---
kind: "section"
citation: "12 U.S.C. § 5565"
title: "12"
title_heading: "Banks and Banking"
number: "5565"
heading: "Relief available"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/12/5565"
units:
  - "Chapter 53 — Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection"
  - "Subchapter V — Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection"
  - "Part E — Enforcement Powers"
---

# §5565. Relief available

- (a) **Administrative proceedings or court actions—**
  - (1) **Jurisdiction—** The [court](/usc/12/5381.md?p=a-6) (or the [Bureau](/usc/12/5301.md?p=4), as the case may be) in an action or adjudication proceeding brought under [Federal consumer financial law](/usc/12/5481.md?p=14), shall have jurisdiction to grant any appropriate legal or equitable relief with respect to a [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5) of [Federal consumer financial law](/usc/12/5481.md?p=14), [including](/usc/12/5301.md?p=18-A) a [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5) of a rule or order prescribed under a [Federal consumer financial law](/usc/12/5481.md?p=14).
  - (2) **Relief—** Relief under this section may include, without limitation—
    - (A) rescission or reformation of contracts;
    - (B) refund of moneys or return of real property;
    - (C) restitution;
    - (D) disgorgement or compensation for unjust enrichment;
    - (E) payment of damages or other monetary relief;
    - (F) public notification regarding the [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5), [including](/usc/12/5301.md?p=18-A) the costs of notification;
    - (G) limits on the activities or functions of the [person](/usc/12/5481.md?p=19); and
    - (H) civil money penalties, as set forth more fully in [subsection (c)](#c).
  - (3) **No exemplary or punitive damages—** Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as authorizing the imposition of exemplary or punitive damages.
- (b) **Recovery of costs—** In any action brought by the [Bureau](/usc/12/5301.md?p=4), a [State](/usc/12/5301.md?p=16) attorney general, or any [State](/usc/12/5301.md?p=16) regulator to enforce any [Federal consumer financial law](/usc/12/5481.md?p=14), the [Bureau](/usc/12/5301.md?p=4), the [State](/usc/12/5301.md?p=16) attorney general, or the [State](/usc/12/5301.md?p=16) regulator may recover its costs in connection with prosecuting such action if the [Bureau](/usc/12/5301.md?p=4), the [State](/usc/12/5301.md?p=16) attorney general, or the [State](/usc/12/5301.md?p=16) regulator is the prevailing party in the action.
- (c) **Civil money penalty in court and administrative actions—**
  - (1) **In general—** Any [person](/usc/12/5481.md?p=19) that violates, through any act or omission, any provision of [Federal consumer financial law](/usc/12/5481.md?p=14) shall forfeit and pay a civil penalty pursuant to this subsection.
  - (2) **Penalty amounts—**
    - (A) **First tier—** For any [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5) of a law, rule, or final order or condition imposed in writing by the [Bureau](/usc/12/5301.md?p=4), a civil penalty may not exceed $5,000 for each day during which such [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5) or failure to pay continues.
    - (B) **Second tier—** Notwithstanding paragraph (A), for any [person](/usc/12/5481.md?p=19) that recklessly engages in a [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5) of a [Federal consumer financial law](/usc/12/5481.md?p=14), a civil penalty may not exceed $25,000 for each day during which such [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5) continues.
    - (C) **Third tier—** Notwithstanding subparagraphs [(A)](#c-2-A) and [(B)](#c-2-B), for any [person](/usc/12/5481.md?p=19) that knowingly violates a [Federal consumer financial law](/usc/12/5481.md?p=14), a civil penalty may not exceed $1,000,000 for each day during which such [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5) continues.
  - (3) **Mitigating factors—** In determining the amount of any penalty assessed under [paragraph (2)](#c-2), the [Bureau](/usc/12/5301.md?p=4) or the [court](/usc/12/5381.md?p=a-6) shall take into account the appropriateness of the penalty with respect to—
    - (A) the size of financial resources and good faith of the [person](/usc/12/5481.md?p=19) charged;
    - (B) the gravity of the [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5) or failure to pay;
    - (C) the severity of the risks to or losses of the [consumer](/usc/12/5481.md?p=4), which may take into account the number of products or services sold or provided;
    - (D) the history of previous [violations](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5); and
    - (E) such other matters as justice may require.
  - (4) **Authority to modify or remit penalty—** The [Bureau](/usc/12/5301.md?p=4) may compromise, modify, or remit any penalty which may be assessed or had already been assessed under [paragraph (2)](#c-2). The amount of such penalty, when finally determined, shall be exclusive of any sums owed by the [person](/usc/12/5481.md?p=19) to the United States in connection with the costs of the proceeding, and may be deducted from any sums owing by the United States to the [person](/usc/12/5481.md?p=19) charged.
  - (5) **Notice and hearing—** No civil penalty may be assessed under this subsection with respect to a [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5) of any [Federal consumer financial law](/usc/12/5481.md?p=14), unless—
    - (A) the [Bureau](/usc/12/5301.md?p=4) gives notice and an opportunity for a hearing to the [person](/usc/12/5481.md?p=19) accused of the [violation](/usc/12/5561.md?p=5); or
    - (B) the appropriate [court](/usc/12/5381.md?p=a-6) has ordered such assessment and entered judgment in favor of the [Bureau](/usc/12/5301.md?p=4).

## Source credit

(Pub. L. 111–203, title X, § 1055, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2029.)

## Notes

### Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

### Effective Date

Section effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1058 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 5561 of this title.