according to the following ratios of Federal-to-[State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) contributions for the applicable fiscal year:
  - (1) For those [States](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) for which [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) were approved prior to November 5, 1990, 1 to 1 for any fiscal year.
  - (2) For [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) approved after November 5, 1990, 4 to 1 for the first fiscal year, 2.3 to 1 for the second fiscal year, 1.5 to 1 for the third fiscal year, and 1 to 1 for each fiscal year thereafter.
- (b) **Grants to coastal states; requirements—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may make a grant to a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) under [subsection (a)](#a) only if the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) finds that the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) of the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) meets all applicable requirements of this chapter and has been approved in accordance with [subsection (d)](#d).
- (c) **Allocation of grants to coastal states—** Grants under this section shall be allocated to [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) with approved [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) based on rules and regulations promulgated by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) which shall take into account the extent and nature of the shoreline and [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) covered by the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), population of the [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), and other relevant factors. The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall establish, after consulting with the [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4), maximum and minimum grants for any fiscal year to promote equity between [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) and effective coastal management.
- (d) **Mandatory adoption of State management program for coastal zone—** Before approving a [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) submitted by a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4), the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall find the following:
  - (1) The [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) has developed and adopted a [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) for its [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) in accordance with rules and regulations promulgated by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), after notice, and with the opportunity of full participation by relevant Federal agencies, [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agencies, [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11), regional organizations, port authorities, and other interested parties and individuals, public and private, which is adequate to carry out the purposes of this chapter and is consistent with the policy declared in [section 1452 of this title](/usc/16/1452.md).
  - (2) The [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) includes each of the following required [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) elements:
    - (A) An identification of the boundaries of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) subject to the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12).
    - (B) A definition of what shall constitute permissible [land uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) and [water uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) within the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) which have a direct and significant impact on the [coastal waters](/usc/16/1453.md?p=3).
    - (C) An inventory and designation of [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) of particular concern within the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1).
    - (D) An identification of the means by which the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) proposes to exert control over the [land uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) and [water uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) referred to in [subparagraph (B)](#d-2-B), including a list of relevant [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) constitutional provisions, laws, regulations, and judicial decisions.
    - (E) Broad guidelines on priorities of [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) in particular [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), including specifically those [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) of lowest priority.
    - (F) A description of the organizational structure proposed to implement such [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12), including the responsibilities and interrelationships of local, areawide, [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), regional, and interstate agencies in the management process.
    - (G) A definition of the term “beach” and a planning process for the protection of, and access to, public beaches and other public coastal [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) of environmental, recreational, historical, esthetic, ecological, or cultural value.
    - (H) A planning process for [energy facilities](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6) likely to be located in, or which may significantly affect, the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), including a process for anticipating the management of the impacts resulting from such facilities.
    - (I) A planning process for assessing the effects of, and studying and evaluating ways to control, or lessen the impact of, shoreline erosion, and to restore [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) adversely affected by such erosion.
  - (3) The [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) has—
    - (A) coordinated its [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) with local, areawide, and interstate plans applicable to [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) within the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1)—
      - (i) existing on January 1 of the year in which the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) is submitted to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16); and
      - (ii) which have been developed by a [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11), an areawide agency, a regional agency, or an interstate agency; and
    - (B) established an effective mechanism for continuing consultation and coordination between the management agency designated pursuant to [paragraph (6)](#d-6) and with [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11), interstate agencies, regional agencies, and areawide agencies within the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) to assure the full participation of those [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) and agencies in carrying out the purposes of this chapter; except that the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall not find any mechanism to be effective for purposes of this subparagraph unless it requires that—
      - (i) the management agency, before implementing any [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) decision which would conflict with any local zoning ordinance, decision, or other action, shall send a notice of the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) decision to any [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) whose zoning authority is affected;
      - (ii) within the 30-day period commencing on the date of receipt of that notice, the [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) may submit to the management agency written comments on the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) decision, and any recommendation for alternatives; and
      - (iii) the management agency, if any comments are submitted to it within the 30-day period by any [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11)—
        - (I) shall consider the comments;
        - (II) may, in its discretion, hold a public hearing on the comments; and
        - (III) may not take any action within the 30-day period to implement the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) decision.
  - (4) The [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) has held public hearings in the development of the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12).
  - (5) The [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) and any changes thereto have been reviewed and approved by the Governor of the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2).
  - (6) The Governor of the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) has designated a single [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agency to receive and administer grants for implementing the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12).
  - (7) The [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) is organized to implement the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12).
  - (8) The [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) provides for adequate consideration of the national interest involved in planning for, and managing the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), including the siting of facilities such as [energy facilities](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6) which are of greater than local significance. In the case of [energy facilities](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6), the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall find that the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) has given consideration to any applicable national or interstate energy plan or [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1).
  - (9) The [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) includes procedures whereby specific [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) may be designated for the purpose of preserving or restoring them for their [conservation](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), recreational, ecological, historical, or esthetic values.
  - (10) The [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), acting through its chosen agency or agencies (including [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11), areawide agencies, regional agencies, or interstate agencies) has authority for the management of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) in accordance with the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12). Such authority shall include power—
    - (A) to administer [land use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) and [water use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) regulations to control development[^1] to ensure compliance with the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12), and to resolve conflicts among competing [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10); and
    - (B) to [acquire](/usc/16/620e.md?p=1) fee simple and less than fee simple interests in land, waters, and other property through condemnation or other means when necessary to achieve conformance with the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12).
  - (11) The [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) provides for any one or a combination of the following general techniques for control of [land uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) and [water uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) within the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1):
    - (A) [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) establishment of criteria and standards for local implementation, subject to administrative review and enforcement.
    - (B) Direct [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) land and [water use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) planning and regulation.
    - (C) [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) administrative review for consistency with the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) of all development plans, [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4), or land and [water use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) regulations, including exceptions and variances thereto, proposed by any [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or local authority or private developer, with power to approve or disapprove after public notice and an opportunity for hearings.
  - (12) The [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) contains a method of assuring that local [land use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) and [water use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) regulations within the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) do not unreasonably restrict or exclude [land uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) and [water uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) of regional benefit.
  - (13) The [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) provides for—
    - (A) the inventory and designation of [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) that contain one or more coastal [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) of national significance; and
    - (B) specific and enforceable standards to protect such [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8).
  - (14) The [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) provides for public participation in permitting processes, consistency determinations, and other similar decisions.
  - (15) The [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) provides a mechanism to ensure that all [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agencies will adhere to the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1).
  - (16) The [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) contains [enforceable policies](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6a) and mechanisms to implement the applicable requirements of the Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control [Program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) of the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) required by [section 1455b of this title](/usc/16/1455b.md).
- (e) **Amendment or modification of State management program for coastal zone—** A [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) may amend or modify a [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) which it has submitted and which has been approved by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) under this section, subject to the following conditions:
  - (1) The [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) shall promptly notify the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of any proposed amendment, modification, or other [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) change and submit it for the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16)’s approval. The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may suspend all or part of any grant made under this section pending [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) submission of the proposed amendments, modification, or other [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) change.
  - (2) Within 30 days after the date the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) receives any proposed amendment, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall notify the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) whether the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) approves or disapproves the amendment, or whether the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) finds it is necessary to extend the review of the proposed amendment for a period not to exceed 120 days after the date the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) received the proposed amendment. The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may extend this period only as necessary to meet the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 ([42 U.S.C. 4321](/usc/42/4321.md) et seq.). If the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) does not notify the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) that the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) approves or disapproves the amendment within that period, then the amendment shall be conclusively presumed as approved.
  - (3)
    - (A) Except as provided in [subparagraph (B)](#e-3-B), a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) may not implement any amendment, modification, or other change as part of its approved [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) unless the amendment, modification, or other change is approved by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) under this subsection.
    - (B) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), after determining on a preliminary basis, that an amendment, modification, or other change which has been submitted for approval under this subsection is likely to meet the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) approval standards in this section, may permit the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) to expend [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) awarded under this section to begin implementing the proposed amendment, modification, or change. This preliminary approval shall not extend for more than 6 months and may not be renewed. A proposed amendment, modification, or change which has been given preliminary approval and is not finally approved under this paragraph shall not be considered an [enforceable policy](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6a) for purposes of [section 1456 of this title](/usc/16/1456.md).

