--- kind: "range" citation: "14 C.F.R. §§ 91.1089–91.1095" title: "14" from: "91.1089" to: "91.1095" count: 4 url: "https://uscodex.org/cfr/14/91.1089..91.1095" --- # §91.1089. Qualifications: Check pilots (aircraft) and check pilots (simulator). - (a) For the purposes of this section and [§ 91.1093](/cfr/14/91.1093.md): - (1) A check pilot (aircraft) is a person who is qualified to conduct flight checks in an aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device for a particular type aircraft. - (2) A check pilot (simulator) is a person who is qualified to conduct flight checks, but only in a flight simulator, in a flight training device, or both, for a particular type aircraft. - (3) Check pilots (aircraft) and check pilots (simulator) are those check pilots who perform the functions described in § [91.1073(a)(4)](/cfr/14/91.1073.md?p=a-4) and [(c)](/cfr/14/91.1073.md?p=a-c). - (b) No program manager may use a person, nor may any person serve as a check pilot (aircraft) in a training program established under this subpart unless, with respect to the aircraft type involved, that person— - (1) Holds the pilot certificates and ratings required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart; - (2) Has satisfactorily completed the training phases for the aircraft, including recurrent training, that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart; - (3) Has satisfactorily completed the proficiency or competency checks that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart; - (4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable training requirements of [§ 91.1093](/cfr/14/91.1093.md); - (5) Holds at least a Class III medical certificate unless serving as a required crewmember, in which case holds a Class I or Class II medical certificate as appropriate; and - (6) **Has been approved by the Administrator for the check pilot duties involved.** - (c) No program manager may use a person, nor may any person serve as a check pilot (simulator) in a training program established under this subpart unless, with respect to the aircraft type involved, that person meets the provisions of [paragraph (b)](#b) of this section, or— - (1) Holds the applicable pilot certificates and ratings, except medical certificate, required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart; - (2) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft, including recurrent training, that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart; - (3) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate proficiency or competency checks that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart; - (4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable training requirements of [§ 91.1093](/cfr/14/91.1093.md); and - (5) **Has been approved by the Administrator for the check pilot (simulator) duties involved.** - (d) Completion of the requirements in paragraphs [(b)(2)](#b-2), [(3)](#b-3), and [(4)](#b-4) or [(c)(2)](#c-2), [(3)](#c-3), and [(4)](#c-4) of this section, as applicable, must be entered in the individual's training record maintained by the program manager. - (e) A check pilot who does not hold an appropriate medical certificate may function as a check pilot (simulator), but may not serve as a flightcrew member in operations under this subpart. - (f) A check pilot (simulator) must accomplish the following— - (1) Fly at least two flight segments as a required crewmember for the type, class, or category aircraft involved within the 12-month period preceding the performance of any check pilot duty in a flight simulator; or - (2) Before performing any check pilot duty in a flight simulator, satisfactorily complete an approved line-observation program within the period prescribed by that program. - (g) The flight segments or line-observation program required in [paragraph (f)](#f) of this section are considered to be completed in the month required if completed in the month before or the month after the month in which they are due. # §91.1091. Qualifications: Flight instructors (aircraft) and flight instructors (simulator). - (a) For the purposes of this section and [§ 91.1095](/cfr/14/91.1095.md): - (1) A flight instructor (aircraft) is a person who is qualified to instruct in an aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device for a particular type, class, or category aircraft. - (2) A flight instructor (simulator) is a person who is qualified to instruct in a flight simulator, in a flight training device, or in both, for a particular type, class, or category aircraft. - (3) Flight instructors (aircraft) and flight instructors (simulator) are those instructors who perform the functions described in § [91.1073(a)(4)](/cfr/14/91.1073.md?p=a-4) and [(c)](/cfr/14/91.1073.md?p=a-c). - (b) No program manager may use a person, nor may any person serve as a flight instructor (aircraft) in a training program established under this subpart unless, with respect to the type, class, or category aircraft involved, that person— - (1) Holds the pilot certificates and ratings required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart or part [121](/cfr/14/part121.md) or [135](/cfr/14/part135.md) of this chapter; - (2) Has satisfactorily completed the training phases for the aircraft, including recurrent training, that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart; - (3) Has satisfactorily completed the proficiency or competency checks that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart; - (4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable training requirements of [§ 91.1095](/cfr/14/91.1095.md); and - (5) **Holds at least a Class III medical certificate.