---
kind: "range"
citation: "29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.1427–1926.1434"
title: "29"
from: "1926.1427"
to: "1926.1434"
count: 8
url: "https://uscodex.org/cfr/29/1926.1427..1926.1434"
---

# §1926.1427. Operator training, certification, and evaluation.

- (a) **General requirements for operators.** The employer must ensure that each operator is trained, certified/licensed, and evaluated in accordance with this section before operating any equipment covered under [subpart CC](/cfr/29/subpartCC.md), except for the equipment listed in [paragraph (a)(2)](#a-2) of this section.
  - (1) **Operation during training.** An employee who has not been certified/licensed and evaluated to operate assigned equipment in accordance with this section may only operate the equipment as an operator-in-training under supervision in accordance with the requirements of [paragraph (b)](#b) of this section.
  - (2) **Exceptions.** Operators of derricks (see [§ 1926.1436](/cfr/29/1926.1436.md)), sideboom cranes (see [§ 1926.1440](/cfr/29/1926.1440.md)), or equipment with a maximum manufacturer-rated hoisting/lifting capacity of 2,000 pounds or less (see [§ 1926.1441](/cfr/29/1926.1441.md)) are not required to comply with § 1926.1427. Note: The training requirements in those other sections continue to apply (for the training requirement for operators of sideboom cranes, follow [section 1926.1430(c)](/cfr/29/1926.1430.md?p=c)).
  - (3) **Qualification by the U.S. military.**
    - (i) For purposes of this section, an operator who is an employee of the U.S. military meets the requirements of this section if he/she has a current operator qualification issued by the U.S. military for operation of the equipment. An employee of the U.S. military is a Federal employee of the Department of Defense or Armed Forces and does not include employees of private contractors.
    - (ii) **A qualification under this paragraph is—**
      - (A) **Not portable—** Such a qualification meets the requirements of [paragraph (a)](#a) of this section only where the operator is employed by (and operating the equipment for) the employer that issued the qualification.
      - (B) **Valid for the period of time stipulated by the issuing entity.**
- (b) **Operator training.** The employer must provide each operator-in-training with sufficient training, through a combination of formal and practical instruction, to ensure that the operator-in-training develops the skills, knowledge, and ability to recognize and avert risk necessary to operate the equipment safely for assigned work.
  - (1) The employer must provide instruction on the knowledge and skills listed in paragraphs [(j)(1)](#j-1) and [(2)](#j-2) of this section to the operator-in-training.
  - (2) The operator-in-training must be continuously monitored on site by a trainer while operating equipment.
  - (3) The employer may only assign tasks within the operator-in-training's ability. However, except as provided in [paragraph (b)(3)(v)](#b-3-v) of this section, the operator-in-training shall not operate the equipment in any of the following circumstances unless certified in accordance with [paragraph (c)](#c) of this section:
    - (i) If any part of the equipment, load line, or load (including rigging and lifting accessories), if operated up to the equipment's maximum working radius in the work zone (see [§ 1926.1408(a)(1)](/cfr/29/1926.1408.md?p=a-1)), could get within 20 feet of a power line that is up to 350 kV, or within 50 feet of a power line that is over 350 kV.
    - (ii) If the equipment is used to hoist personnel.
    - (iii) **In multiple-equipment lifts.**
    - (iv) If the equipment is used over a shaft, cofferdam, or in a tank farm.
    - (v) In multiple-lift rigging operations, except where the operator's trainer determines that the operator-in-training's skills are sufficient for this high-skill work.
  - (4) The employer must ensure that an operator-in-training is monitored as follows when operating equipment covered by this subpart:
    - (i) While operating the equipment, the operator-in-training must be continuously monitored by an individual (“operator's trainer”) who meets all of the following requirements:
      - (A) **The operator's trainer is an employee or agent of the operator-in-training's employer.**
      - (B) The operator's trainer has the knowledge, training, and experience necessary to direct the operator-in-training on the equipment in use.
    - (ii) While monitoring the operator-in-training, the operator's trainer performs no tasks that detract from the trainer's ability to monitor the operator-in-training.
    - (iii) **For equipment other than tower cranes—** The operator's trainer and the operator-in-training must be in direct line of sight of each other. In addition, they must communicate verbally or by hand signals. For tower cranes: The operator's trainer and the operator-in-training must be in direct communication with each other.
    - (iv) The operator-in-training must be monitored by the operator's trainer at all times, except for short breaks where all of the following are met:
      - (A) **The break lasts no longer than 15 minutes and there is no more than one break per hour.**
      - (B) Immediately prior to the break the operator's trainer informs the operator-in-training of the specific tasks that the operator-in-training is to perform and limitations to which he/she must adhere during the operator trainer's break.
      - (C) The specific tasks that the operator-in-training will perform during the operator trainer's break are within the operator-in-training's abilities.
  - (5) **Retraining.** The employer must provide retraining in relevant topics for each operator when, based on the performance of the operator or an evaluation of the operator's knowledge, there is an indication that retraining is necessary.
- (c) **Operator certification and licensing.** The employer must ensure that each operator is certified or licensed to operate the equipment as follows:
  - (1) **Licensing.** When a state or local government issues operator licenses for equipment covered under subpart CC, the equipment operator must be licensed by that government entity for operation of equipment within that entity's jurisdiction if that government licensing program meets the following requirements:
    - (i) The requirements for obtaining the license include an assessment, by written and practical tests, of the operator applicant regarding, at a minimum, the knowledge and skills listed in paragraphs [(j)(1)](#j-1) and [(2)](#j-2) of this section.
    - (ii) The testing meets industry-recognized criteria for written testing materials, practical examinations, test administration, grading, facilities/equipment, and personnel.
    - (iii) The government authority that oversees the licensing department/office has determined that the requirements in paragraphs [(c)(1)(i)](#c-1-i) and [(ii)](#c-1-ii) of this section have been met.
    - (iv) The licensing department/office has testing procedures for re-licensing designed to ensure that the operator continues to meet the technical knowledge and skills requirements in paragraphs [(j)(1)](#j-1) and [(2)](#j-2) of this section.
    - (v) For the purposes of compliance with this section, a license is valid for the period of time stipulated by the licensing department/office, but no longer than 5 years.
  - (2) **Certification.** When an operator is not required to be licensed under [paragraph (c)(1)](#c-1) of this section, the operator must be certified in accordance with paragraph [(d)](#d) or [(e)](#e) of this section.
  - (3) **No cost to employees.** Whenever operator certification/licensure is required under this section, the employer must provide the certification/licensure at no cost to employees.
  - (4) **Provision of testing and training.** A testing entity is permitted to provide training as well as testing services as long as the criteria of the applicable governmental or accrediting agency (in the option selected) for an organization providing both services are met.
- (d) **Certification by an accredited crane operator testing organization.**
  - (1) For a certification to satisfy the requirements of this section, the crane operator testing organization providing the certification must:
    - (i) Be accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency based on that agency's determination that industry-recognized criteria for written testing materials, practical examinations, test administration, grading, facilities/equipment, and personnel have been met.
    - (ii) **Administer written and practical tests that—**
      - (A) Assess the operator applicant regarding, at a minimum, the knowledge and skills listed in paragraphs [(j)(1)](#j-1) and [(2)](#j-2) of this section.
      - (B) **Provide certification based on equipment type, or type and capacity.**
    - (iii) Have procedures for operators to re-apply and be re-tested in the event an operator applicant fails a test or is decertified.
    - (iv) Have testing procedures for re-certification designed to ensure that the operator continues to meet the technical knowledge and skills requirements in paragraphs [(j)(1)](#j-1) and [(2)](#j-2) of this section.
    - (v) Have its accreditation reviewed by the nationally recognized accrediting agency at least every 3 years.