# §1455a. Coastal resource improvement program

- (a) **Definitions—** For purposes of this section—
  - (1) The term “eligible coastal state” means a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) that for any fiscal year for which a grant is applied for under this section—
    - (A) has a [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) approved under [section 1455 of this title](/usc/16/1455.md); and
    - (B) in the judgment of the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), is making satisfactory progress in activities designed to result in significant improvement in achieving the coastal management objectives specified in [section 1452(2)(A) through (K)](/usc/16/1452.md?p=2-A..2-K) of this title.
  - (2) The term “urban waterfront and port” means any developed [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) that is densely populated and is being used for, or has been used for, urban residential recreational, commercial, shipping or industrial purposes.
- (b) **Resource management improvement grants—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may make grants to any [eligible coastal state](#a-1) to assist that [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) in meeting one or more of the following objectives:
  - (1) The preservation or [restoration](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) of specific [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) of the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) that (A) are designated under the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) procedures required by [section 1455(d)(9) of this title](/usc/16/1455.md?p=d-9) because of their [conservation](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) recreational, ecological, or esthetic values, or (B) contain one or more coastal [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) of national significance, or for the purpose of restoring and enhancing shellfish production by the purchase and distribution of clutch material on publicly owned reef tracts.
  - (2) The redevelopment of deteriorating and underutilized urban waterfronts and ports that are designated in the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) pursuant to [section 1455(d)(2)(C) of this title](/usc/16/1455.md?p=d-2-C) as [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) of particular concern.
  - (3) The provision of access to public beaches and other public coastal [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) and to [coastal waters](/usc/16/1453.md?p=3) in accordance with the planning process required under [section 1455(d)(2)(G) of this title](/usc/16/1455.md?p=d-2-G).
  - (4) The development of a coordinated process among [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agencies to regulate and issue permits for aquaculture facilities in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1).
- (c) **Uses, terms and conditions of grants—**
  - (1) Each grant made by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) under this section shall be subject to such terms and conditions as may be appropriate to ensure that the grant is used for purposes consistent with this section.
  - (2) Grants made under this section may be used for—
    - (A) the [acquisition](/usc/16/620e.md?p=1) of fee simple and other interests in land;
    - (B) low-cost construction [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) determined by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) to be consistent with the purposes of this section, including but not limited to, paths, walkways, fences, [parks](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-3), and the rehabilitation of historic buildings and structures; except that not more than 50 per centum of any grant made under this section may be used for such construction [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4);
    - (C) in the case of grants made for objectives described in [subsection (b)(2)](#b-2)—
      - (i) the rehabilitation or [acquisition](/usc/16/620e.md?p=1) of piers to provide increased public use, including compatible commercial activity,
      - (ii) the establishment of shoreline stabilization measures including the installation or rehabilitation of bulkheads for the purpose of public safety or increasing public access and use, and
      - (iii) the removal or replacement of pilings where such action will provide increased recreational use of urban waterfront [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A),

      but activities provided for under this paragraph shall not be treated as construction [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) subject to the limitations in paragraph (B);

    - (D) engineering designs, specifications, and other appropriate reports; and
    - (E) educational, interpretive, and management costs and such other related costs as the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) determines to be consistent with the purposes of this section.
- (d) **State matching contributions; ratio; maximum amount of grants—**
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may make grants to any [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) for the purpose of carrying out the [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) or purpose for which such grants are awarded, if the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) matches any such grant according to the following ratios of Federal to [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) contributions for the applicable fiscal year: 4 to 1 for fiscal year 1986; 2.3 to 1 for fiscal year 1987; 1.5 to 1 for fiscal year 1988; and 1 to 1 for each fiscal year after fiscal year 1988.
  - (2) Grants provided under this section may be used to pay a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4)’s share of costs required under any other Federal [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) that is consistent with the purposes of this section.
  - (3) The total amount of grants made under this section to any [eligible coastal state](#a-1) for any fiscal year may not exceed an amount equal to 10 per centum of the total amount appropriated to carry out this section for such fiscal year.
- (e) **Allocation of grants to local governments and other agencies—** With the approval of the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), an [eligible coastal state](#a-1) may allocate to a [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11), an areawide agency designated under [section 3334 of title 42](/usc/42/3334.md), a regional agency, or an interstate agency, a portion of any grant made under this section for the purpose of carrying out this section; except that such an allocation shall not relieve that [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) of the responsibility for ensuring that any [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) so allocated are applied in furtherance of the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s approved [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12).
- (f) **Other technical and financial assistance—** In [addition](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-2) to providing grants under this section, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall assist [eligible coastal states](#a-1) and their [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) in identifying and obtaining other sources of available Federal technical and financial assistance regarding the objectives of this section.

# §1455b. Protecting coastal waters

- (a) **In general—**
  - (1) **Program development—** Not later than 30 months after the date of the publication of final guidance under [subsection (g)](#g), each [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) for which a [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) has been approved pursuant to section 306 of the [Coastal Zone](#i-3) Management Act of 1972 [[16 U.S.C. 1455](/usc/16/1455.md)] shall prepare and submit to the [Secretary](#i-6) and the [Administrator](#i-1) a Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control [Program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) for approval pursuant to this section. The purpose of the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) shall be to develop and implement management measures for nonpoint source pollution to restore and protect [coastal waters](#i-3), working in close conjunction with other [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and local authorities.
  - (2) **Program coordination—** A [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) under this section shall be coordinated closely with [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and local water quality plans and [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) developed pursuant to sections [1288](/usc/33/1288.md), [1313](/usc/33/1313.md), [1329](/usc/33/1329.md), and [1330](/usc/33/1330.md) of title 33 and with [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) plans developed pursuant to the [Coastal Zone](#i-3) Management Act of 1972, as amended by this Act [[16 U.S.C. 1451](/usc/16/1451.md) et seq.]. The [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) shall serve as an update and expansion of the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) nonpoint source [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) developed under [section 1329 of title 33](/usc/33/1329.md), as the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) under that section relates to land and [water uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) affecting [coastal waters](#i-3).
- (b) **Program contents—** Each [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) under this section shall provide for the implementation, at a minimum, of management measures in conformity with the guidance published under [subsection (g)](#g), to protect [coastal waters](#i-3) generally, and shall also contain the following:
  - (1) **Identifying land uses—** The identification of, and a continuing process for identifying, [land uses](#i-5) which, individually or cumulatively, may cause or contribute significantly to a degradation of—
    - (A) those [coastal waters](#i-3) where there is a failure to attain or maintain applicable water quality standards or protect designated [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10), as determined by the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) pursuant to its water quality planning processes; or
    - (B) those [coastal waters](#i-3) that are threatened by reasonably foreseeable increases in pollution loadings from new or expanding sources.
  - (2) **Identifying critical coastal areas—** The identification of, and a continuing process for identifying, critical coastal [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) adjacent to [coastal waters](#i-3) referred to in paragraph [(1)(A)](#b-1-A) and [(B)](#b-1-B), within which any new [land uses](#i-5) or substantial expansion of existing [land uses](#i-5) shall be subject to management measures in [addition](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-2) to those provided for in [subsection (g)](#g).
  - (3) **Management measures—** The implementation and continuing revision from time to time of additional management measures applicable to the [land uses](#i-5) and [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) identified pursuant to paragraphs [(1)](#b-1) and [(2)](#b-2) that are necessary to achieve and maintain applicable water quality standards under [section 1313 of title 33](/usc/33/1313.md) and protect designated [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10).
  - (4) **Technical assistance—** The provision of technical and other assistance to [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) and the public for implementing the measures referred to in [paragraph (3)](#b-3), which may include assistance in developing ordinances and regulations, technical guidance, and modeling to predict and assess the effectiveness of such measures, training, financial incentives, demonstration [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4), and other innovations to protect coastal water quality and designated [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10).
  - (5) **Public participation—** Opportunities for public participation in all aspects of the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), including the use of public notices and opportunities for comment, nomination procedures, public hearings, technical and financial assistance, public education, and other means.
  - (6) **Administrative coordination—** The establishment of mechanisms to improve coordination among [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agencies and between [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and local officials responsible for [land use](#i-5) [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) and permitting, water quality permitting and enforcement, habitat protection, and public health and safety, through the use of joint [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) review, memoranda of agreement, or other mechanisms.
  - (7) **State coastal zone boundary modification—** A [proposal](/usc/16/7302.md?p=3) to modify the boundaries of the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [coastal zone](#i-3) as the [coastal management agency](#i-4) of the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) determines is necessary to implement the recommendations made pursuant to [subsection (e)](#e). If the [coastal management agency](#i-4) does not have the authority to modify such boundaries, the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) shall include recommendations for such modifications to the appropriate [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) authority.
- (c) **Program submission, approval, and implementation—**
  - (1) **Review and approval—** Within 6 months after the date of submission by a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) of a [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) pursuant to this section, the [Secretary](#i-6) and the [Administrator](#i-1) shall jointly review the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1). The [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) shall be approved if—
    - (A) the [Secretary](#i-6) determines that the portions of the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) under the authority of the [Secretary](#i-6) meet the requirements of this section and the [Administrator](#i-1) concurs with that determination; and
    - (B) the [Administrator](#i-1) determines that the portions of the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) under the authority of the [Administrator](#i-1) meet the requirements of this section and the [Secretary](#i-6) concurs with that determination.
  - (2) **Implementation of approved program—** If the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) of a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) is approved in accordance with [paragraph (1)](#c-1), the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) shall implement the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), including the management measures included in the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) pursuant to [subsection (b)](#b), through—
    - (A) changes to the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) plan for control of nonpoint source pollution approved under [section 1329 of title 33](/usc/33/1329.md); and
    - (B) changes to the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [coastal zone](#i-3) [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) developed under section 306 of the [Coastal Zone](#i-3) Management Act of 1972, as amended by this Act [[16 U.S.C. 1455](/usc/16/1455.md)].
  - (3) **Withholding coastal management assistance—** If the [Secretary](#i-6) finds that a [coastal State](#i-2) has failed to submit an approvable [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) as required by this section, the [Secretary](#i-6) shall withhold for each fiscal year until such a [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) is submitted a portion of grants otherwise available to the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) for the fiscal year under section 306 of the [Coastal Zone](#i-3) Management Act of 1972 [[16 U.S.C. 1455](/usc/16/1455.md)], as follows:
    - (A) 10 percent for fiscal year 1996.
    - (B) 15 percent for fiscal year 1997.
    - (C) 20 percent for fiscal year 1998.
    - (D) 30 percent for fiscal year 1999 and each fiscal year thereafter.

    The [Secretary](#i-6) shall make amounts withheld under this paragraph available to [coastal States](#i-2) having [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) approved under this section.

