---
kind: "section"
citation: "15 U.S.C. § 3712"
title: "15"
title_heading: "Commerce and Trade"
number: "3712"
heading: "Personnel exchanges"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/15/3712"
units:
  - "Chapter 63 — Technology Innovation"
---

# §3712. Personnel exchanges


The [Secretary](/usc/15/3703.md?p=1), the [Secretary](/usc/15/3703.md?p=1) of Energy, and the Director of the National Science Foundation, jointly, shall establish a program to foster the exchange of scientific and technical personnel among academia, industry, and [Federal laboratories](/usc/15/3703.md?p=4). Such program shall include both (1) federally supported exchanges and (2) efforts to stimulate exchanges without Federal funding.


## Source credit

(Pub. L. 96–480, § 20, formerly § 13, Oct. 21, 1980, 94 Stat. 2320; renumbered § 17, Pub. L. 99–502, § 2, Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1785; renumbered § 16, Pub. L. 99–502, § 9(e)(1), Oct. 20, 1986, 100 Stat. 1797; renumbered § 17, Pub. L. 100–107, § 3(a), Aug. 20, 1987, 101 Stat. 725; renumbered § 18, Pub. L. 100–418, title V, § 5122(a)(1), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1438; renumbered § 20, Pub. L. 102–240, title VI, § 6019, Dec. 18, 1991, 105 Stat. 2183; Pub. L. 109–58, title X, § 1009(c), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 936.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### Amendments

2005—Pub. L. 109–58 substituted “, the Secretary of Energy, and the Director of the National Science Foundation” for “and the National Science Foundation”.