  - (2) If no accredited testing agency offers certification examinations for a particular type of equipment, an operator will be deemed to have complied with the certification requirements of this section for that equipment if the operator has been certified for the type that is most similar to that equipment and for which a certification examination is available. The operator's certificate must state the type of equipment for which the operator is certified.
  - (3) A certification issued under this option is portable among employers who are required to have operators certified under this option.
  - (4) **A certification issued under this paragraph is valid for 5 years.**
- (e) **Audited employer program.** The employer's certification of its employee must meet the following requirements:
  - (1) **Testing.** The written and practical tests must be either:
    - (i) Developed by an accredited crane operator testing organization (see [paragraph (d)](#d) of this section); or
    - (ii) **Approved by an auditor in accordance with the following requirements—**
      - (A) The auditor is certified to evaluate such tests by an accredited crane operator testing organization (see [paragraph (d)](#d) of this section).
      - (B) **The auditor is not an employee of the employer.**
      - (C) The approval must be based on the auditor's determination that the written and practical tests meet nationally recognized test development criteria and are valid and reliable in assessing the operator applicants regarding, at a minimum, the knowledge and skills listed in paragraphs [(j)(1)](#j-1) and [(2)](#j-2) of this section.
      - (D) The audit must be conducted in accordance with nationally recognized auditing standards.
  - (2) **Administration of tests.**
    - (i) The written and practical tests must be administered under circumstances approved by the auditor as meeting nationally recognized test administration standards.
    - (ii) The auditor must be certified to evaluate the administration of the written and practical tests by an accredited crane operator testing organization (see [paragraph (d)](#d) of this section).
    - (iii) The auditor must not be an employee of the employer.
    - (iv) The audit must be conducted in accordance with nationally recognized auditing standards.
  - (3) **Timing of audit.** The employer program must be audited within 3 months of the beginning of the program and at least every 3 years thereafter.
  - (4) **Requalification.** The employer program must have testing procedures for re-qualification designed to ensure that the operator continues to meet the technical knowledge and skills requirements in paragraphs [(j)(1)](#j-1) and [(2)](#j-2) of this section. The re-qualification procedures must be audited in accordance with paragraphs [(e)(1)](#e-1) and [(2)](#e-2) of this section.
  - (5) **Deficiencies.** If the auditor determines that there is a significant deficiency (“deficiency”) in the program, the employer must ensure that:
    - (i) **No operator is qualified until the auditor confirms that the deficiency has been corrected.**
    - (ii) **The program is audited again within 180 days of the confirmation that the deficiency was corrected.**
    - (iii) The auditor files a documented report of the deficiency to the appropriate Regional Office of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration within 15 days of the auditor's determination that there is a deficiency.
    - (iv) Records of the audits of the employer's program are maintained by the auditor for 3 years and are made available by the auditor to the Secretary of Labor or the Secretary's designated representative upon request.
  - (6) **Audited-program certificates.** A certification under this paragraph is:
    - (i) **Not portable—** Such a certification meets the requirements of [paragraph (c)](#c) of this section only where the operator is employed by (and operating the equipment for) the employer that issued the certification.
    - (ii) **Valid for 5 years.**
- (f) **Evaluation.**
  - (1) Through an evaluation, the employer must ensure that each operator is qualified by a demonstration of:
    - (i) The skills and knowledge, as well as the ability to recognize and avert risk, necessary to operate the equipment safely, including those specific to the safety devices, operational aids, software, and the size and configuration of the equipment. Size and configuration includes, but is not limited to, lifting capacity, boom length, attachments, luffing jib, and counterweight set-up.
    - (ii) The ability to perform the hoisting activities required for assigned work, including, if applicable, blind lifts, personnel hoisting, and multi-crane lifts.
  - (2) For operators employed prior to December 10, 2018, the employer may rely on its previous assessments of the operator in lieu of conducting a new evaluation of that operator's existing knowledge and skills.
  - (3) The definition of “qualified” in [§ 1926.32](/cfr/29/1926.32.md) does not apply to [paragraph (f)(1)](#f-1) of this section: Possession of a certificate or degree cannot, by itself, cause a person to be qualified for purposes of [paragraph (f)(1)](#f-1).
  - (4) The evaluation required under [paragraph (f)(1)](#f-1) of this section must be conducted by an individual who has the knowledge, training, and experience necessary to assess equipment operators.
  - (5) The evaluator must be an employee or agent of the employer. Employers that assign evaluations to an agent retain the duty to ensure that the requirements in [paragraph (f)](#f) are satisfied. Once the evaluation is completed successfully, the employer may allow the operator to operate other equipment that the employer can demonstrate does not require substantially different skills, knowledge, or ability to recognize and avert risk to operate.
  - (6) The employer must document the completion of the evaluation. This document must provide: The operator's name; the evaluator's name and signature; the date; and the make, model, and configuration of equipment used in the evaluation. The employer must make the document available at the worksite while the operator is employed by the employer. For operators assessed per [paragraph (f)(2)](#f-2) of this section, the documentation must reflect the date of the employer's determination of the operator's abilities and the make, model and configuration of equipment on which the operator has previously demonstrated competency.
  - (7) When an employer is required to provide an operator with retraining under [paragraph (b)(5)](#b-5) of this section, the employer must re-evaluate the operator with respect to the subject of the retraining.
- (g) [Reserved]
- (h) **Language and literacy requirements.**
  - (1) Tests under this section may be administered verbally, with answers given verbally, where the operator candidate:
    - (i) **Passes a written demonstration of literacy relevant to the work.**
    - (ii) Demonstrates the ability to use the type of written manufacturer procedures applicable to the class/type of equipment for which the candidate is seeking certification.
  - (2) Tests under this section may be administered in any language the operator candidate understands, and the operator's certification documentation must note the language in which the test was given. The operator is only permitted to operate equipment that is furnished with materials required by this subpart, such as operations manuals and load charts, that are written in the language of the certification.
    - (i) [Reserved]
- (j) **Certification criteria.** Certifications must be based on the following:
  - (1) **A determination through a written test that—**
    - (i) The individual knows the information necessary for safe operation of the specific type of equipment the individual will operate, including all of the following:
      - (A) **The controls and operational/performance characteristics.**
      - (B) Use of, and the ability to calculate (manually or with a calculator), load/capacity information on a variety of configurations of the equipment.
      - (C) **Procedures for preventing and responding to power line contact.**
      - (D) Technical knowledge of the subject matter criteria listed in appendix C of this subpart applicable to the specific type of equipment the individual will operate. Use of the appendix C criteria meets the requirements of this provision.
      - (E) Technical knowledge applicable to the suitability of the supporting ground and surface to handle expected loads, site hazards, and site access.
      - (F) **This subpart, including applicable incorporated materials.**
    - (ii) The individual is able to read and locate relevant information in the equipment manual and other materials containing information referred to in [paragraph (j)(1)(i)](#j-1-i) of this section.
  - (2) A determination through a practical test that the individual has the skills necessary for safe operation of the equipment, including the following:
    - (i) Ability to recognize, from visual and auditory observation, the items listed in [§ 1926.1412(d)](/cfr/29/1926.1412.md?p=d) (shift inspection).
    - (ii) **Operational and maneuvering skills.**
    - (iii) **Application of load chart information.**
    - (iv) **Application of safe shut-down and securing procedures.**
- (k) **Effective dates.**
  - (1) Apart from the evaluation and documentation requirements in paragraphs [(a)](#a) and [(f)](#f), this section is effective on December 10, 2018.
  - (2) The evaluation and documentation requirements in paragraphs [(a)](#a) and [(f)](#f) are effective on February 7, 2019.