  - (4) **Withholding water pollution control assistance—** If the [Administrator](#i-1) finds that a [coastal State](#i-2) has failed to submit an approvable [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) as required by this section, the [Administrator](#i-1) shall withhold from grants available to the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) under [section 1329 of title 33](/usc/33/1329.md), for each fiscal year until such a [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) is submitted, an amount equal to a percentage of the grants awarded to the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) for the preceding fiscal year under that section, as follows:
    - (A) For fiscal year 1996, 10 percent of the amount awarded for fiscal year 1995.
    - (B) For fiscal year 1997, 15 percent of the amount awarded for fiscal year 1996.
    - (C) For fiscal year 1998, 20 percent of the amount awarded for fiscal year 1997.
    - (D) For fiscal year 1999 and each fiscal year thereafter, 30 percent of the amount awarded for fiscal year 1998 or other preceding fiscal year.

    The [Administrator](#i-1) shall make amounts withheld under this paragraph available to [States](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) having [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) approved pursuant to this subsection.

- (d) **Technical assistance—** The [Secretary](#i-6) and the [Administrator](#i-1) shall provide technical assistance to [coastal States](#i-2) and [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) in developing and implementing [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) under this section. Such assistance shall include—
  - (1) methods for assessing water quality impacts associated with coastal [land uses](#i-5);
  - (2) methods for assessing the cumulative water quality effects of coastal development;
  - (3) maintaining and from time to time revising an inventory of model ordinances, and providing other assistance to [coastal States](#i-2) and [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) in identifying, developing, and implementing pollution control measures; and
  - (4) methods to predict and assess the effects of coastal [land use](#i-5) management measures on coastal water quality and designated [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10).
- (e) **Inland coastal zone boundaries—**
  - (1) **Review—** The [Secretary](#i-6), in consultation with the [Administrator](#i-1) of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall, within 18 months after November 5, 1990, review the inland [coastal zone](#i-3) boundary of each [coastal State](#i-2) [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) which has been approved or is proposed for approval under section 306 of the [Coastal Zone](#i-3) Management Act of 1972 [[16 U.S.C. 1455](/usc/16/1455.md)], and evaluate whether the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s [coastal zone](#i-3) boundary extends inland to the extent necessary to control the land and [water uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) that have a significant impact on [coastal waters](#i-3) of the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2).
  - (2) **Recommendation—** If the [Secretary](#i-6), in consultation with the [Administrator](#i-1), finds that modifications to the inland boundaries of a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s [coastal zone](#i-3) are necessary for that [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) to more effectively manage land and [water uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) to protect [coastal waters](#i-3), the [Secretary](#i-6), in consultation with the [Administrator](#i-1), shall recommend appropriate modifications in writing to the affected [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2).
- (f) **Financial assistance—**
  - (1) **In general—** Upon request of a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) having a [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) approved under section 306 of the [Coastal Zone](#i-3) Management Act of 1972 [[16 U.S.C. 1455](/usc/16/1455.md)], the [Secretary](#i-6), in consultation with the [Administrator](#i-1), may provide grants to the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) for use for developing a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) under this section.
  - (2) **Amount—** The total amount of grants to a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) under this subsection shall not exceed 50 percent of the total cost to the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) of developing a [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) under this section.
  - (3) **State share—** The [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) share of the cost of an activity carried out with a grant under this subsection shall be paid from amounts from non-Federal sources.
  - (4) **Allocation—** Amounts available for grants under this subsection shall be allocated among [States](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) in accordance with regulations issued pursuant to section 306(c) of the [Coastal Zone](#i-3) Management Act of 1972 [[16 U.S.C. 1455(c)](/usc/16/1455.md?p=c)], except that the [Secretary](#i-6) may use not more than 25 percent of amounts available for such grants to assist [States](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) which the [Secretary](#i-6), in consultation with the [Administrator](#i-1), determines are making exemplary progress in preparing a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) under this section or have extreme needs with respect to coastal water quality.
- (g) **Guidance for coastal nonpoint source pollution control—**
  - (1) **In general—** The [Administrator](#i-1), in consultation with the [Secretary](#i-6) and the Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and other Federal agencies, shall publish (and periodically revise thereafter) guidance for specifying [management measures](#g-5) for sources of nonpoint pollution in [coastal waters](#i-3).
  - (2) **Content—** Guidance under this subsection shall include, at a minimum—
    - (A) a description of a range of methods, measures, or practices, including structural and nonstructural controls and operation and maintenance procedures, that constitute each measure;
    - (B) a description of the categories and subcategories of activities and locations for which each measure may be suitable;
    - (C) an identification of the individual pollutants or categories or classes of pollutants that may be controlled by the measures and the water quality effects of the measures;
    - (D) quantitative estimates of the pollution reduction effects and costs of the measures;
    - (E) a description of the factors which should be taken into account in adapting the measures to specific sites or locations; and
    - (F) any necessary monitoring techniques to accompany the measures to assess over time the success of the measures in reducing pollution loads and improving water quality.
  - (3) **Publication—** The [Administrator](#i-1), in consultation with the [Secretary](#i-6), shall publish—
    - (A) proposed guidance pursuant to this subsection not later than 6 months after November 5, 1990; and
    - (B) final guidance pursuant to this subsection not later than 18 months after November 5, 1990.
  - (4) **Notice and comment—** The [Administrator](#i-1) shall provide to [coastal States](#i-2) and other interested [persons](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) an opportunity to provide written comments on proposed guidance under this subsection.
  - (5) **Management measures—** For purposes of this subsection, the term “management measures” means economically achievable measures for the control of the [addition](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-2) of pollutants from existing and new categories and classes of nonpoint sources of pollution, which reflect the greatest degree of pollutant reduction achievable through the application of the best available nonpoint pollution control practices, technologies, processes, siting criteria, operating methods, or other alternatives.
- (h) **Authorization of appropriations—**
  - (1) **Administrator—** There is authorized to be appropriated to the [Administrator](#i-1) for use for carrying out this section not more than $1,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1992, 1993, and 1994.
  - (2) **Secretary—**
    - (A) Of amounts appropriated to the [Secretary](#i-6) for a fiscal year under section 318(a)(4)[^1] of the [Coastal Zone](#i-3) Management Act of 1972, as amended by this Act, not more than $1,000,000 shall be available for use by the [Secretary](#i-6) for carrying out this section for that fiscal year, other than for providing in the form of grants under [subsection (f)](#f).
    - (B) There is authorized to be appropriated to the [Secretary](#i-6) for use for providing in the form of grants under [subsection (f)](#f) not more than—
      - (i) $6,000,000 for fiscal year 1992;
      - (ii) $12,000,000 for fiscal year 1993;
      - (iii) $12,000,000 for fiscal year 1994; and
      - (iv) $12,000,000 for fiscal year 1995.
- (i) **Definitions—** In this section—
  - (1) the term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency;
  - (2) the term “coastal State” has the meaning given the term “coastal state” under section 304 of the [Coastal Zone](#i-3) Management Act of 1972 ([16 U.S.C. 1453](/usc/16/1453.md));
  - (3) each of the terms “coastal waters” and “coastal zone” has the meaning that term has in the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 [[16 U.S.C. 1451](/usc/16/1451.md) et seq.];
  - (4) the term “coastal management agency” means a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agency designated pursuant to section 306(d)(6) of the [Coastal Zone](#i-3) Management Act of 1972 [[16 U.S.C. 1455(d)(6)](/usc/16/1455.md?p=d-6)];
  - (5) the term “land use” includes a use of waters adjacent to [coastal waters](#i-3); and
  - (6) the term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Commerce.

