---
kind: "section"
citation: "10 U.S.C. § 4062"
title: "10"
title_heading: "Armed Forces"
number: "4062"
heading: "Defense Acquisition Challenge Program"
release: "119-102"
date: "2026-07-12"
url: "https://uscodex.org/usc/10/4062"
units:
  - "Subtitle A — General Military Law"
  - "Part V — Acquisition"
  - "Subpart E — Research and Engineering"
  - "Chapter 303 — Research and Engineering Activities"
  - "Subchapter I — General"
---

# §4062. Defense Acquisition Challenge Program

- (a) **Program Required.—**
  - (1) The [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) of Defense, acting through the Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) of Defense for Research and Engineering, shall carry out a [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) to provide opportunities for the increased introduction of innovative and cost-saving technology in acquisition [programs](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) of the [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense.
  - (2) The [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1), to be known as the Defense Acquisition Challenge [Program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “Challenge [Program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1)”), shall provide any [person](/usc/10/2700.md?p=2) or activity within or outside the [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense with the opportunity to propose alternatives, to be known as challenge proposals, at the [component](/usc/10/3011.md?p=13), subsystem, system, or system-of-systems level of an existing [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1), or to address any broader functional challenge to [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense missions that may not fall within an acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1), that would result in improvements in performance, affordability, manufacturability, or operational capability of that acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) or [function](/usc/10/467.md?p=1).
- (b) **Panels.—** The Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) shall establish one or more panels of highly qualified scientists and engineers (hereinafter in this section referred to as “Panels”) to provide preliminary evaluations of challenge proposals under [subsection (c)](#c).
- (c) **Preliminary Evaluation by Panels.—**
  - (1) Under procedures prescribed by the Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3), a [person](/usc/10/2700.md?p=2) or activity within or outside the [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense may submit challenge proposals to a Panel, through the unsolicited proposal process or in [response](/usc/10/2700.md?p=2) to a broad [agency](/usc/10/3451.md?p=3) announcement.
  - (2) The Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) shall establish procedures pursuant to which appropriate officials of the [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense may identify proposals submitted through the unsolicited proposal process as challenge proposals. The procedures shall provide for the expeditious referral of such proposals to a Panel for preliminary evaluation under this subsection.
  - (3) The Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) shall issue on an annual basis not less than one such broad [agency](/usc/10/3451.md?p=3) announcement inviting interested parties to submit challenge proposals. Such announcements may also identify particular technology areas and acquisition [programs](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) or [functions](/usc/10/467.md?p=1) that will be given priority in the evaluation of challenge proposals.
  - (4)
    - (A) The Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) shall establish procedures for the prompt issuance of a solicitation for challenge proposals addressing—
      - (i) any acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) for which, since the last such announcement, the [Secretary concerned](/usc/10/2801.md?p=c-5) has determined under [section 4374 of this title](/usc/10/4374.md) that the [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1)’s acquisition unit cost or [procurement unit cost](/usc/10/4371.md?p=a-1) has increased by a percentage equal to or greater than the [critical cost growth threshold](/usc/10/4371.md?p=a-3) for the [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) (in this section referred to as a “[critical cost growth threshold](/usc/10/4371.md?p=a-3) breach”);
      - (ii) any design, engineering, manufacturing, or technology integration issues, in accordance with the assessment required by [section 4375(b) of this title](/usc/10/4375.md?p=b), that have contributed significantly to the cost growth of such [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1); and
      - (iii) any functional challenges of importance to [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense missions.
    - (B) A solicitation under this paragraph may be included in a broad [agency](/usc/10/3451.md?p=3) announcement issued pursuant to [paragraph (3)](#c-3) as long as the broad [agency](/usc/10/3451.md?p=3) announcement is released in an expeditious manner following the determination of the [Secretary concerned](/usc/10/2801.md?p=c-5) that a [critical cost growth threshold](/usc/10/4371.md?p=a-3) breach has occurred with respect to a [major defense acquisition program](/usc/10/4201.md?p=a).
  - (5) Under procedures established by the Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3), a Panel shall carry out a preliminary evaluation of each challenge proposal submitted in [response](/usc/10/2700.md?p=2) to a broad [agency](/usc/10/3451.md?p=3) announcement, or submitted through the unsolicited proposal process and identified as a challenge proposal in accordance with [paragraph (2)](#c-2), to determine each of the following:
    - (A) Whether the challenge proposal has merit.
    - (B) Whether the challenge proposal is likely to result in improvements in performance, affordability, manufacturability, or operational capability at the [component](/usc/10/3011.md?p=13), subsystem, system, or system-of-systems level of an acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1).
    - (C) Whether the challenge proposal could be implemented in the acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) rapidly, at an acceptable cost, and without unacceptable disruption to the acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1).
    - (D) Whether the challenge proposal is likely to result in improvements to any functional challenges of importance to [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense missions, and whether the proposal could be implemented rapidly, at an acceptable cost, and without unacceptable disruption to such missions.
  - (6) The Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3)—
    - (A) may establish procedures to ensure that the Challenge [Program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) does not become an avenue for the repetitive submission of proposals that have been previously reviewed and found not to have merit; and
    - (B) may establish procedures to ensure that the Challenge [Program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) establishes appropriate priorities for proposals from businesses that are not major contractors with the [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense.
  - (7) If a Panel determines that a challenge proposal satisfies each of the criteria specified in [paragraph (5)](#c-5), the [person](/usc/10/2700.md?p=2) or activity submitting that challenge proposal shall be provided an opportunity to submit such challenge proposal for a full review and evaluation under [subsection (d)](#d).
- (d) **Full Review and Evaluation.—**
  - (1) Under procedures prescribed by the Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3), for each challenge proposal submitted for a full review and evaluation as provided in [subsection (c)(7)](#c-7), the office carrying out the acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) to which the proposal relates shall, in consultation with the prime system contractor carrying out such [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1), conduct a full review and evaluation of the proposal.
  - (2) The full review and evaluation shall, independent of the determination of a Panel under [subsection (c)(5)](#c-5), determine each of the matters specified in subparagraphs [(A)](#d-2-A), [(B)](#d-2-B), and (C) of such subsection. The full review and evaluation shall also include—
    - (A) an assessment of the cost of adopting the challenge proposal and implementing it in the acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1); and
    - (B) consideration of any intellectual property issues associated with the challenge proposal.
- (e) **Action Upon Favorable Full Review and Evaluation.—**
  - (1) Under procedures prescribed by the Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3), each challenge proposal determined under a full review and evaluation to satisfy each of the criteria specified in [subsection (c)(5)](#c-5) with respect to an acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) shall be considered by the office carrying out the applicable acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) and the prime system contractor for incorporation into the acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) as a new technology insertion at the [component](/usc/10/3011.md?p=13), subsystem, system, or system-of-systems level.
  - (2) The Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) shall encourage the adoption of each challenge proposal referred to in [paragraph (1)](#e-1) by providing suitable incentives to the office carrying out the acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) and the prime system contractor carrying out such [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1).
  - (3) In the case of a challenge proposal submitted in [response](/usc/10/2700.md?p=2) to a solicitation issued as a result of a [critical cost growth threshold](/usc/10/4371.md?p=a-3) breach that is determined under full review and evaluation to satisfy each of the criteria specified in [subsection (c)(5)](#c-5), the Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) shall establish guidelines for covering the costs of the challenge proposal. If appropriate, such guidelines shall not be restricted to funding provided by the Defense Acquisition Challenge [Program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1), but shall also consider alternative funding sources, such as the acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) with respect to which the breach occurred.
- (f) **Action Upon Unfavorable Full Review and Evaluation.—** Under procedures prescribed by the Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3), if a challenge proposal is determined by a Panel to satisfy each of the criteria specified in [subsection (c)(5)](#c-5), but is not determined under a full review and evaluation to satisfy such criteria, the following provisions apply:
  - (1) The office carrying out the full review and evaluation shall provide to the Panel that conducted the preliminary evaluation a statement containing a summary of the rationale for the unfavorable evaluation.
  - (2) If the Panel disagrees with the rationale provided under [paragraph (1)](#f-1), the Panel may return the challenge proposal to the office for further consideration.
- (g) **Access to Technical Resources.—**