# §1926.1428. Signal person qualifications.

- (a) The employer of the signal person must ensure that each signal person meets the Qualification Requirements ([paragraph (c)](#c) of this section) prior to giving any signals. This requirement must be met by using either Option (1) or Option (2) of this section.
  - (1) **Option (1)—Third party qualified evaluator.** The signal person has documentation from a third party qualified evaluator (see Qualified Evaluator (third party), [§ 1926.1401](/cfr/29/1926.1401.md) for definition) showing that the signal person meets the Qualification Requirements (see [paragraph (c)](#c) of this section).
  - (2) **Option (2)—Employer's qualified evaluator.** The employer's qualified (see Qualified Evaluator (not a third party), [§ 1926.1401](/cfr/29/1926.1401.md) for definition) evaluator assesses the individual and determines that the individual meets the Qualification Requirements (see [paragraph (c)](#c) of this section) and provides documentation of that determination. An assessment by an employer's qualified evaluator under this option is not portable—other employers are not permitted to use it to meet the requirements of this section.
  - (3) The employer must make the documentation for whichever option is used available at the site while the signal person is employed by the employer. The documentation must specify each type of signaling (e.g. hand signals, radio signals, etc.) for which the signal person meets the requirements of [paragraph (c)](#c) of this section.
- (b) If subsequent actions by the signal person indicate that the individual does not meet the Qualification Requirements (see [paragraph (c)](#c) of this section), the employer must not allow the individual to continue working as a signal person until re-training is provided and a re-assessment is made in accordance with [paragraph (a)](#a) of this section that confirms that the individual meets the Qualification Requirements.
- (c) **Qualification Requirements.** Each signal person must:
  - (1) **Know and understand the type of signals used.** If hand signals are used, the signal person must know and understand the Standard Method for hand signals.
  - (2) **Be competent in the application of the type of signals used.**
  - (3) Have a basic understanding of equipment operation and limitations, including the crane dynamics involved in swinging and stopping loads and boom deflection from hoisting loads.
  - (4) Know and understand the relevant requirements of §§ [1926.1419 through 1926.1422](/cfr/29/1926.1419..1926.1422.md) and 1926.1428.
  - (5) Demonstrate that he/she meets the requirements in [paragraphs (c)(1) through (4)](#c-1..c-4) of this section through an oral or written test, and through a practical test.

# §1926.1429. Qualifications of maintenance & repair employees.

- (a) Maintenance, inspection and repair personnel are permitted to operate the equipment only where all of the following requirements are met:
  - (1) The operation is limited to those functions necessary to perform maintenance, inspect the equipment, or verify its performance.
  - (2) **The personnel either—**
    - (i) Operate the equipment under the direct supervision of an operator who meets the requirements of [§ 1926.1427](/cfr/29/1926.1427.md) (Operator qualification and certification); or
    - (ii) Are familiar with the operation, limitations, characteristics and hazards associated with the type of equipment.
- (b) Maintenance and repair personnel must meet the definition of a qualified person with respect to the equipment and maintenance/repair tasks performed.

# §1926.1430. Training.


The employer must provide training as follows:

- (a) **Overhead powerlines.** The employer must train each employee specified in [§ 1926.1408(g)](/cfr/29/1926.1408.md?p=g) and [§ 1926.1410(m)](/cfr/29/1926.1410.md?p=m) in the topics listed in [§ 1926.1408(g)](/cfr/29/1926.1408.md?p=g).
- (b) **Signal persons.** The employer must train each employee who will be assigned to work as a signal persons who does not meet the requirements of [§ 1926.1428(c)](/cfr/29/1926.1428.md?p=c) in the areas addressed in that paragraph.
- (c) **Operators.**
  - (1) The employer must train each operator in accordance with § [1926.1427(a)](/cfr/29/1926.1427.md?p=a) and [(b)](/cfr/29/1926.1427.md?p=b), on the safe operation of the equipment the operator will be using.
  - (2) The employer must train each operator covered under the exception of [§ 1926.1427(a)(2)](/cfr/29/1926.1427.md?p=a-2) on the safe operation of the equipment the operator will be using.
  - (3) The employer must train each operator of the equipment covered by this subpart in the following practices:
    - (i) On friction equipment, whenever moving a boom off a support, first raise the boom a short distance (sufficient to take the load of the boom) to determine if the boom hoist brake needs to be adjusted. On other types of equipment with a boom, the same practice is applicable, except that typically there is no means of adjusting the brake; if the brake does not hold, a repair is necessary. See § [1926.1417(f)](/cfr/29/1926.1417.md?p=f) and [(j)](/cfr/29/1926.1417.md?p=j) for additional requirements.
    - (ii) Where available, the manufacturer's emergency procedures for halting unintended equipment movement.
- (d) **Competent persons and qualified persons.** The employer must train each competent person and each qualified person regarding the requirements of this subpart applicable to their respective roles.
- (e) **Crush/pinch points.** The employer must train each employee who works with the equipment to keep clear of holes, and crush/pinch points and the hazards addressed in [§ 1926.1424](/cfr/29/1926.1424.md) (Work area control).
- (f) **Tag-out.** The employer must train each operator and each additional employee authorized to start/energize equipment or operate equipment controls (such as maintenance and repair employees), in the tag-out and start-up procedures in §§ [1926.1417(f)](/cfr/29/1926.1417.md?p=f) and [(g)](/cfr/29/1926.1417.md?p=g).
- (g) **Training administration.**
  - (1) The employer must evaluate each employee required to be trained under this subpart to confirm that the employee understands the information provided in the training.
  - (2) The employer must provide refresher training in relevant topics for each employee when, based on the conduct of the employee or an evaluation of the employee's knowledge, there is an indication that retraining is necessary.
  - (3) Whenever training is required under subpart CC, the employer must provide the training at no cost to the employee.

# §1926.1431. Hoisting personnel.


The requirements of this section are supplemental to the other requirements in this subpart and apply when one or more employees are hoisted.