# §1456. Coordination and cooperation

- (a) **Federal agencies—** In carrying out his functions and responsibilities under this chapter, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall consult with, cooperate with, and, to the maximum extent practicable, coordinate his activities with other interested Federal agencies.
- (b) **Adequate consideration of views of Federal agencies—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall not approve the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) submitted by a [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) pursuant to [section 1455 of this title](/usc/16/1455.md) unless the views of Federal agencies principally affected by such [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) have been adequately considered.
- (c) **Consistency of Federal activities with State management programs; Presidential exemption; certification—**
  - (1)
    - (A) Each Federal agency activity within or outside the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) that affects any land or [water use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) or natural resource of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) shall be carried out in a manner which is consistent to the maximum extent practicable with the [enforceable policies](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6a) of approved [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [management programs](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12). A Federal agency activity shall be subject to this paragraph unless it is subject to paragraph [(2)](#c-2) or [(3)](#c-3).
    - (B) After any final judgment, decree, or order of any Federal court that is appealable under section [1291](/usc/28/1291.md) or [1292](/usc/28/1292.md) of title 28, or under any other applicable provision of Federal law, that a specific Federal agency activity is not in compliance with [subparagraph (A)](#c-1-A), and certification by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) that mediation under [subsection (h)](#h) is not likely to result in such compliance, the President may, upon written request from the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), exempt from compliance those elements of the Federal agency activity that are found by the Federal court to be inconsistent with an approved [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), if the President determines that the activity is in the paramount interest of the United States. No such exemption shall be granted on the basis of a lack of appropriations unless the President has specifically requested such appropriations as part of the budgetary process, and the Congress has failed to make available the requested appropriations.
    - (C) Each Federal agency carrying out an activity subject to [paragraph (1)](#c-1) shall provide a consistency determination to the relevant [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agency designated under [section 1455(d)(6) of this title](/usc/16/1455.md?p=d-6) at the earliest practicable time, but in no case later than 90 days before final approval of the Federal activity unless both the Federal agency and the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agency agree to a different schedule.
  - (2) Any Federal agency which shall undertake any development [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) of a [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) shall insure that the [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) is, to the maximum extent practicable, consistent with the [enforceable policies](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6a) of approved [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [management programs](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12).
  - (3)
    - (A) After final approval by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of a [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12), any applicant for a required Federal license or permit to conduct an activity, in or outside of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), affecting any land or [water use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) or natural resource of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) of that [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) shall provide in the application to the licensing or permitting agency a certification that the proposed activity complies with the [enforceable policies](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6a) of the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s approved [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) and that such activity will be conducted in a manner consistent with the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1). At the same time, the applicant shall furnish to the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or its designated agency a copy of the certification, with all necessary information and data. Each [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) shall establish procedures for public notice in the case of all such certifications and, to the extent it deems appropriate, procedures for public hearings in connection therewith. At the earliest practicable time, the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or its designated agency shall notify the Federal agency concerned that the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) concurs with or objects to the applicant’s certification. If the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or its designated agency fails to furnish the required notification within six months after receipt of its copy of the applicant’s certification, the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s concurrence with the certification shall be conclusively presumed. No license or permit shall be granted by the Federal agency until the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or its designated agency has concurred with the applicant’s certification or until, by the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s failure to act, the concurrence is conclusively presumed, unless the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), on his own initiative or upon appeal by the applicant, finds after providing a reasonable opportunity for detailed comments from the Federal agency involved and from the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), that the activity is consistent with the objectives of this chapter or is otherwise necessary in the interest of national security.
    - (B) After the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) of any [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) has been approved by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) under [section 1455 of this title](/usc/16/1455.md), any [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) who submits to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of the Interior any plan for the exploration or development of, or production from, any [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) which has been leased under the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act ([43 U.S.C. 1331](/usc/43/1331.md) et seq.) and regulations under such Act shall, with respect to any exploration, development, or production described in such plan and affecting any land or [water use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) or natural resource of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) of such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), attach to such plan a certification that each activity which is described in detail in such plan complies with the [enforceable policies](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6a) of such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s approved [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) and will be carried out in a manner consistent with such [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1). No Federal official or agency shall grant such [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) any license or permit for any activity described in detail in such plan until such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or its designated agency receives a copy of such certification and plan, together with any other necessary data and information, and until—
      - (i) such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or its designated agency, in accordance with the procedures required to be established by such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) pursuant to [subparagraph (A)](#c-3-A), concurs with such [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14)’s certification and notifies the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) and the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of the Interior of such concurrence;
      - (ii) concurrence by such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) with such certification is conclusively presumed as provided for in [subparagraph (A)](#c-3-A), except if such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) fails to concur with or object to such certification within three months after receipt of its copy of such certification and supporting information, such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) shall provide the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), the appropriate federal agency, and such [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) with a written statement describing the status of review and the basis for further delay in issuing a final decision, and if such statement is not so provided, concurrence by such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) with such certification shall be conclusively presumed; or
      - (iii) the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) finds, pursuant to [subparagraph (A)](#c-3-A), that each activity which is described in detail in such plan is consistent with the objectives of this chapter or is otherwise necessary in the interest of national security.

      If a [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) concurs or is conclusively presumed to concur, or if the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) makes such a finding, the provisions of [subparagraph (A)](#c-3-A) are not applicable with respect to such [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14), such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), and any Federal license or permit which is required to conduct any activity affecting [land uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) or [water uses](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) of such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) which is described in detail in the plan to which such concurrence or finding applies. If such [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) objects to such certification and if the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) fails to make a finding under [clause (iii)](#c-3-B-iii) with respect to such certification, or if such [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) fails substantially to comply with such plan as submitted, such [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) shall submit an amendment to such plan, or a new plan, to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of the Interior. With respect to any amendment or new plan submitted to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of the Interior pursuant to the preceding sentence, the applicable time period for purposes of concurrence by conclusive presumption under [subparagraph (A)](#c-3-A) is 3 months.

- (d) **Application of local governments for Federal assistance; relationship of activities with approved management programs—** [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) submitting applications for Federal assistance under other Federal [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), in or outside of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), affecting any land or [water use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=18) of natural resource of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) shall indicate the views of the appropriate [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or local agency as to the relationship of such activities to the approved [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) for the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1). Such applications shall be submitted and coordinated in accordance with the provisions of [section 6506 of title 31](/usc/31/6506.md). Federal agencies shall not approve proposed [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) that are inconsistent with the [enforceable policies](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6a) of a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4)’s [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12), except upon a finding by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) that such [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) is consistent with the purposes of this chapter or necessary in the interest of national security.
- (e) **Construction with other laws—** Nothing in this chapter shall be construed—
  - (1) to diminish either Federal or [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) jurisdiction, responsibility, or rights in the field of planning, development, or control of water [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8), submerged lands, or navigable waters; nor to displace, supersede, limit, or modify any interstate compact or the jurisdiction or responsibility of any legally established joint or common agency of two or more [states](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) or of two or more [states](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) and the Federal Government; nor to limit the authority of Congress to authorize and [fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4);
  - (2) as superseding, modifying, or repealing existing laws applicable to the various Federal agencies; nor to affect the jurisdiction, powers, or prerogatives of the International Joint [Commission](/usc/16/410cc–1.md?p=3), United States and Canada, the Permanent Engineering [Board](/usc/16/1447a.md?p=1), and the United States operating entity or entities established pursuant to the Columbia River Basin Treaty, signed at Washington, January 17, 1961, or the International Boundary and Water [Commission](/usc/16/410cc–1.md?p=3), United States and Mexico.
- (f) **Construction with existing requirements of water and air pollution programs—** Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, nothing in this chapter shall in any way affect any requirement (1) established by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended [[33 U.S.C. 1251](/usc/33/1251.md) et seq.], or the Clean Air Act, as amended [[42 U.S.C. 7401](/usc/42/7401.md) et seq.], or (2) established by the Federal Government or by any [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) pursuant to such Acts. Such requirements shall be incorporated in any [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) developed pursuant to this chapter and shall be the water pollution control and air pollution control requirements applicable to such [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1).
- (g) **Concurrence with programs which affect inland areas—** When any [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12), submitted for approval or proposed for modification pursuant to [section 1455 of this title](/usc/16/1455.md), includes requirements as to shorelands which also would be subject to any Federally supported national [land use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) which may be hereafter enacted, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), prior to approving such [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), shall obtain the concurrence of the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of the Interior, or such other Federal official as may be designated to administer the national [land use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10) [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), with respect to that portion of the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) affecting such inland [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A).
- (h) **Mediation of disagreements—** In case of serious disagreement between any Federal agency and a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4)—
  - (1) in the development or the initial implementation of a [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) under [section 1454 of this title](/usc/16/1454.md); or
  - (2) in the administration of a [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) approved under [section 1455 of this title](/usc/16/1455.md);

  the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), with the cooperation of the Executive Office of the President, shall seek to mediate the differences involved in such disagreement. The process of such mediation shall, with respect to any disagreement described in [paragraph (2)](#h-2), include public hearings which shall be conducted in the local [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) concerned.

- (i) **Application fee for appeals—**
  - (1) With respect to appeals under subsections [(c)(3)](#c-3) and [(d)](#d) which are submitted after November 5, 1990, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall collect an application fee of not less than $200 for minor appeals and not less than $500 for major appeals, unless the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), upon consideration of an applicant’s request for a fee waiver, determines that the applicant is unable to pay the fee.
  - (2)
    - (A) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall collect such other fees as are necessary to recover the full costs of administering and processing such appeals under [subsection (c)](#c).
    - (B) If the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) waives the application fee under [paragraph (1)](#i-1) for an applicant, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall waive all other fees under this subsection for the applicant.
  - (3) Fees collected under this subsection shall be deposited into the [Coastal Zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) Management [Fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) established under [section 1456a of this title](/usc/16/1456a.md).