  - (1) Under procedures established by the Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3), the technical resources of the laboratories, research, development, and engineering centers, test and evaluation activities, and other elements of the [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) may be called upon to support the activities of the Challenge [Program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1).
  - (2) Funds available to carry out this [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) may be used to compensate such laboratories, centers, activities, and elements for technical assistance provided to a Panel pursuant to [paragraph (1)](#g-1).
- (h) **Conflicts of Interest and Confidentiality.—** In carrying out each preliminary evaluation under [subsection (c)](#c) and full review under [subsection (d)](#d), the Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) shall ensure the elimination of conflicts of interest and that the identity of any [person](/usc/10/2700.md?p=2) or activity submitting a challenge proposal is not disclosed outside the Federal Government, prior to contract award, without the consent of the [person](/usc/10/2700.md?p=2) or activity. For purposes of the proceeding sentence, the term “Federal Government” [includes](/usc/10/101.md?p=g-4) both employees of the Federal Government and employees of Federal Government contractors providing advisory and assistance services as described in part 37 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation.
- (i) **Limitation on Use of Funds.—** Funds made available for the Challenge [Program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) may be used only for activities authorized by this section, and not for implementation of challenge proposals.
- (j) **Treatment of Use of Certain Procedures as Use of Competitive Procedures.—** The use of general solicitation competitive procedures established under [subsection (c)](#c) shall be considered to be the use of competitive procedures for purposes of sections [3201](/usc/10/3201.md) through [3205](/usc/10/3205.md) of this title.
- (k) **System Defined.—** In this section, the term “system”—
  - (1) means—
    - (A) the organization of hardware, software, material, [facilities](/usc/10/2700.md?p=2), personnel, data, and services needed to perform a designated [function](/usc/10/467.md?p=1) with specified results (such as the gathering of specified data, its processing, and its delivery to users); or
    - (B) a combination of two or more interrelated pieces (or sets) of equipment arranged in a functional package to perform an operational [function](/usc/10/467.md?p=1) or to satisfy a requirement; and
  - (2) [includes](/usc/10/101.md?p=g-4) a major system.
- (l) **Pilot Program for Programs Other Than Major Defense Acquisition Programs.—**
  - (1) **In general.—** The Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) of Defense for Research and Engineering shall carry out a pilot [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) to expand the use of the authority provided in this section to provide opportunities for the introduction of innovative and cost-saving approaches to [programs](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) other than [major defense acquisition programs](/usc/10/4201.md?p=a) through the submission, review, and implementation, where appropriate, of [qualifying proposals](/usc/10/3377.md?p=b-2).
  - (2) **Qualifying proposals.—** For purposes of this subsection, a [qualifying proposal](/usc/10/3377.md?p=b-2) is an offer to supply a [nondevelopmental item](/usc/10/3011.md?p=11) that—
    - (A) is evaluated as achieving a level of performance that is at least equal to the level of performance of an item being procured under a covered acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) and as providing savings in excess of 15 percent after considering all costs to the Government of implementing such proposal; or
    - (B) is evaluated as achieving a level of performance that is significantly better than the level of performance of an item being procured under a covered acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) without any increase in cost to the Government.
  - (3) **Review procedures.—** The Under [Secretary](/usc/10/4951.md?p=3) shall adopt modifications as may be needed to the procedures applicable to the Challenge [Program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) to provide for [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense review of, and action on, [qualifying proposals](/usc/10/3377.md?p=b-2). Such procedures shall include, at a minimum, the issuance of a broad [agency](/usc/10/3451.md?p=3) announcement inviting interested parties to submit [qualifying proposals](/usc/10/3377.md?p=b-2) in areas of interest to the [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6).
  - (4) **Definitions.—** In this subsection:
    - (A) **Nondevelopmental item.—** The term “[nondevelopmental item](/usc/10/3011.md?p=11)” has the meaning given that term in [section 110 of title 41](/usc/41/110.md).
    - (B) **Covered acquisition program.—** The term “covered acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1)” means any acquisition [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) of the [Department](/usc/10/101.md?p=a-6) of Defense other than a [major defense acquisition program](/usc/10/4201.md?p=a), but does not include any contract awarded under an exception to competitive acquisition authorized by the Small Business Act ([15 U.S.C. 631](/usc/15/631.md) et seq.).
    - (C) **Level of performance.—** The term “level of performance”, with respect to a [nondevelopmental item](/usc/10/3011.md?p=11), means the extent to which the item demonstrates required item functional characteristics.
  - (5) **Sunset.—** The authority to carry out the pilot [program](/usc/10/2101.md?p=1) under this subsection shall terminate on January 7, 2021.