- (a) The use of equipment to hoist employees is prohibited except where the employer demonstrates that the erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching the work area, such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift, elevating work platform, or scaffold, would be more hazardous, or is not possible because of the project's structural design or worksite conditions. This paragraph does not apply to work covered by [subpart R](/cfr/29/subpartR.md) (Steel Erection) of this part and also does not apply to routine personnel access to an underground worksite via shaft as covered by [§ 1926.800](/cfr/29/1926.800.md) (Underground Construction) of this part.
- (b) **Use of personnel platform.**
  - (1) When using equipment to hoist employees, the employees must be in a personnel platform that meets the requirements of [paragraph (e)](#e) of this section.
  - (2) **Exceptions—** A personnel platform is not required for hoisting employees:
    - (i) Into and out of drill shafts that are up to and including 8 feet in diameter (see [paragraph (o)](#o) of this section for requirements for hoisting these employees).
    - (ii) In pile driving operations (see [paragraph (p)](#p) of this section for requirements for hoisting these employees).
    - (iii) Solely for transfer to or from a marine worksite in a marine-hoisted personnel transfer device (see [paragraph (r)](#r) of this section for requirements for hoisting these employees).
    - (iv) In storage-tank (steel or concrete), shaft and chimney operations (see [paragraph (s)](#s) of this section for requirements for hoisting these employees).
- (c) **Equipment set-up.**
  - (1) The equipment must be uniformly level, within one percent of level grade, and located on footing that a qualified person has determined to be sufficiently firm and stable.
  - (2) Equipment with outriggers or stabilizers must have them all extended and locked. The amount of extension must be the same for all outriggers and stabilizers and in accordance with manufacturer procedures and load charts.
- (d) **Equipment criteria—**
  - (1) **Capacity: Use of suspended personnel platforms.** The total load (with the platform loaded, including the hook, load line and rigging) must not exceed 50 percent of the rated capacity for the radius and configuration of the equipment, except during proof testing.
  - (2) **Capacity: Use of boom-attached personnel platforms.** The total weight of the loaded personnel platform must not exceed 50 percent of the rated capacity for the radius and configuration of the equipment (except during proof testing).
  - (3) **Capacity: Hoisting personnel without a personnel platform.** When hoisting personnel without a personnel platform pursuant to [paragraph (b)(2)](#b-2) of this section, the total load (including the hook, load line, rigging and any other equipment that imposes a load) must not exceed 50 percent of the rated capacity for the radius and configuration of the equipment, except during proof testing.
  - (4) When the occupied personnel platform is in a stationary working position, the load and boom hoist brakes, swing brakes, and operator actuated secondary braking and locking features (such as pawls or dogs) or automatic secondary brakes must be engaged.
  - (5) **Devices.**
    - (i) Equipment (except for derricks and articulating cranes) with a variable angle boom must be equipped with all of the following:
      - (A) A boom angle indicator, readily visible to the operator, and
      - (B) **A boom hoist limiting device.**
    - (ii) Articulating cranes must be equipped with a properly functioning automatic overload protection device.
    - (iii) Equipment with a luffing jib must be equipped with:
      - (A) **A jib angle indicator, readily visible to the operator, and.**
      - (B) **A jib hoist limiting device.**
    - (iv) Equipment with telescoping booms must be equipped with a device to indicate the boom's extended length clearly to the operator, or must have measuring marks on the boom.
    - (v) **Anti two-block.** A device which automatically prevents damage and load failure from contact between the load block, overhaul ball, or similar component, and the boom tip (or fixed upper block or similar component) must be used. The device(s) must prevent such damage/failure at all points where two-blocking could occur. Exception: This device is not required when hoisting personnel in pile driving operations. Instead, [paragraph (p)(2)](#p-2) of this section specifies how to prevent two-blocking during such operations.
    - (vi) **Controlled load lowering.** The load line hoist drum must have a system, other than the load line hoist brake, which regulates the lowering rate of speed of the hoist mechanism. This system or device must be used when hoisting personnel.
    - (vii) **Proper operation required.** Personnel hoisting operations must not begin unless the devices listed in this section are in proper working order. If a device stops working properly during such operations, the operator must safely stop operations. Personnel hoisting operations must not resume until the device is again working properly. Alternative measures are not permitted. (See [§ 1926.1417](/cfr/29/1926.1417.md) for tag-out and related requirements.)
  - (6) **Direct attachment of a personnel platform to a luffing jib is prohibited.**
- (e) **Personnel platform criteria.**
  - (1) A qualified person familiar with structural design must design the personnel platform and attachment/suspension system used for hoisting personnel.
  - (2) The system used to connect the personnel platform to the equipment must allow the platform to remain within 10 degrees of level, regardless of boom angle.
  - (3) The suspension system must be designed to minimize tipping of the platform due to movement of employees occupying the platform.
  - (4) The personnel platform itself (excluding the guardrail system and personal fall arrest system anchorages), must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load.
  - (5) All welding of the personnel platform and its components must be performed by a certified welder familiar with the weld grades, types and material specified in the platform design.
  - (6) The personnel platform must be equipped with a guardrail system which meets the requirements of [subpart M](/cfr/29/subpartM.md) of this part, and must be enclosed at least from the toeboard to mid-rail with either solid construction material or expanded metal having openings no greater than 1/2 inch (1.27 cm). Points to which personal fall arrest systems are attached must meet the anchorage requirements in [subpart M](/cfr/29/subpartM.md) of this part.
  - (7) A grab rail must be installed inside the entire perimeter of the personnel platform except for access gates/doors.
  - (8) **Access gates/doors.** If installed, access gates/doors of all types (including swinging, sliding, folding, or other types) must:
    - (i) **Not swing outward.** If due to the size of the personnel platform, such as a 1-person platform, it is infeasible for the door to swing inward and allow safe entry for the platform occupant, then the access gate/door may swing outward.
    - (ii) **Be equipped with a device that prevents accidental opening.**
  - (9) Headroom must be sufficient to allow employees to stand upright in the platform.
  - (10) In addition to the use of hard hats, employees must be protected by overhead protection on the personnel platform when employees are exposed to falling objects. The platform overhead protection must not obscure the view of the operator or platform occupants (such as wire mesh that has up to 1/2 inch openings), unless full protection is necessary.
  - (11) All edges exposed to employee contact must be smooth enough to prevent injury.
  - (12) The weight of the platform and its rated capacity must be conspicuously posted on the platform with a plate or other permanent marking.
- (f) **Personnel platform loading.**
  - (1) The personnel platform must not be loaded in excess of its rated capacity.
  - (2) **Use.**
    - (i) Personnel platforms must be used only for employees, their tools, and the materials necessary to do their work. Platforms must not be used to hoist materials or tools when not hoisting personnel.
    - (ii) **Exception—** Materials and tools to be used during the lift, if secured and distributed in accordance with [paragraph (f)(3)](#f-3) of this section may be in the platform for trial lifts.
  - (3) Materials and tools must be:
    - (i) **Secured to prevent displacement.**
    - (ii) **Evenly distributed within the confines of the platform while it is suspended.**
  - (4) The number of employees occupying the personnel platform must not exceed the maximum number the platform was designed to hold or the number required to perform the work, whichever is less.
- (g) **Attachment and rigging—**
  - (1) **Hooks and other detachable devices.**
    - (i) Hooks used in the connection between the hoist line and the personnel platform (including hooks on overhaul ball assemblies, lower load blocks, bridle legs, or other attachment assemblies or components) must be:
      - (A) **Of a type that can be closed and locked, eliminating the throat opening.**
      - (B) **Closed and locked when attached.**
    - (ii) Shackles used in place of hooks must be of the alloy anchor type, with either:
      - (A) A bolt, nut and retaining pin, in place; or
      - (B) **Of the screw type, with the screw pin secured from accidental removal.**
    - (iii) Where other detachable devices are used, they must be of the type that can be closed and locked to the same extent as the devices addressed in paragraphs [(g)(1)(i)](#g-1-i) and [(ii)](#g-1-ii) of this section. Such devices must be closed and locked when attached.
  - (2) **Rope bridle.** When a rope bridle is used to suspend the personnel platform, each bridle leg must be connected to a master link or shackle (see [paragraph (g)(1)](#g-1) of this section) in a manner that ensures that the load is evenly divided among the bridle legs.
  - (3) Rigging hardware (including wire rope, shackles, rings, master links, and other rigging hardware) and hooks must be capable of supporting, without failure, at least five times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that component. Where rotation resistant rope is used, the slings must be capable of supporting without failure at least ten times the maximum intended load.
  - (4) Eyes in wire rope slings must be fabricated with thimbles.
  - (5) Bridles and associated rigging for suspending the personnel platform must be used only for the platform and the necessary employees, their tools and materials necessary to do their work. The bridles and associated rigging must not have been used for any purpose other than hoisting personnel.
- (h) **Trial lift and inspection.**
  - (1) A trial lift with the unoccupied personnel platform loaded at least to the anticipated liftweight must be made from ground level, or any other location where employees will enter the platform, to each location at which the platform is to be hoisted and positioned. Where there is more than one location to be reached from a single set-up position, either individual trial lifts for each location, or a single trial lift, in which the platform is moved sequentially to each location, must be performed; the method selected must be the same as the method that will be used to hoist the personnel.
  - (2) The trial lift must be performed immediately prior to each shift in which personnel will be hoisted. In addition, the trial lift must be repeated prior to hoisting employees in each of the following circumstances:
    - (i) **The equipment is moved and set up in a new location or returned to a previously used location.**
    - (ii) The lift route is changed, unless the competent person determines that the new route presents no new factors affecting safety.
  - (3) The competent person must determine that:
    - (i) **Safety devices and operational aids required by this section are activated and functioning properly.** Other safety devices and operational aids must meet the requirements of §§ [1926.1415](/cfr/29/1926.1415.md) and [1926.1416](/cfr/29/1926.1416.md).
    - (ii) **Nothing interferes with the equipment or the personnel platform in the course of the trial lift.**
    - (iii) The lift will not exceed 50 percent of the equipment's rated capacity at any time during the lift.
    - (iv) **The load radius to be used during the lift has been accurately determined.**
  - (4) **Immediately after the trial lift, the competent person must—**
    - (i) Conduct a visual inspection of the equipment, base support or ground, and personnel platform, to determine whether the trial lift has exposed any defect or problem or produced any adverse effect.
    - (ii) **Confirm that, upon the completion of the trial lift process, the test weight has been removed.**
  - (5) **Immediately prior to each lift—**
    - (i) The platform must be hoisted a few inches with the personnel and materials/tools on board and inspected by a competent person to ensure that it is secure and properly balanced.
    - (ii) The following conditions must be determined by a competent person to exist before the lift of personnel proceeds:
      - (A) Hoist ropes must be free of deficiencies in accordance with [§ 1926.1413(a)](/cfr/29/1926.1413.md?p=a).
      - (B) Multiple part lines must not be twisted around each other.
      - (C) The primary attachment must be centered over the platform.
      - (D) If the load rope is slack, the hoisting system must be inspected to ensure that all ropes are properly seated on drums and in sheaves.
  - (6) Any condition found during the trial lift and subsequent inspection(s) that fails to meet a requirement of this standard or otherwise creates a safety hazard must be corrected before hoisting personnel. (See [§ 1926.1417](/cfr/29/1926.1417.md) for tag-out and related requirements.)
    - (i) [Reserved]
- (j) **Proof testing.**
  - (1) At each jobsite, prior to hoisting employees on the personnel platform, and after any repair or modification, the platform and rigging must be proof tested to 125 percent of the platform's rated capacity. The proof test may be done concurrently with the trial lift.
  - (2) The platform must be lowered by controlled load lowering, braked, and held in a suspended position for a minimum of five minutes with the test load evenly distributed on the platform.
  - (3) After proof testing, a competent person must inspect the platform and rigging to determine if the test has been passed. If any deficiencies are found that pose a safety hazard, the platform and rigging must not be used to hoist personnel unless the deficiencies are corrected, the test is repeated, and a competent person determines that the test has been passed. (See [§ 1926.1417](/cfr/29/1926.1417.md) for tag-out and related requirements.)
  - (4) Personnel hoisting must not be conducted until the competent person determines that the platform and rigging have successfully passed the proof test.
- (k) **Work practices.**
  - (1) Hoisting of the personnel platform must be performed in a slow, controlled, cautious manner, with no sudden movements of the equipment or the platform.
  - (2) **Platform occupants must—**
    - (i) **Keep all parts of the body inside the platform during raising, lowering, and horizontal movement.** This provision does not apply to an occupant of the platform when necessary to position the platform or while performing the duties of a signal person.
    - (ii) Not stand, sit on, or work from the top or intermediate rail or toeboard, or use any other means/device to raise their working height.
    - (iii) **Not pull the platform out of plumb in relation to the hoisting equipment.**
  - (3) Before employees exit or enter a hoisted personnel platform that is not landed, the platform must be secured to the structure where the work is to be performed, unless the employer can demonstrate that securing to the structure would create a greater hazard.
  - (4) If the platform is tied to the structure, the operator must not move the platform until the operator receives confirmation that it is freely suspended.
  - (5) Tag lines must be used when necessary to control the platform.
  - (6) **Platforms without controls.** Where the platform is not equipped with controls, the equipment operator must remain at the equipment controls, on site, and in view of the equipment, at all times while the platform is occupied.
  - (7) **Platforms with controls.** Where the platform is equipped with controls, all of the following must be met at all times while the platform is occupied:
    - (i) The occupant using the controls in the platform must be a qualified person with respect to their use, including the safe limitations of the equipment and hazards associated with its operation.
    - (ii) The equipment operator must be at a set of equipment controls that include boom and swing functions of the equipment, and must be on site and in view of the equipment.
    - (iii) The platform operating manual must be in the platform or on the equipment.
  - (8) **Environmental conditions—**
    - (i) **Wind.** When wind speed (sustained or gusts) exceeds 20 mph at the personnel platform, a qualified person must determine if, in light of the wind conditions, it is not safe to lift personnel. If it is not, the lifting operation must not begin (or, if already in progress, must be terminated).
    - (ii) **Other weather and environmental conditions.** A qualified person must determine if, in light of indications of dangerous weather conditions, or other impending or existing danger, it is not safe to lift personnel. If it is not, the lifting operation must not begin (or, if already in progress, must be terminated).
  - (9) Employees being hoisted must remain in direct communication with the signal person (where used), or the operator.
  - (10) **Fall protection.**
    - (i) Except over water, employees occupying the personnel platform must be provided and use a personal fall arrest system. The system must be attached to a structural member within the personnel platform. When working over or near water, the requirements of [§ 1926.106](/cfr/29/1926.106.md) apply.