# §1456–1. Authorization of the Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program

- (a) **In general—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may conduct a Coastal and Estuarine Land [Conservation](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [Program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), in cooperation with appropriate [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), regional, and other [units](/usc/16/430f–7.md?p=4) of government, for the purposes of protecting important coastal and estuarine [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) that have significant [conservation](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), recreation, ecological, historical, or aesthetic values, or that are threatened by conversion from their natural, undeveloped, or recreational [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) to other [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) or could be managed or restored to effectively conserve, enhance, or restore ecological function. The [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) shall be administered by the National Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management.
- (b) **Property acquisition grants—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall make grants under the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) to [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) with approved [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) [management plans](/usc/16/460mmm–1.md?p=3) or National Estuarine Research Reserve [units](/usc/16/430f–7.md?p=4) for the purpose of acquiring property or interests in property described in [subsection (a)](#a) that will further the goals of—
  - (1) a [Coastal Zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) [Management Plan](/usc/16/460mmm–1.md?p=3) or [Program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) approved under this chapter;
  - (2) a National Estuarine Research Reserve [management plan](/usc/16/460mmm–1.md?p=3);
  - (3) a regional or [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) watershed protection or [management plan](/usc/16/460mmm–1.md?p=3) involving [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) with approved [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) [management programs](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12); or
  - (4) a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) coastal land [acquisition](/usc/16/620e.md?p=1) plan that is consistent with an approved [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12).
- (c) **Grant process—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall allocate [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) to [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) or National Estuarine Research Reserves under this section through a competitive grant process in accordance with guidelines that meet the following requirements:
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall consult with the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4)’s [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12), any National Estuarine Research Reserve in that [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), and the lead agency designated by the Governor for coordinating the implementation of this section (if different from the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12)).
  - (2) Each participating [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4), after consultation with local governmental entities and other interested stakeholders, shall identify priority [conservation](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) needs within the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), the values to be protected by inclusion of lands in the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), and the threats to those values that should be avoided.
  - (3) Each participating [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) shall to the extent practicable ensure that the [acquisition](/usc/16/620e.md?p=1) of property or easements shall complement working waterfront needs.
  - (4) The applicant shall identify the values to be protected by inclusion of the lands in the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), management activities that are planned and the manner in which they may affect the values identified, and any other information from the landowner relevant to administration and management of the land.
  - (5) Awards shall be based on demonstrated need for protection and ability to successfully leverage [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) among participating entities, including Federal [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), regional organizations, [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) and other governmental [units](/usc/16/430f–7.md?p=4), landowners, corporations, or private organizations.
  - (6) The governor, or the lead agency designated by the governor for coordinating the implementation of this section, where appropriate in consultation with the appropriate [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11), shall determine that the application is consistent with the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s or territory’s approved [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) plan, [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), and policies prior to submittal to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16).
  - (7)
    - (A) Priority shall be given to lands described in [subsection (a)](#a) that can be effectively managed and protected and that have significant ecological value.
    - (B) Of the [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) that meet the standard in [subparagraph (A)](#c-7-A), priority shall be given to lands that—
      - (i) are under an imminent threat of conversion to a use that will degrade or otherwise diminish their natural, undeveloped, or recreational [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2); and
      - (ii) serve to mitigate the adverse impacts caused by coastal population growth in the coastal environment.
  - (8) In developing guidelines under this section, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall consult with [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4), other Federal agencies, and other interested stakeholders with expertise in land [acquisition](/usc/16/620e.md?p=1) and [conservation](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) procedures.
  - (9) Eligible [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) or National Estuarine Research Reserves may allocate grants to [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) or agencies eligible for assistance under [section 1455a(e) of this title](/usc/16/1455a.md?p=e).
  - (10) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall develop performance measures that the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall use to evaluate and report on the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1)’s effectiveness in accomplishing its purposes, and shall submit such evaluations to Congress triennially.
- (d) **Limitations and private property protections—**
  - (1) A grant awarded under this section may be used to purchase land or an interest in land, including an easement, only from a willing seller. Any such purchase shall not be the result of a forced taking under this section. Nothing in this section requires a private property [owner](/usc/16/429b–3.md?p=4) to participate in the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) under this section.
  - (2) Any interest in land, including any easement, acquired with a grant under this section shall not be considered to create any new liability, or have any effect on liability under any other law, of any private property [owner](/usc/16/429b–3.md?p=4) with respect to any [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) injured on the private property.
  - (3) Nothing in this section requires a private property [owner](/usc/16/429b–3.md?p=4) to provide access (including Federal, [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), or [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) access) to or use of private property unless such property or an interest in such property (including a [conservation easement](#k-1)) has been purchased with [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) made available under this section.
- (e) **Recognition of authority to control land use—** Nothing in this chapter modifies the authority of Federal, [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), or [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) to regulate [land use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10).
- (f) **Matching requirements—**
  - (1) **In general—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may not make a grant under the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) unless the Federal [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) are matched by non-Federal [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) in accordance with this subsection.
  - (2) **Cost share requirement—**
    - (A) **In general—** Grant [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) under the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) shall require a 100 percent match from other non-Federal sources.
    - (B) **Waiver of requirement—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may grant a waiver of [subparagraph (A)](#f-2-A) for underserved communities, communities that have an inability to draw on other sources of funding because of the small population or low income of the community, or for other reasons the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) deems appropriate and consistent with the purposes of the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1).
  - (3) **Other Federal funds—** Where financial assistance awarded under this section represents only a portion of the total cost of a [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4), funding from other Federal sources may be applied to the cost of the [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4). Each portion shall be subject to match requirements under the applicable provision of law.
  - (4) **Source of matching cost share—** For purposes of [paragraph (2)(A)](#f-2-A), the non-Federal cost share for a [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) may be determined by taking into account the following:
    - (A) The value of land or a [conservation easement](#k-1) may be used by a [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) applicant as non-Federal match, if the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) determines that—
      - (i) the land meets the criteria set forth in [section 2(b)](/usc/16/2.md)[^1] and is acquired in the period beginning 3 years before the date of the submission of the grant application and ending 3 years after the date of the award of the grant;
      - (ii) the value of the land or easement is held by a non-governmental organization included in the grant application in perpetuity for [conservation](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) purposes of the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1); and
      - (iii) the land or easement is connected either physically or through a conservation planning process to the land or easement that would be acquired.
    - (B) The appraised value of the land or [conservation easement](#k-1) at the time of the grant closing will be considered and applied as the non-Federal cost share.
    - (C) Costs associated with land [acquisition](/usc/16/620e.md?p=1), land management planning, remediation, [restoration](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), and enhancement may be used as non-Federal match if the activities are identified in the plan and expenses are incurred within the period of the grant award, or, for lands described in[^2] (A), within the same time limits described therein. These costs may include either cash or in-kind contributions.
- (g) **Reservation of funds for National Estuarine Research Reserve sites—** No less than 15 percent of [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) made available under this section shall be available for [acquisitions](/usc/16/620e.md?p=1) benefitting National Estuarine Research Reserves.
- (h) **Limit on administrative costs—** No more than 5 percent of the [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) made available to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) under this section shall be used by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) for planning or administration of the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1). The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall provide a report to Congress with an account of all expenditures under this section for fiscal year 2009 and triennially thereafter.
- (i) **Title and management of acquired property—** If any property is acquired in whole or in part with [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) made available through a grant under this section, the [grant recipient](/usc/16/1015.md?p=3) shall provide—
  - (1) such assurances as the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may require that—
    - (A) the title to the property will be held by the [grant recipient](/usc/16/1015.md?p=3) or another appropriate public agency designated by the recipient in perpetuity;
    - (B) the property will be managed in a manner that is consistent with the purposes for which the land entered into the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) and shall not convert such property to other [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10); and
    - (C) if the property or interest in land is sold, exchanged, or divested, [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) equal to the current value will be returned to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) in accordance with applicable Federal law for redistribution in the grant process; and
  - (2) certification that the property (including any interest in land) will be acquired from a willing seller.
- (j) **Requirement for property used for non-Federal match—** If the [grant recipient](/usc/16/1015.md?p=3) elects to use any land or interest in land held by a non-governmental organization as a non-Federal match under [subsection (g)](#g), the [grant recipient](/usc/16/1015.md?p=3) must to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16)’s satisfaction demonstrate in the grant application that such land or interest will satisfy the same requirements as the lands or interests in lands acquired under the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1).
- (k) **Definitions—** In this section:
  - (1) **Conservation easement—** The term “conservation easement” includes an easement or restriction, recorded deed, or a reserve interest deed where the grantee [acquires](/usc/16/620e.md?p=1) all rights, title, and interest in a property, that do not conflict with the goals of this section except those rights, title, and interests that may run with the land that are expressly reserved by a grantor and are agreed to at the time of purchase.
  - (2) **Interest in property—** The term “interest in property” includes a [conservation easement](#k-1).
- (l) **Authorization of appropriations—** There are authorized to be appropriated to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) to carry out this section $60,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2013.

# §1456a. Coastal Zone Management Fund

- (a)
  - (1) The obligations of any [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) or [unit](/usc/16/430f–7.md?p=4) of general purpose [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) to repay loans made pursuant to this section as in effect before November 5, 1990, and any repayment schedule established pursuant to this chapter as in effect before November 5, 1990, are not altered by any provision of this chapter. Such loans shall be repaid under authority of this subsection and the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may issue regulations governing such repayment. If the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) finds that any [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) or [unit](/usc/16/430f–7.md?p=4) of [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) is unable to meet its obligations pursuant to this subsection because the actual increases in employment and related population resulting from [coastal energy activity](/usc/16/1453.md?p=5) and the facilities associated with such activity do not provide adequate revenues to enable such [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or [unit](/usc/16/430f–7.md?p=4) to meet such obligations in accordance with the appropriate repayment schedule, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall, after review of the information submitted by such [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) or [unit](/usc/16/430f–7.md?p=4), take any of the following actions:
    - (A) Modify the terms and conditions of such loan.
    - (B) Refinance the loan.
    - (C) Recommend to the Congress that legislation be enacted to forgive the loan.
  - (2) Loan repayments made pursuant to this subsection shall be retained by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) as offsetting collections, and shall be deposited into the [Coastal Zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) Management [Fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) established under [subsection (b)](#b).
- (b)
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall establish and maintain a [fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2), to be known as the “[Coastal Zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) Management [Fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2)”, which shall consist of amounts retained and deposited into the [Fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) under [subsection (a)](#a) and fees deposited into the [Fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) under [section 1456(i)(3) of this title](/usc/16/1456.md?p=i-3).
  - (2) Subject to amounts provided in appropriation Acts, amounts in the [Fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) shall be available to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) for use for the following:
    - (A) Expenses incident to the administration of this chapter, in an amount not to exceed for each of fiscal years 1997, 1998, and 1999 the higher of—
      - (i) $4,000,000; or
      - (ii) 8 percent of the total amount appropriated under this chapter for the fiscal year.
    - (B) After use under [subparagraph (A)](#b-2-A)—
      - (i) [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) to address management issues which are regional in scope, including interstate [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4);
      - (ii) demonstration [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) which have high potential for improving [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) management, especially at the local level;
      - (iii) emergency grants to [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) management agencies to address unforeseen or disaster-related circumstances;
      - (iv) appropriate awards recognizing excellence in [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) management as provided in [section 1460 of this title](/usc/16/1460.md); and
      - (v) to provide financial support to [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) for use for investigating and applying the public [trust](/usc/16/450ss–1.md?p=4) doctrine to implement [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [management programs](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) approved under [section 1455 of this title](/usc/16/1455.md).