## Source credit

(Added Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title II, § 243(a), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2495, § 2359b; amended Pub. L. 109–364, div. A, title II, § 213(b), (d)–(g), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2121–2123; Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title VIII, § 821, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4531; Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title VIII, § 827, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4270; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, § 1076(e)(3), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1951; Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title X, § 1091(a)(10), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 876; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title X, § 1071(a)(6), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3504; Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title VIII, § 828, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2281; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title IX, § 902(56), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1549; renumbered § 4062 and amended Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XVIII, §§ 1842(b), 1883(b)(2), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4244, 4294; Pub. L. 117–81, div. A, title XVII, § 1701(d)(9), (q)(1), (u)(3)(B), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2137, 2148, 2152.)

## Notes

### Editorial Notes

### References in Text

The Small Business Act, referred to in subsec. (l)(4)(B), is Pub. L. 85–536, § 2(1 et seq.), July 18, 1958, 72 Stat. 384, which is classified generally to chapter 14A (§ 631 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 631 of Title 15 and Tables.

### Amendments

2021—Pub. L. 116–283, § 1842(b), as amended by Pub. L. 117–81, § 1701(q)(1), (u)(3)(B), renumbered section 2359b of this title as this section.

Subsec. (c)(4)(A)(i). Pub. L. 117–81, § 1701(d)(9)(A)(i), which directed the substitution of “section 4374” for “section 2433(d)”, could not be executed because of the intervening amendment by Pub. L. 116–283, § 1883(b)(2). See note below.

Pub. L. 116–283, § 1883(b)(2), substituted “section 4374” for “section 2433(d)”.

Subsec. (c)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 117–81, § 1701(d)(9)(A)(ii), substituted “section 4375(b)” for “section 2433(e)(2)(A)”.

Pub. L. 116–283, § 1883(b)(2), which directed that each reference in the text of title 10 to a section that was redesignated by title XVIII of Pub. L. 116–283, as such section was in effect before the redesignation, be amended by striking such reference and inserting a reference to the appropriate redesignated section, could not be executed for “section 2433(e)(2)(A)” as there were no subparagraphs in subsec. (e)(2) of former section 2433 of this title after general amendment by Pub. L. 111–23, title II, § 206(a)(3), May 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1728. Section 2433(e)(2) was transferred to section 4375(b) of this title by Pub. L. 116–283.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 117–81, § 1701(d)(9)(B), substituted “sections 3201 through 3205” for “chapter 137”.

Subsec. (k)(2). Pub. L. 117–81, § 1701(d)(9)(C), which directed that “(as defined in section 2302(5) of this title)” be struck out, was executed by striking out “(as defined in section 3041 of this title)” before period at end to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening amendment by Pub. L. 116–283, § 1883(b)(2). See note below.

Pub. L. 116–283, § 1883(b)(2), substituted “section 3041” for “section 2302(5)”.

2019—Subsecs. (a)(1), (l)(1). Pub. L. 116–92 substituted “Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering” for “Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics”.

2016—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–328, § 828(a), substituted “system, or system-of-systems level of an existing Department of Defense acquisition program, or to address any broader functional challenge to Department of Defense missions that may not fall within an acquisition program, that would result in improvements in performance, affordability, manufacturability, or operational capability of that acquisition program or function.” for “or system level of an existing Department of Defense acquisition program that would result in improvements in performance, affordability, manufacturability, or operational capability of that acquisition program.”

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 114–328, § 828(d)(1), inserted “or functions” after “acquisition programs”.

Subsec. (c)(4)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 114–328, § 828(d)(2), added cl. (iii).