    - (ii) The fall arrest system, including the attachment point (anchorage) used to comply with paragraph (i) of this section, must meet the requirements in [§ 1926.502](/cfr/29/1926.502.md).
  - (11) **Other load lines.**
    - (i) No lifts must be made on any other of the equipment's load lines while personnel are being hoisted, except in pile driving operations.
    - (ii) **Factory-produced boom-mounted personnel platforms that incorporate a winch as original equipment.** Loads are permitted to be hoisted by such a winch while employees occupy the personnel platform only where the load on the winch line does not exceed 500 pounds and does not exceed the rated capacity of the winch and platform.
  - (12) **Traveling—equipment other than derricks.**
    - (i) **Hoisting of employees while the equipment is traveling is prohibited, except for—**
      - (A) Equipment that travels on fixed rails; or
      - (B) Where the employer demonstrates that there is no less hazardous way to perform the work.
      - (C) **This exception does not apply to rubber-tired equipment.**
    - (ii) Where employees are hoisted while the equipment is traveling, all of the following criteria must be met:
      - (A) Equipment travel must be restricted to a fixed track or runway.
      - (B) Where a runway is used, it must be a firm, level surface designed, prepared and designated as a path of travel for the weight and configuration of the equipment being used to lift and travel with the personnel platform. An existing surface may be used as long as it meets these criteria.
      - (C) Equipment travel must be limited to boom length.
      - (D) The boom must be parallel to the direction of travel, except where it is safer to do otherwise.
      - (E) A complete trial run must be performed to test the route of travel before employees are allowed to occupy the platform. This trial run can be performed at the same time as the trial lift required by [paragraph (h)](#h) of this section which tests the lift route.
  - (13) **Traveling—derricks.** Derricks are prohibited from traveling while personnel are hoisted.
- (l) [Reserved]
- (m) **Pre-lift meeting.** A pre-lift meeting must be:
  - (1) Held to review the applicable requirements of this section and the procedures that will be followed.
  - (2) Attended by the equipment operator, signal person (if used for the lift), employees to be hoisted, and the person responsible for the task to be performed.
  - (3) Held prior to the trial lift at each new work location, and must be repeated for any employees newly assigned to the operation.
- (n) **Hoisting personnel near power lines.** Hoisting personnel within 20 feet of a power line that is up to 350 kV, and hoisting personnel within 50 feet of a power line that is over 350 kV, is prohibited, except for work covered by [subpart V](/cfr/29/subpartV.md) of this part (Power Transmission and Distribution).
- (o) **Hoisting personnel in drill shafts.** When hoisting employees into and out of drill shafts that are up to and including 8 feet in diameter, all of the following requirements must be met:
  - (1) The employee must be in either a personnel platform or on a boatswain's chair.
  - (2) If using a personnel platform, [paragraphs (a) through (n)](#a..n) of this section apply.
  - (3) If using a boatswain's chair:
    - (i) **The following paragraphs of this section apply—**
- (a) , (c), (d)(1), (d)(3), (d)(4), (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), (f)(1), (f)(2)(i), (f)(3)(i), (g), (h), (k)(1), (k)(6), (k)(8), (k)(9), (k)(11)(i), (m), (n). Where the terms “personnel platform” or “platform” are used in these paragraphs, substitute them with “boatswain's chair.”
- (ii) A signal person must be stationed at the shaft opening.
- (iii) The employee must be hoisted in a slow, controlled descent and ascent.
- (iv) The employee must use personal fall protection equipment, including a full body harness, attached independent of the crane/derrick.
- (v) The fall protection equipment must meet the applicable requirements in [§ 1926.502](/cfr/29/1926.502.md).
- (vi) The boatswain's chair itself (excluding the personal fall arrest system anchorages), must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load.
- (vii) No more than one person must be hoisted at a time.
- (p) **Hoisting personnel for pile driving operations.** When hoisting an employee in pile driving operations, the following requirements must be met:
  - (1) The employee must be in a personnel platform or boatswain's chair.
  - (2) **For lattice boom cranes—** Clearly mark the cable (so that it can easily be seen by the operator) at a point that will give the operator sufficient time to stop the hoist to prevent two-blocking, or use a spotter who is in direct communication with the operator to inform the operator when this point is reached. For telescopic boom cranes: Clearly mark the cable (so that it can be easily seen by the operator) at a point that will give the operator sufficient time to stop the hoist to prevent two-blocking, and use a spotter who is in direct communication with the operator to inform the operator when this point is reached.
  - (3) If using a personnel platform, [paragraphs (b) through (n)](#b..n) of this section apply.
  - (4) If using a boatswain's chair:
    - (i) **The following paragraphs of this section apply—**
- (a) , (c), (d)(1), (d)(3), (d)(4), (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), (f)(1), (f)(2)(i), (f)(3)(i), (g), (h), (j), (k)(1), (k)(6), (k)(8), (k)(9), (k)(11)(i), (m), and (n). Where the terms “personnel platform” or “platform” are used in these paragraphs, substitute them with “boatswains chair.”
- (ii) The employee must be hoisted in a slow, controlled descent and ascent.
- (iii) The employee must use personal fall protection equipment, including a full body harness, independently attached to the lower load block or overhaul ball.
- (iv) The fall protection equipment must meet the applicable requirements in [§ 1926.502](/cfr/29/1926.502.md).
- (v) The boatswain's chair itself (excluding the personal fall arrest system anchorages), must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load.
- (vi) No more than one person must be hoisted at a time.
- (q) [Reserved]
- (r) **Hoisting personnel for marine transfer.** When hoisting employees solely for transfer to or from a marine worksite, the following requirements must be met:
  - (1) The employee must be in either a personnel platform or a marine-hoisted personnel transfer device.
  - (2) If using a personnel platform, [paragraphs (a) through (n)](#a..n) of this section apply.
  - (3) If using a marine-hoisted personnel transfer device:
    - (i) **The following paragraphs of this section apply—**
- (a) , (c)(2), (d)(1), (d)(3), (d)(4), (e)(1) through (5), (e)(12), (f)(1), (g), (h), (j), (k)(1), (k)(8), (k)(9), (k)(10)(ii), (k)(11)(i), (k)(12), (m), and (n). Where the terms “personnel platform” or “platform” are used in these paragraphs, substitute them with “marine-hoisted personnel transfer device.”
- (ii) The transfer device must be used only for transferring workers.
- (iii) The number of workers occupying the transfer device must not exceed the maximum number it was designed to hold.
- (iv) Each employee must wear a U.S. Coast Guard personal flotation device approved for industrial use.
- (s) **Hoisting personnel for storage-tank (steel or concrete), shaft and chimney operations.** When hoisting an employee in storage tank (steel or concrete), shaft and chimney operations, the following requirements must be met:
  - (1) The employee must be in a personnel platform except when the employer can demonstrate that use of a personnel platform is infeasible; in such a case, a boatswain's chair must be used.
  - (2) If using a personnel platform, [paragraphs (a) through (n)](#a..n) of this section apply.
  - (3) If using a boatswain's chair:
    - (i) **The following paragraphs of this section apply—**
- (a) , (c), (d)(1), (d)(3), (d)(4), (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), (f)(1), (f)(2)(i), (f)(3)(i), (g), (h), (k)(1), (k)(6), (k)(8), (k)(9), (k)(11)(i), (m), (n). Where the terms “personnel platform” or “platform” are used in these paragraphs, substitute them with “boatswains chair.”
- (ii) The employee must be hoisted in a slow, controlled descent and ascent.
- (iii) The employee must use personal fall protection equipment, including a full body harness, attached independent of the crane/derrick. When there is no adequate structure for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment as required in [§ 1926.502(d)(15)](/cfr/29/1926.502.md?p=d-15), the attachment must be to the lower load block or overhaul ball.
- (iv) The fall protection equipment must meet the applicable requirements in [§ 1926.502](/cfr/29/1926.502.md).
- (v) The boatswain's chair itself (excluding the personal fall arrest system anchorages), must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load.
- (vi) No more than one person must be hoisted at a time.