# §1456b. Coastal zone enhancement grants

- (a) **“Coastal zone enhancement objective” defined—** For purposes of this section, the term “coastal zone enhancement objective” means any of the following objectives:
  - (1) Protection, [restoration](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), or enhancement of the existing coastal wetlands base, or creation of new coastal wetlands.
  - (2) Preventing or significantly reducing threats to life and destruction of property by eliminating development and redevelopment in high-hazard [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), managing development in other hazard [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), and anticipating and managing the effects of potential sea level rise and Great Lakes level rise.
  - (3) Attaining increased opportunities for public access, taking into account current and future public access needs, to coastal [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) of recreational, historical, aesthetic, ecological, or cultural value.
  - (4) Reducing marine debris entering the Nation’s coastal and ocean environment by managing [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) and activities that contribute to the entry of such debris.
  - (5) Development and adoption of procedures to assess, consider, and control cumulative and secondary impacts of coastal growth and development, including the collective effect on various individual [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) or activities on coastal [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8), such as coastal wetlands and [fishery](/usc/16/1383a.md?p=o-1) [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8).
  - (6) Preparing and implementing [special area management plans](/usc/16/1453.md?p=17) for important coastal [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A).
  - (7) Planning for the use of ocean [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8).
  - (8) Adoption of procedures and [enforceable policies](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6a) to help facilitate the siting of [energy facilities](/usc/16/1453.md?p=6) and Government facilities and energy-related activities and Government activities which may be of greater than local significance.
  - (9) Adoption of procedures and policies to evaluate and facilitate the siting of public and private aquaculture facilities in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1), which will enable [States](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) to formulate, administer, and implement strategic plans for marine aquaculture.
- (b) **Limits on grants—**
  - (1) Subject to the limitations and goals established in this section, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may make grants to [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) to provide funding for development and submission for Federal approval of [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) changes that support attainment of one or more [coastal zone enhancement objectives](#a).
  - (2)
    - (A) In [addition](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-2) to any amounts provided under [section 1455 of this title](/usc/16/1455.md), and subject to the availability of appropriations, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may make grants under this subsection to [States](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) for implementing [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) changes approved by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) in accordance with [section 1455(e) of this title](/usc/16/1455.md?p=e).
    - (B) Grants under this paragraph to implement a [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) change may not be made in any fiscal year after the second fiscal year that begins after the approval of that change by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16).
- (c) **Evaluation of State proposals by Secretary—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall evaluate and rank [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [proposals](/usc/16/7302.md?p=3) for funding under this section, and make funding awards based on those [proposals](/usc/16/7302.md?p=3), taking into account the criteria established by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) under [subsection (d)](#d). The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall ensure that funding decisions under this section take into consideration the fiscal and technical needs of proposing [States](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) and the overall merit of each [proposal](/usc/16/7302.md?p=3) in terms of benefits to the public.
- (d) **Promulgation of regulations by Secretary—** Within 12 months following November 5, 1990, and consistent with the notice and participation requirements established in [section 1463 of this title](/usc/16/1463.md), the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall promulgate regulations concerning [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) enhancement grants that establish—
  - (1) specific and detailed criteria that must be addressed by a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) (including the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s priority needs for improvement as identified by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) after careful consultation with the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)) as part of the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s development and implementation of [coastal zone enhancement objectives](#a);
  - (2) administrative or procedural rules or requirements as necessary to facilitate the development and implementation of such objectives by [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4); and
  - (3) other funding award criteria as are necessary or appropriate to ensure that evaluations of [proposals](/usc/16/7302.md?p=3), and decisions to award funding, under this section are based on objective standards applied fairly and equitably to those [proposals](/usc/16/7302.md?p=3).
- (e) **No State contribution required—** A [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) shall not be required to contribute any portion of the cost of any [proposal](/usc/16/7302.md?p=3) for which funding is awarded under this section.
- (f) **Funding—** Beginning in fiscal year 1991, not less than 10 percent and not more than 20 percent of the amounts appropriated to implement sections [1455](/usc/16/1455.md) and [1455a](/usc/16/1455a.md) of this title shall be retained by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) for use in implementing this section, up to a maximum of $10,000,000 annually.
- (g) **Eligibility; suspension of State for noncompliance—** If the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) finds that the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) is not undertaking the actions committed to under the terms of the grant, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall suspend the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s eligibility for further funding under this section for at least one year.

# §1456c. Technical assistance

- (a) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall conduct a [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) of technical assistance and management-oriented research necessary to support the development and implementation of [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) coastal [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) amendments under [section 1456b of this title](/usc/16/1456b.md), and appropriate to the furtherance of international cooperative efforts and technical assistance in [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) management. Each department, agency, and instrumentality of the executive branch of the Federal Government may assist the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), on a reimbursable basis or otherwise, in carrying out the purposes of this section, including the furnishing of information to the extent permitted by law, the transfer of personnel with their consent and without prejudice to their position and rating, and the performance of any research, study, and technical assistance which does not interfere with the performance of the primary duties of such department, agency, or instrumentality. The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may enter into contracts or other arrangements with any qualified [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) for the purposes of carrying out this subsection.
- (b)
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall provide for the coordination of technical assistance, studies, and research activities under this section with any other such activities that are conducted by or subject to the authority of the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16).
  - (2) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall make the results of research and studies conducted pursuant to this section available to [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) in the form of technical assistance publications, workshops, or other means appropriate.
  - (3) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall consult with [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) on a regular basis regarding the development and implementation of the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) established by this section.

# §1456d. Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program


The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall establish a Coastal and Estuarine Land [Conservation](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [Program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), for the purpose of protecting important coastal and estuarine [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) that have significant [conservation](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), recreation, ecological, historical, or aesthetic values, or that are threatened by conversion from their natural or recreational [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) to other [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10): Provided further, That by September 30, 2002, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall issue guidelines for this [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) delineating the criteria for grant awards: Provided further, That the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall [distribute](/usc/16/559b.md?p=c) these [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) in consultation with the [States](/usc/16/544.md?p=r)’ [Coastal Zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) Managers’ or Governors’ designated [representatives](/usc/16/5609.md?p=13) based on demonstrated need and ability to successfully leverage [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2), and shall give priority to lands which can be effectively managed and protected and which have significant ecological value: Provided further, That grants funded under this [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) shall require a 100 percent match from other sources.


# §1457. Public hearings


All public hearings required under this chapter must be announced at least thirty days prior to the hearing date. At the time of the announcement, all agency materials pertinent to the hearings, including documents, studies, and other data, must be made available to the public for review and study. As similar materials are subsequently developed, they shall be made available to the public as they become available to the agency.


# §1458. Review of performance

- (a) **Evaluation of adherence with terms of grants—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall conduct a continuing review of the performance of [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) with respect to coastal management. Each review shall include a written evaluation with an assessment and detailed findings concerning the extent to which the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) has implemented and enforced the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) approved by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), addressed the coastal management needs identified in [section 1452(2)(A) through (K)](/usc/16/1452.md?p=2-A..2-K) of this title, and adhered to the terms of any grant, loan, or cooperative agreement funded under this chapter.
- (b) **Public participation; notice of meetings; reports—** In evaluating a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4)’s performance, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall conduct the evaluation in an open and public manner, and provide full opportunity for public participation, including holding public meetings in the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) being evaluated and providing opportunities for the submission of written and oral comments by the public. The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall provide the public with at least 45 days’ notice of such public meetings by placing a notice in the Federal Register, by publication of timely notices in newspapers of general circulation within the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) being evaluated, and by communications with [persons](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) and organizations known to be interested in the evaluation. Each evaluation shall be prepared in report form and shall include written responses to the written comments received during the evaluation process. The final report of the evaluation shall be completed within 120 days after the last public meeting held in the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) being evaluated. Copies of the evaluation shall be immediately provided to all [persons](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) and organizations participating in the evaluation process.
- (c) **Suspension of financial assistance for noncompliance; notification of Governor; length of suspension—**
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may suspend payment of any portion of financial assistance extended to any [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) under this chapter, and may withdraw any unexpended portion of such assistance, if the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) determines that the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) is failing to adhere to (A) the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) or a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) plan developed to manage a national estuarine reserve established under [section 1461 of this title](/usc/16/1461.md), or a portion of the [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) or plan approved by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), or (B) the terms of any grant or cooperative agreement funded under this chapter.
  - (2) Financial assistance may not be suspended under [paragraph (1)](#c-1) unless the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) provides the Governor of the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) with—
    - (A) written specifications and a schedule for the actions that should be taken by the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) in order that such suspension of financial assistance may be withdrawn; and
    - (B) written specifications stating how those [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) from the suspended financial assistance shall be expended by the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) to take the actions referred to in [subparagraph (A)](#c-2-A).
  - (3) The suspension of financial assistance may not last for less than 6 months or more than 36 months after the date of suspension.
- (d) **Withdrawal of approval of program—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall withdraw approval of the [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) of any [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) and shall withdraw financial assistance available to that [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) under this chapter as well as any unexpended portion of such assistance, if the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) determines that the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) has failed to take the actions referred to in [subsection (c)(2)(A)](#c-2-A).
- (e) **Notice and hearing—** [Management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) approval and financial assistance may not be withdrawn under [subsection (d)](#d), unless the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) gives the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) notice of the proposed withdrawal and an opportunity for a public hearing on the proposed action. Upon the withdrawal of [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12) approval under this [subsection (d)](#d), the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall provide the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) with written specifications of the actions that should be taken, or not engaged in, by the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) in order that such withdrawal may be canceled by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16).

