---
kind: "section"
citation: "15 U.S.C. § 2301"
title: "15"
title_heading: "Commerce and Trade"
number: "2301"
heading: "Definitions"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/15/2301"
units:
  - "Chapter 50 — Consumer Product Warranties"
---

# §2301. Definitions


For the purposes of this chapter:

- (1) The term “consumer product” means any tangible personal property which is [distributed in commerce](#13) and which is normally used for personal, family, or household purposes (including any such property intended to be attached to or installed in any real property without regard to whether it is so attached or installed).
- (2) The term “Commission” means the Federal Trade Commission.
- (3) The term “consumer” means a buyer (other than for purposes of resale) of any [consumer product](#1), any [person](/usc/15/7a.md?p=6) to whom such product is transferred during the duration of an implied or [written warranty](#6) (or [service contract](#8)) applicable to the product, and any other [person](/usc/15/7a.md?p=6) who is entitled by the terms of such warranty (or [service contract](#8)) or under applicable [State law](#15) to enforce against the [warrantor](#5) (or service contractor) the obligations of the warranty (or [service contract](#8)).
- (4) The term “supplier” means any [person](/usc/15/7a.md?p=6) engaged in the business of making a [consumer product](#1) directly or indirectly available to [consumers](#3).
- (5) The term “warrantor” means any [supplier](#4) or other [person](/usc/15/7a.md?p=6) who gives or offers to give a [written warranty](#6) or who is or may be obligated under an [implied warranty](#7).
- (6) The term “written warranty” means—
  - (A) any written affirmation of fact or written promise made in connection with the sale of a [consumer product](#1) by a [supplier](#4) to a buyer which relates to the nature of the material or workmanship and affirms or promises that such material or workmanship is defect free or will meet a specified level of performance over a specified period of time, or
  - (B) any undertaking in writing in connection with the sale by a [supplier](#4) of a [consumer product](#1) to [refund](#12), repair, replace, or take other remedial action with respect to such product in the event that such product fails to meet the specifications set forth in the undertaking,

  which written affirmation, promise, or undertaking becomes part of the basis of the bargain between a [supplier](#4) and a buyer for purposes other than resale of such product.

- (7) The term “implied warranty” means an implied warranty arising under [State law](#15) (as modified by sections [2308](/usc/15/2308.md) and [2304(a)](/usc/15/2304.md?p=a) of this title) in connection with the sale by a [supplier](#4) of a [consumer product](#1).
- (8) The term “service contract” means a contract in writing to perform, over a fixed period of time or for a specified duration, services relating to the maintenance or repair (or both) of a [consumer product](#1).
- (9) The term “reasonable and necessary maintenance” consists of those operations (A) which the [consumer](#3) reasonably can be expected to perform or have performed and (B) which are necessary to keep any [consumer product](#1) performing its intended function and operating at a reasonable level of performance.
- (10) The term “remedy” means whichever of the following actions the [warrantor](#5) elects:
  - (A) repair,
  - (B) [replacement](#11), or
  - (C) [refund](#12);

  except that the [warrantor](#5) may not elect [refund](#12) unless (i) the [warrantor](#5) is unable to provide [replacement](#11) and repair is not commercially practicable or cannot be timely made, or (ii) the [consumer](#3) is willing to accept such [refund](#12).

- (11) The term “replacement” means furnishing a new [consumer product](#1) which is identical or reasonably equivalent to the warranted [consumer product](#1).
- (12) The term “refund” means refunding the actual purchase price (less reasonable depreciation based on actual use where permitted by rules of the [Commission](#2)).
- (13) The term “distributed in commerce” means sold in [commerce](#14), introduced or delivered for introduction into [commerce](#14), or held for sale or distribution after introduction into [commerce](#14).
- (14) The term “commerce” means trade, traffic, commerce, or transportation—
  - (A) between a place in a [State](#15) and any place outside thereof, or
  - (B) which affects trade, traffic, [commerce](#14), or transportation described in [subparagraph (A)](#14-A).
- (15) The term “State” means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the Canal Zone, or American Samoa. The term “State law” includes a law of the United States applicable only to the District of Columbia or only to a territory or possession of the United States; and the term “Federal law” excludes any State law.

## Source credit

(Pub. L. 93–637, title I, § 101, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2183.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### References in Text

For definition of Canal Zone, referred to in par. (15), see section 3602(b) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.

### Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

### Short Title of 2015 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–51, § 1, Sept. 24, 2015, 129 Stat. 494, provided that: “This Act [amending section 2302 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2302 of this title] may be cited as the ‘E-Warranty Act of 2015’.”

### Short Title

Pub. L. 93–637, § 1, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2183, provided: “That this act [enacting this chapter and sections 57a to 57c of this title, amending sections 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 56, and 58 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 45, 56, 57a, and 57b of this title] may be cited as the ‘Magnuson-Moss Warranty—Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act’.”