# §1926.1432. Multiple-crane/derrick lifts—supplemental requirements.

- (a) **Plan development.** Before beginning a crane/derrick operation in which more than one crane/derrick will be supporting the load, the operation must be planned. The planning must meet the following requirements:
  - (1) The plan must be developed by a qualified person.
  - (2) The plan must be designed to ensure that the requirements of this subpart are met.
  - (3) Where the qualified person determines that engineering expertise is needed for the planning, the employer must ensure that it is provided.
- (b) **Plan implementation.**
  - (1) The multiple-crane/derrick lift must be directed by a person who meets the criteria for both a competent person and a qualified person, or by a competent person who is assisted by one or more qualified persons (lift director).
  - (2) The lift director must review the plan in a meeting with all workers who will be involved with the operation.

# §1926.1433. Design, construction and testing.


The following requirements apply to equipment that has a manufacturer-rated hoisting/lifting capacity of more than 2,000 pounds.

- (a) Crawler, truck and locomotive cranes manufactured prior to November 8, 2010 must meet the applicable requirements for design, construction, and testing as prescribed in ANSI B30.5-1968 (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)), PCSA Std. No. 2 (1968) (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)), the requirements in [paragraph (b)](#b) of this section, or the applicable DIN standards that were in effect at the time of manufacture.
- (b) Mobile (including crawler and truck) and locomotive cranes manufactured on or after November 8, 2010 must meet the following portions of ASME B30.5-2004 (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)) as applicable:
  - (1) In [section 5-1.1.1](/cfr/29/5-1.1.1.md) (“Load Ratings—Where Stability Governs Lifting Performance”), [paragraphs (a)-(d)](#a..d) (including subparagraphs).
  - (2) In [section 5-1.1.2](/cfr/29/5-1.1.2.md) (“Load Ratings—Where Structural Competence Governs Lifting Performance”), [paragraph (b)](#b).
  - (3) [Section 5-1.2](/cfr/29/5-1.2.md) (“Stability (Backward and Forward)”).
  - (4) In [section 5-1.3.1](/cfr/29/5-1.3.1.md) (“Boom Hoist Mechanism”), paragraphs [(a)](#a), [(b)(1)](#b-1) and [(b)(2)](#b-2), except that when using rotation resistant rope, [§ 1926.1414(c)(4)(ii)(A)](/cfr/29/1926.1414.md?p=c-4-ii-A) applies.
  - (5) In [section 5-1.3.2](/cfr/29/5-1.3.2.md) (“Load Hoist Mechanism”), [paragraphs (a)(2) through (a)(4)](#a-2..a-4) (including subparagraphs), (b) (including subparagraphs), (c) (first sentence only) and (d).
  - (6) [Section 5-1.3.3](/cfr/29/5-1.3.3.md) (“Telescoping Boom”).
  - (7) [Section 5-1.4](/cfr/29/5-1.4.md) (“Swing Mechanism”).
  - (8) In [section 5-1.5](/cfr/29/5-1.5.md) (“Crane Travel”), all provisions except 5-1.5.3(d).
  - (9) In [section 5-1.6](/cfr/29/5-1.6.md) (“Controls”), all provisions except 5-1.6.1 (c).
  - (10) [Section 5-1.7.4](/cfr/29/5-1.7.4.md) (“Sheaves”).
  - (11) [Section 5-1.7.5](/cfr/29/5-1.7.5.md) (“Sheave sizes”).
  - (12) In [section 5-1.9.1](/cfr/29/5-1.9.1.md) (“Booms”), paragraph (f).
  - (13) [Section 5-1.9.3](/cfr/29/5-1.9.3.md) (“Outriggers”).
  - (14) [Section 5-1.9.4](/cfr/29/5-1.9.4.md) (“Locomotive Crane Equipment”).
  - (15) [Section 5-1.9.7](/cfr/29/5-1.9.7.md) (“Clutch and Brake Protection”).
  - (16) In [section 5-1.9.11](/cfr/29/5-1.9.11.md) (“Miscellaneous equipment”), paragraphs [(a)](#a), [(c)](#c), [(e)](#e), and (f).
- (c) **Prototype testing—** mobile (including crawler and truck) and locomotive cranes manufactured on or after November 8, 2010 must meet the prototype testing requirements in Test Option A or Test Option B of this section. Tower cranes manufactured on or after November 8, 2010 must meet the prototype testing requirements in BS EN 14439:2006 (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)).
  - (1) **Test Option A.**
    - (i) The following applies to equipment with cantilevered booms (such as hydraulic boom cranes): All the tests listed in SAE J1063 (Nov. 1993) Table 1 (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)) must be performed to load all critical structural elements to their respective limits. All the strength margins listed in SAE J1063 (Nov. 1993) Table 2 (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)) must be met.
    - (ii) The following applies to equipment with pendant supported lattice booms: All the tests listed in SAE J987 (Jun. 2003) Table 1 (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)) must be performed to load all critical structural elements to their respective limits. All the strength margins listed in SAE J987 (Jun. 2003) Table 2 (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)) must be met.
  - (2) **Test Option B.** The testing and verification requirements of BS EN 13000:2004 (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)) must be met. In applying BS EN 13000:2004, the following additional requirements must be met:
    - (i) The following applies to equipment with cantilevered booms (such as hydraulic boom cranes): The analysis methodology (computer modeling) must demonstrate that all load cases listed in SAE J1063 (Nov. 1993) (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)) meet the strength margins listed in SAE J1063 (Nov. 1993) Table 2.
    - (ii) The following applies to equipment with pendant supported lattice booms: The analysis methodology (computer modeling) must demonstrate that all load cases listed in SAE J987 (Jun. 2003) (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)) meet the strength margins listed in SAE J987 (Jun. 2003) Table 2.
    - (iii) **Analysis verification.** The physical testing requirements under SAE J1063 (Nov. 1993) (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)) and SAE J987 (Jun. 2003) (incorporated by reference, see [§ 1926.6](/cfr/29/1926.6.md)) must be met unless the reliability of the analysis methodology (computer modeling) has been demonstrated by a documented history of verification through strain gauge measuring or strain gauge measuring in combination with other physical testing.
- (d) All equipment covered by this subpart must meet the following requirements:
  - (1) **Rated capacity and related information.** The information available in the cab (see [§ 1926.1417(c)](/cfr/29/1926.1417.md?p=c)) regarding “rated capacity” and related information must include, at a minimum, the following information:
    - (i) **A complete range of the manufacturer's equipment rated capacities, as follows—**
      - (A) At all manufacturer approved operating radii, boom angles, work areas, boom lengths and configurations, jib lengths and angles (or offset).
      - (B) Alternate ratings for use and nonuse of option equipment which affects rated capacities, such as outriggers, stabilizers, and extra counterweights.
    - (ii) **A work area chart for which capacities are listed in the load chart.** (Note: An example of this type of chart is in ASME B30.5-2004, [section 5-1.1.3](/cfr/29/5-1.1.3.md), Figure 11).
    - (iii) The work area figure and load chart must clearly indicate the areas where no load is to be handled.
    - (iv) Recommended reeving for the hoist lines must be shown.
    - (v) **Recommended parts of hoist reeving, size, and type of wire rope for various equipment loads.**
    - (vi) **Recommended boom hoist reeving diagram, where applicable; size, type and length of wire rope.**
    - (vii) **Tire pressure (where applicable).**
    - (viii) Caution or warnings relative to limitations on equipment and operating procedures, including an indication of the least stable direction.
    - (ix) **Position of the gantry and requirements for intermediate boom suspension (where applicable).**
    - (x) Instructions for boom erection and conditions under which the boom, or boom and jib combinations, may be raised or lowered.
    - (xi) Whether the hoist holding mechanism is automatically or manually controlled, whether free fall is available, or any combination of these.
    - (xii) **The maximum telescopic travel length of each boom telescopic section.**
    - (xiii) **Whether sections are telescoped manually or with power.**
    - (xiv) **The sequence and procedure for extending and retracting the telescopic boom section.**
    - (xv) **Maximum loads permitted during the boom extending operation, and any limiting conditions or cautions.**
    - (xvi) **Hydraulic relief valve settings specified by the manufacturer.**
  - (2) Load hooks (including latched and unlatched types), ball assemblies and load blocks must be of sufficient weight to overhaul the line from the highest hook position for boom or boom and jib lengths and the number of parts of the line in use.
  - (3) Hook and ball assemblies and load blocks must be marked with their rated capacity and weight.
  - (4) **Latching hooks.**
    - (i) Hooks must be equipped with latches, except where the requirements of [paragraph (d)(4)(ii)](#d-4-ii) of this section are met.
    - (ii) Hooks without latches, or with latches removed or disabled, must not be used unless:
      - (A) A qualified person has determined that it is safer to hoist and place the load without latches (or with the latches removed/tied-back).
      - (B) Routes for the loads are pre-planned to ensure that no employee is required to work in the fall zone except for employees necessary for the hooking or unhooking of the load.
    - (iii) The latch must close the throat opening and be designed to retain slings or other lifting devices/accessories in the hook when the rigging apparatus is slack.
  - (5) **Posted warnings.** Posted warnings required by this subpart as well as those originally supplied with the equipment by the manufacturer must be maintained in legible condition.
  - (6) An accessible fire extinguisher must be on the equipment.
  - (7) **Cabs.** Equipment with cabs must meet the following requirements:
    - (i) Cabs must be designed with a form of adjustable ventilation and method for clearing the windshield for maintaining visibility and air circulation. Examples of means for adjustable ventilation include air conditioner or window that can be opened (for ventilation and air circulation); examples of means for maintaining visibility include heater (for preventing windshield icing), defroster, fan, windshield wiper.
    - (ii) Cab doors (swinging, sliding) must be designed to prevent inadvertent opening or closing while traveling or operating the machine. Swinging doors adjacent to the operator must open outward. Sliding operator doors must open rearward.
    - (iii) **Windows.**
      - (A) The cab must have windows in front and on both sides of the operator. Forward vertical visibility must be sufficient to give the operator a view of the boom point at all times.
      - (B) Windows may have sections designed to be opened or readily removed. Windows with sections designed to be opened must be designed so that they can be secured to prevent inadvertent closure.
      - (C) Windows must be of safety glass or material with similar optical and safety properties, that introduce no visible distortion or otherwise obscure visibility that interferes with the safe operation of the equipment.
    - (iv) A clear passageway must be provided from the operator's station to an exit door on the operator's side.
    - (v) Areas of the cab roof that serve as a workstation for rigging, maintenance or other equipment-related tasks must be capable of supporting 250 pounds without permanent distortion.
  - (8) Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, and other parts or components that reciprocate, rotate or otherwise move must be guarded where contact by employees (except for maintenance and repair employees) is possible in the performance of normal duties.
  - (9) All exhaust pipes, turbochargers, and charge air coolers must be insulated or guarded where contact by employees (except for maintenance and repair employees) is possible in the performance of normal duties.
  - (10) Hydraulic and pneumatic lines must be protected from damage to the extent feasible.
  - (11) The equipment must be designed so that exhaust fumes are not discharged in the cab and are discharged in a direction away from the operator.
  - (12) **Friction mechanisms.** Where friction mechanisms (such as brakes and clutches) are used to control the boom hoist or load line hoist, they must be:
    - (i) Of a size and thermal capacity sufficient to control all rated loads with the minimum recommended reeving.
    - (ii) **Adjustable to permit compensation for lining wear to maintain proper operation.**
  - (13) **Hydraulic load hoists.** Hydraulic drums must have an integrally mounted holding device or internal static brake to prevent load hoist movement in the event of hydraulic failure.
- (e) The employer's obligations under paragraphs [(a) through (c)](#a..c) and [(d)(7) through (13)](#d-7..d-13) of this section are met where the equipment has not changed (except in accordance with [§ 1926.1434](/cfr/29/1926.1434.md) (Equipment modifications)) and it can refer to documentation from the manufacturer showing that the equipment has been designed, constructed and tested in accordance with those paragraphs.