# §1459. Records and audit

- (a) **Maintenance of records by recipients of grants or financial assistance—** Each recipient of a grant under this chapter or of financial assistance under [section 1456a of this title](/usc/16/1456a.md), as in effect before November 5, 1990, shall keep such records as the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall prescribe, including records which fully disclose the amount and disposition of the [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) received under the grant and of the proceeds of such assistance, the total cost of the [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) or undertaking supplied by other sources, and such other records as will facilitate an effective audit.
- (b) **Access by Secretary and Comptroller General to records, books, etc., of recipients of grants or financial assistance for audit and examination—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) and the Comptroller General of the United States, or any of their duly authorized [representatives](/usc/16/5609.md?p=13), shall—
  - (1) after any grant is made under this chapter or any financial assistance is provided under [section 1456a of this title](/usc/16/1456a.md), as in effect before November 5, 1990; and
  - (2) until the expiration of 3 years after—
    - (A) completion of the [project](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4), [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), or other undertaking for which such grant was made or used, or
    - (B) repayment of the loan or guaranteed indebtedness for which such financial assistance was provided,

  have access for purposes of audit and examination to any record, book, document, and paper which belongs to or is used or controlled by, any recipient of the grant [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) or any [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) who entered into any transaction relating to such financial assistance and which is pertinent for purposes of determining if the grant [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) or the proceeds of such financial assistance are being, or were, used in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.


# §1460. Walter B. Jones excellence in coastal zone management awards

- (a) **Establishment—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall, using sums in the [Coastal Zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) Management [Fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) established under [section 1456a of this title](/usc/16/1456a.md) and other amounts available to carry out this chapter (other than amounts appropriated to carry out sections [1454](/usc/16/1454.md), [1455](/usc/16/1455.md), [1455a](/usc/16/1455a.md), [1456b](/usc/16/1456b.md), [1456c](/usc/16/1456c.md), and [1461](/usc/16/1461.md) of this title), implement a [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) to promote excellence in [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) management by identifying and acknowledging outstanding accomplishments in the field.
- (b) **Annual selection of recipients—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall elect annually—
  - (1) one individual, other than an employee or officer of the Federal Government, whose contribution to the field of [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) management has been the most significant;
  - (2) 5 [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) which have made the most progress in developing and implementing the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) management principles embodied in this chapter; and
  - (3) up to 10 graduate students whose academic study promises to contribute materially to development of new or improved approaches to [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) management.
- (c) **Solicitation of nominations for local government recipients—** In making selections under [subsection (b)(2)](#b-2) the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall solicit nominations from the [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4), and shall consult with experts in [local government](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11) planning and [land use](/usc/16/1453.md?p=10).
- (d) **Solicitation of nominations for graduate student recipients—** In making selections under [subsection (b)(3)](#b-3) the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall solicit nominations from [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) and the National Sea Grant College [Program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1).
- (e) **Funding; types of awards—** Using sums in the [Coastal Zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) Management [Fund](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) established under [section 1456a of this title](/usc/16/1456a.md) and other amounts available to carry out this chapter (other than amounts appropriated to carry out sections [1454](/usc/16/1454.md), [1455](/usc/16/1455.md), [1455a](/usc/16/1455a.md), [1456b](/usc/16/1456b.md), [1456c](/usc/16/1456c.md), and [1461](/usc/16/1461.md) of this title), the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall establish and execute appropriate awards, to be known as the “Walter B. Jones Awards”, including—
  - (1) cash awards in an amount not to exceed $5,000 each;
  - (2) research grants; and
  - (3) public ceremonies to acknowledge such awards.

# §1461. National Estuarine Research Reserve System

- (a) **Establishment of System—** There is established the National Estuarine Research Reserve [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14) (hereinafter referred to in this section as the “[System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14)”) that consists of—
  - (1) each [estuarine sanctuary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=8) designated under this section as in effect before April 7, 1986; and
  - (2) each estuarine [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) designated as a national estuarine reserve under [subsection (b)](#b).

  Each [estuarine sanctuary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=8) referred to in [paragraph (1)](#a-1) is hereby designated as a national estuarine reserve.

- (b) **Designation of national estuarine reserves—** After April 7, 1986, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may designate an estuarine [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) as a national estuarine reserve if—
  - (1) the Governor of the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) in which the [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) is located nominates the [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) for that designation; and
  - (2) the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) finds that—
    - (A) the [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) is a [representative](/usc/16/5609.md?p=13) estuarine ecosystem that is suitable for long-term research and contributes to the biogeographical and typological balance of the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14);
    - (B) the law of the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) provides long-term protection for reserve [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) to ensure a stable environment for research;
    - (C) designation of the [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) as a reserve will serve to enhance public awareness and understanding of estuarine [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), and provide suitable opportunities for public education and interpretation; and
    - (D) the [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) in which the [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) is located has complied with the requirements of any regulations issued by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) to implement this section.
- (c) **Estuarine research guidelines—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall develop guidelines for the conduct of research within the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14) that shall include—
  - (1) a mechanism for identifying, and establishing priorities among, the coastal management issues that should be addressed through coordinated research within the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14);
  - (2) the establishment of common research principles and objectives to guide the development of research [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) within the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14);
  - (3) the identification of uniform research methodologies which will ensure comparability of data, the broadest application of research results, and the maximum use of the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14) for research purposes;
  - (4) the establishment of performance standards upon which the effectiveness of the research efforts and the value of reserves within the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14) in addressing the coastal management issues identified in [paragraph (1)](#c-1) may be measured; and
  - (5) the consideration of additional sources of [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) for estuarine research than the [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) authorized under this chapter, and [strategies](/usc/16/583k–1.md?p=7) for encouraging the use of such [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) within the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14), with particular emphasis on mechanisms established under [subsection (d)](#d).

  In developing the guidelines under this section, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall consult with prominent members of the estuarine research community.

- (d) **Promotion and coordination of estuarine research—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall take such action as is necessary to promote and coordinate the use of the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14) for research purposes including—
  - (1) requiring that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in conducting or supporting estuarine research, give priority consideration to research that [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14); and
  - (2) consulting with other Federal and [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agencies to promote use of one or more reserves within the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14) by such agencies when conducting estuarine research.
- (e) **Financial assistance—**
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may, in accordance with such rules and regulations as the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall promulgate, make grants—
    - (A) to a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4)—
      - (i) for purposes of acquiring such lands and waters, and any property interests therein, as are necessary to ensure the appropriate long-term management of an [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) as a national estuarine reserve,
      - (ii) for purposes of operating or managing a national estuarine reserve and constructing appropriate reserve facilities, or
      - (iii) for purposes of conducting educational or interpretive activities; and
    - (B) to any [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) or public or private [person](/usc/16/1453.md?p=14) for purposes of supporting research and monitoring within a national estuarine reserve that are consistent with the research guidelines developed under [subsection (c)](#c).
  - (2) Financial assistance provided under [paragraph (1)](#e-1) shall be subject to such terms and conditions as the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) considers necessary or appropriate to protect the interests of the United States, including requiring [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) to execute suitable title documents setting forth the property interest or interests of the United States in any lands and waters acquired in whole or part with such financial assistance.
  - (3)
    - (A) The amount of the financial assistance provided under [paragraph (1)(A)(i)](#e-1-A-i) with respect to the [acquisition](/usc/16/620e.md?p=1) of lands and waters, or interests therein, for any one national estuarine reserve may not exceed an amount equal to 50 percent of the costs of the lands, waters, and interests therein or $5,000,000, whichever amount is less.
    - (B) The amount of the financial assistance provided under paragraph [(1)(A)(ii)](#e-1-A-ii) and [(iii)](#e-1-A-iii) and [paragraph (1)(B)](#e-1-B) may not exceed 70 percent of the costs incurred to achieve the purposes described in those paragraphs with respect to a reserve; except that the amount of the financial assistance provided under [paragraph (1)(A)(iii)](#e-1-A-iii) may be up to 100 percent of any costs for activities that benefit the entire [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14).
    - (C) Notwithstanding subparagraphs [(A)](#e-3-A) and [(B)](#e-3-B), financial assistance under this subsection provided from amounts recovered as a result of damage to natural [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) located in the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) may be used to pay 100 percent of the costs of activities carried out with the assistance.
- (f) **Evaluation of System performance—**
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall periodically evaluate the operation and management of each national estuarine reserve, including education and interpretive activities, and the research being conducted within the reserve.
  - (2) If evaluation under [paragraph (1)](#f-1) reveals that the operation and management of the reserve is deficient, or that the research being conducted within the reserve is not consistent with the research guidelines developed under [subsection (c)](#c), the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may suspend the eligibility of that reserve for financial assistance under [subsection (e)](#e) until the deficiency or inconsistency is remedied.
  - (3) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may withdraw the designation of an estuarine [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) as a national estuarine reserve if evaluation under [paragraph (1)](#f-1) reveals that—
    - (A) the basis for any one or more of the findings made under [subsection (b)(2)](#b-2) regarding that [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) no longer exists; or
    - (B) a substantial portion of the research conducted within the [area](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A), over a period of years, has not been consistent with the research guidelines developed under [subsection (c)](#c).
- (g) **Report—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall include in the report required under [section 1462 of this title](/usc/16/1462.md) information regarding—
  - (1) new designations of national estuarine reserves;
  - (2) any expansion of existing national estuarine reserves;
  - (3) the status of the research [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) being conducted within the [System](/usc/16/668ee.md?p=14); and
  - (4) a summary of the evaluations made under [subsection (f)](#f).