Subsec. (c)(5)(B). Pub. L. 114–328, § 828(d)(4), substituted “system, or system-of-systems” for “or system”.

Subsec. (c)(5)(D). Pub. L. 114–328, § 828(d)(3), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 114–328, § 828(d)(4), substituted “system, or system-of-systems” for “or system”.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 114–328, § 828(b)(2), added subsec. (j). Former subsec. (j) redesignated (k).

Subsecs. (k), (l). Pub. L. 114–328, § 828(b)(1), redesignated subsecs. (j) and (k) as (k) and (l), respectively.

Subsec. (l)(5). Pub. L. 114–328, § 828(c), substituted “2021” for “2016”.

2014—Subsec. (k)(4)(A). Pub. L. 113–291 substituted “section 110 of title 41” for “section 4 of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 403)”.

2013—Subsec. (k)(4)(B). Pub. L. 113–66 inserted period at end.

Subsec. (k)(5). Pub. L. 112–239 substituted “January 7, 2016” for “the date that is five years after the date of the enactment of this Act”.

2011—Subsecs. (j) to (l). Pub. L. 111–383 redesignated subsec. (l) as (j), added subsec. (k), and struck out former subsecs. (j) and (k) which related to annual report and termination of authority, respectively.

2008—Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 110–417 added subsec. (l).

2006—Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(b)(1), added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (6).

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(b)(1)(A), (d), redesignated par. (5) as (6) and amended it generally. Prior to amendment, par. (6) read as follows: “The Under Secretary may establish procedures to ensure that the Challenge Program does not become an avenue for the repetitive submission of proposals that have been previously reviewed and found not to have merit.” Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(b)(1)(A), (g)(1), redesignated par. (6) as (7) and substituted “paragraph (5)” for “paragraph (4)”.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(g)(2), substituted “subsection (c)(7)” for “subsection (c)(6)”.

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(g)(3), substituted “subsection (c)(5)” for “subsection (c)(4)” in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(g)(4), substituted “subsection (c)(5)” for “subsection (c)(4)”.

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(b)(2), added par. (3).

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(b)(3), added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(b)(3)(A), (e), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h), substituted “Conflicts of Interest and Confidentiality” for “Elimination of Conflicts of Interest” in heading, substituted “conflicts of interest and that the identity of any person or activity submitting a challenge proposal is not disclosed outside the Federal Government, prior to contract award, without the consent of the person or activity” for “conflicts of interest”, and inserted at end “For purposes of the proceeding sentence, the term ‘Federal Government’ includes both employees of the Federal Government and employees of Federal Government contractors providing advisory and assistance services as described in part 37 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation.” Former subsec. (h) redesignated (i).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(b)(3)(A), redesignated subsec. (h) as (i). Former subsec. (i) redesignated (j).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(b)(3)(A), (4), redesignated subsec. (i) as (j) and substituted “The report shall also include a list of each challenge proposal that was determined by a Panel to satisfy each of the criteria specified in subsection (c)(5), but was not determined under a full review and evaluation to satisfy such criteria, together with a detailed rationale for the Department’s determination that such criteria were not satisfied” for “No report is required for a fiscal year in which the Challenge Program is not carried out”. Former subsec. (j) redesignated (k).

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 109–364, § 213(b)(3)(A), (f), redesignated subsec. (j) as (k) and substituted “2012” for “2007”.

### Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

### Effective Date of 2021 Amendment

Amendment by section 1701(d)(9) of Pub. L. 117–81 to take effect immediately after the amendments made by title XVIII of Pub. L. 116–283 have taken effect, see section 1701(a)(3) of Pub. L. 117–81, set out in a note preceding section 3001 of this title and note below.

Amendment by section 1701(q)(1), (u)(3)(B) of Pub. L. 117–81 applicable as if included in the enactment of title XVIII of Pub. L. 116–283 as enacted, see section 1701(a)(2) of Pub. L. 117–81, set out in a note preceding section 3001 of this title and Effective Date note below.

Amendment by Pub. L. 116–283 effective Jan. 1, 2022, with additional provisions for delayed implementation and applicability of existing law, see section 1801(d) of Pub. L. 116–283, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of this title.