# §1926.1434. Equipment modifications.

- (a) Modifications or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of the equipment are prohibited except where the requirements of paragraphs [(a)(1)](#a-1), [(a)(2)](#a-2), [(a)(3)](#a-3), [(a)(4)](#a-4), or [(a)(5)](#a-5) of this section are met.
  - (1) **Manufacturer review and approval.**
    - (i) **The manufacturer approves the modifications/additions in writing.**
    - (ii) The load charts, procedures, instruction manuals and instruction plates/tags/decals are modified as necessary to accord with the modification/addition.
    - (iii) **The original safety factor of the equipment is not reduced.**
  - (2) **Manufacturer refusal to review request.** The manufacturer is provided a detailed description of the proposed modification/addition, is asked to approve the modification/addition, but it declines to review the technical merits of the proposal or fails, within 30 days, to acknowledge the request or initiate the review, and all of the following are met:
    - (i) **A registered professional engineer who is a qualified person with respect to the equipment involved—**
      - (A) Approves the modification/addition and specifies the equipment configurations to which that approval applies, and
      - (B) Modifies load charts, procedures, instruction manuals and instruction plates/tags/decals as necessary to accord with the modification/addition.
    - (ii) **The original safety factor of the equipment is not reduced.**
  - (3) **Unavailable manufacturer.** The manufacturer is unavailable and the requirements of paragraphs [(a)(2)(i)](#a-2-i) and [(ii)](#a-2-ii) of this section are met.
  - (4) **Manufacturer does not complete the review within 120 days of the request.** The manufacturer is provided a detailed description of the proposed modification/addition, is asked to approve the modification/addition, agrees to review the technical merits of the proposal, but fails to complete the review of the proposal within 120 days of the date it was provided the detailed description of the proposed modification/addition, and the requirements of paragraphs [(a)(2)(i)](#a-2-i) and [(ii)](#a-2-ii) of this section are met.
  - (5) **Multiple manufacturers of equipment designed for use on marine work sites.** The equipment is designed for marine work sites, contains major structural components from more than one manufacturer, and the requirements of paragraphs [(a)(2)(i)](#a-2-i) and [(ii)](#a-2-ii) of this section are met.
- (b) Modifications or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of the equipment are prohibited where the manufacturer, after a review of the technical safety merits of the proposed modification/addition, rejects the proposal and explains the reasons for the rejection in a written response. If the manufacturer rejects the proposal but does not explain the reasons for the rejection in writing, the employer may treat this as a manufacturer refusal to review the request under [paragraph (a)(2)](#a-2) of this section.
- (c) The provisions in paragraphs [(a)](#a) and [(b)](#b) of this section do not apply to modifications made or approved by the U.S. military.