# §1462. Coastal zone management reports

- (a) **Biennial reports—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall consult with the Congress on a regular basis concerning the administration of this chapter and shall prepare and submit to the President for transmittal to the Congress a report summarizing the administration of this chapter during each period of two consecutive fiscal years. Each report, which shall be transmitted to the Congress not later than April 1 of the year following the close of the biennial period to which it pertains, shall include, but not be restricted to (1) an identification of the [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) approved pursuant to this chapter during the preceding Federal fiscal year and a description of those [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1); (2) a listing of the [states](/usc/16/544.md?p=r) participating in the provisions of this chapter and a description of the status of each [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2)’s [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) and its accomplishments during the preceding Federal fiscal year; (3) an itemization of the allocation of [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) to the various [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4) and a breakdown of the major [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) and [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A) on which these [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) were expended; (4) an identification of any [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) which have been reviewed and disapproved, and a statement of the reasons for such actions; (5) a summary of evaluation findings prepared in accordance with subsection (a) of [section 1458 of this title](/usc/16/1458.md), and a description of any sanctions imposed under subsections (c) and (d) of [section 1458 of this title](/usc/16/1458.md); (6) a listing of all activities and [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) which, pursuant to the provisions of [subsection (c)](#c) or subsection (d) of [section 1456 of this title](/usc/16/1456.md), are not consistent with an applicable approved [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) [management program](/usc/16/1453.md?p=12); (7) a summary of the regulations issued by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) or in effect during the preceding Federal fiscal year; (8) a summary of a coordinated national [strategy](/usc/16/583k–1.md?p=7) and [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) for the Nation’s [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) including identification and discussion of Federal, regional, [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2), and local responsibilities and functions therein; (9) a summary of outstanding problems arising in the administration of this chapter in order of priority; (10) a description of the economic, environmental, and social consequences of energy activity affecting the [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) and an evaluation of the effectiveness of financial assistance under [section 1456a of this title](/usc/16/1456a.md) in dealing with such consequences; (11) a description and evaluation of applicable interstate and regional planning and coordination mechanisms developed by the [coastal states](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4); (12) a summary and evaluation of the research, studies, and training conducted in support of [coastal zone](/usc/16/1453.md?p=1) management; and (13) such other information as may be appropriate.
- (b) **Recommendations for legislation—** The report required by [subsection (a)](#a) shall contain such recommendations for additional legislation as the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) deems necessary to achieve the objectives of this chapter and enhance its effective operation.
- (c) **Review of other Federal programs; report to Congress—**
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall conduct a systematic review of Federal [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1), other than this chapter, that affect coastal [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) for purposes of identifying conflicts between the objectives and administration of such [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) and the purposes and policies of this chapter. Not later than 1 year after October 17, 1980, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall notify each Federal agency having appropriate jurisdiction of any conflict between its [program](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) and the purposes and policies of this chapter identified as a result of such review.
  - (2) The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall promptly submit a report to the Congress consisting of the information required under paragraph (1) of this subsection. Such report shall include recommendations for changes necessary to resolve existing conflicts among Federal laws and [programs](/usc/16/460ss–6.md?p=1) that affect the [uses](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=10) of coastal [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8).

# §1463. Rules and regulations


The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall develop and promulgate, pursuant to [section 553 of title 5](/usc/5/553.md), after notice and opportunity for full participation by relevant Federal agencies, [state](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agencies, [local governments](/usc/16/1453.md?p=11), regional organizations, port authorities, and other interested parties, both public and private, such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter.


# [§1463a. Omitted — omitted]



# §1463b. National Coastal Resources Research and Development Institute

- (a) **Establishment by Secretary; administration—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of Commerce shall provide for the establishment of a National Coastal [Resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) Research and Development [Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4) (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “[Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4)”) to be administered by the Oregon [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) Marine Science Center.
- (b) **Purposes of Institute—** The [Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4) shall conduct research and carry out educational and demonstration [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) designed to promote the efficient and responsible development of ocean and coastal [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8), including arctic [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8). Such [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4) shall be based on biological, geological, genetic, economic and other scientific research applicable to the purposes of this section and shall include studies on the economic diversification and environmental protection of the Nation’s coastal [areas](/usc/16/539m–1.md?p=1-A).
- (c) **Determination of Institute policies—**
  - (1) The policies of the [Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4) shall be determined by a [Board](/usc/16/1447a.md?p=1) of Governors composed of—
    - (A) two [representatives](/usc/16/5609.md?p=13) appointed by the Governor of Oregon;
    - (B) one [representative](/usc/16/5609.md?p=13) appointed by the Governor of Alaska;
    - (C) one [representative](/usc/16/5609.md?p=13) appointed by the Governor of Washington;
    - (D) one [representative](/usc/16/5609.md?p=13) appointed by the Governor of California; and
    - (E) one [representative](/usc/16/5609.md?p=13) appointed by the Governor of Hawaii.
  - (2) Such policies shall include the selection, on a nationally competitive basis, of the research, [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4), and studies to be supported by the [Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4) in accordance with the purposes of this section.
- (d) **Establishment of Advisory Council; functions and composition—**
  - (1) The [Board](/usc/16/1447a.md?p=1) of Governors shall establish an [Advisory Council](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=1) composed of specialists in ocean and coastal [resources](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=8) from the academic community.
  - (2) To the maximum extent practicable, the [Advisory Council](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=1) shall be composed of such specialists from every coastal [region](/usc/16/1447a.md?p=6) of the Nation.
  - (3) The [Advisory Council](/usc/16/410hhh–1.md?p=1) shall provide such advice to the [Board](/usc/16/1447a.md?p=1) of Governors as such [Board](/usc/16/1447a.md?p=1) shall request, including recommendations regarding the support of research, [projects](/usc/16/410r–5.md?p=c-4), and studies in accordance with the purposes of this section.
- (e) **Administration of Institute—** The [Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4) shall be administered by a Director who shall be appointed by the Chancellor of the Oregon [Board](/usc/16/1447a.md?p=1) of Higher Education in consultation with the [Board](/usc/16/1447a.md?p=1) of Governors.
- (f) **Evaluation of Institute by Secretary—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of Commerce shall conduct an ongoing evaluation of the activities of the [Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4) to ensure that [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) received by the [Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4) under this section are used in a manner consistent with the provisions of this section.
- (g) **Report to Secretary—** The [Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4) shall report to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of Commerce on its activities within 2 years after July 17, 1984.
- (h) **Access to Institute books, records, and documents—** The Comptroller General of the United States, and any of his duly authorized [representatives](/usc/16/5609.md?p=13), shall have access, for the purpose of audit and examination, to any books, documents, papers and records of the [Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4) that are pertinent to the [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) received under this section.
- (i) **Status of Institute employees—** Employees of the [Institute](/usc/16/6703.md?p=4) shall not, by reason of such employment, be considered to be employees of the Federal Government for any purpose.
- (j) **Authorization of appropriations—** For the purposes of this section, there are authorized to be appropriated in each fiscal year $5,000,000, commencing with fiscal year 1985.

# §1464. Authorization of appropriations

- (a) **Sums appropriated to Secretary—** There are authorized to be appropriated to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16), to remain available until expended—
  - (1) for grants under sections [1455](/usc/16/1455.md), [1455a](/usc/16/1455a.md), and [1456b](/usc/16/1456b.md) of this title—
    - (A) $47,600,000 for fiscal year 1997;
    - (B) $49,000,000 for fiscal year 1998; and
    - (C) $50,500,000 for fiscal year 1999; and
  - (2) for grants under [section 1461 of this title](/usc/16/1461.md)—
    - (A) $4,400,000 for fiscal year 1997;
    - (B) $4,500,000 for fiscal year 1998; and
    - (C) $4,600,000 for fiscal year 1999.
- (b) **Limitations—** Federal [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) received from other sources shall not be used to pay a [coastal state](/usc/16/1453.md?p=4)’s share of costs under section [1455](/usc/16/1455.md) or [1456b](/usc/16/1456b.md) of this title.
- (c) **Reversion to Secretary of unobligated State funds; availability of funds—** The amount of any grant, or portion of a grant, made to a [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) under any section of this chapter which is not obligated by such [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) during the fiscal year, or during the second fiscal year after the fiscal year, for which it was first authorized to be obligated by such [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) shall revert to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16). The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall add such reverted amount to those [funds](/usc/16/1421h.md?p=2) available for grants under the section for such reverted amount was originally made available.

# §1465. Appeals to the Secretary

- (a) **Notice—** Not later than 30 days after the date of the filing of an appeal to the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) of a consistency determination under [section 1456 of this title](/usc/16/1456.md), the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall publish an initial notice in the Federal Register.
- (b) **Closure of record—**
  - (1) **In general—** Not later than the end of the 160-day period beginning on the date of publication of an initial notice under [subsection (a)](#a), except as provided in [paragraph (3)](#b-3), the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall immediately close the decision record and receive no more filings on the appeal.
  - (2) **Notice—** After closing the administrative record, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall immediately publish a notice in the Federal Register that the administrative record has been closed.
  - (3) **Exception—**
    - (A) **In general—** Subject to [subparagraph (B)](#b-3-B), during the 160-day period described in [paragraph (1)](#b-1), the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may stay the closing of the decision record—
      - (i) for a specific period mutually agreed to in writing by the appellant and the [State](/usc/16/6456.md?p=2) agency; or
      - (ii) as the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) determines necessary to receive, on an expedited basis—
        - (I) any supplemental information specifically requested by the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) to complete a consistency review under this chapter; or
        - (II) any clarifying information submitted by a party to the proceeding related to information in the consolidated record compiled by the lead Federal permitting agency.
    - (B) **Applicability—** The [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) may only stay the 160-day period described in [paragraph (1)](#b-1) for a period not to exceed 60 days.
- (c) **Deadline for decision—**
  - (1) **In general—** Not later than 60 days after the date of publication of a Federal Register notice stating when the decision record for an appeal has been closed, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall issue a decision or publish a notice in the Federal Register explaining why a decision cannot be issued at that time.
  - (2) **Subsequent decision—** Not later than 15 days after the date of publication of a Federal Register notice explaining why a decision cannot be issued within the 60-day period, the [Secretary](/usc/16/1453.md?p=16) shall issue a decision.