** - (c) No program manager may use a person, nor may any person serve as a flight instructor (simulator) in a training program established under this subpart, unless, with respect to the type, class, or category aircraft involved, that person meets the provisions of [paragraph (b)](#b) of this section, or— - (1) Holds the pilot certificates and ratings, except medical certificate, required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart or part [121](/cfr/14/part121.md) or [135](/cfr/14/part135.md) of this chapter; - (2) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate training phases for the aircraft, including recurrent training, that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart; - (3) Has satisfactorily completed the appropriate proficiency or competency checks that are required to serve as a pilot in command in operations under this subpart; and - (4) Has satisfactorily completed the applicable training requirements of [§ 91.1095](/cfr/14/91.1095.md). - (d) Completion of the requirements in paragraphs [(b)(2)](#b-2), [(3)](#b-3), and [(4)](#b-4) or [(c)(2)](#c-2), [(3)](#c-3), and [(4)](#c-4) of this section, as applicable, must be entered in the individual's training record maintained by the program manager. - (e) A pilot who does not hold a medical certificate may function as a flight instructor in an aircraft if functioning as a non-required crewmember, but may not serve as a flightcrew member in operations under this subpart. - (f) A flight instructor (simulator) must accomplish the following— - (1) Fly at least two flight segments as a required crewmember for the type, class, or category aircraft involved within the 12-month period preceding the performance of any flight instructor duty in a flight simulator; or - (2) Satisfactorily complete an approved line-observation program within the period prescribed by that program preceding the performance of any flight instructor duty in a flight simulator. - (g) The flight segments or line-observation program required in [paragraph (f)](#f) of this section are considered completed in the month required if completed in the month before, or in the month after, the month in which they are due. # §91.1093. Initial and transition training and checking: Check pilots (aircraft), check pilots (simulator). - (a) No program manager may use a person nor may any person serve as a check pilot unless— - (1) That person has satisfactorily completed initial or transition check pilot training; and - (2) Within the preceding 24 months, that person satisfactorily conducts a proficiency or competency check under the observation of an FAA inspector or an aircrew designated examiner employed by the program manager. The observation check may be accomplished in part or in full in an aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device. - (b) The observation check required by [paragraph (a)(2)](#a-2) of this section is considered to have been completed in the month required if completed in the month before or the month after the month in which it is due. - (c) The initial ground training for check pilots must include the following: - (1) **Check pilot duties, functions, and responsibilities.** - (2) The applicable provisions of the Code of Federal Regulations and the program manager's policies and procedures. - (3) **The applicable methods, procedures, and techniques for conducting the required checks.** - (4) **Proper evaluation of student performance including the detection of—** - (i) Improper and insufficient training; and - (ii) **Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect safety.** - (5) **The corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory checks.** - (6) The approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft. - (d) The transition ground training for a check pilot must include the approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the aircraft to which the check pilot is in transition. - (e) The initial and transition flight training for a check pilot (aircraft) must include the following— - (1) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop during a check; - (2) The potential results of improper, untimely, or nonexecution of safety measures during a check; - (3) Training and practice in conducting flight checks from the left and right pilot seats in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct the pilot flight checks required by this subpart; and - (4) The safety measures to be taken from either pilot seat for emergency situations that are likely to develop during checking. - (f) The requirements of [paragraph (e)](#e) of this section may be accomplished in full or in part in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device, as appropriate. - (g) The initial and transition flight training for a check pilot (simulator) must include the following: - (1) Training and practice in conducting flight checks in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct the flight checks required by this subpart. This training and practice must be accomplished in a flight simulator or in a flight training device. - (2) Training in the operation of flight simulators, flight training devices, or both, to ensure competence to conduct the flight checks required by this subpart. # §91.1095. Initial and transition training and checking: Flight instructors (aircraft), flight instructors (simulator). - (a) No program manager may use a person nor may any person serve as a flight instructor unless— - (1) That person has satisfactorily completed initial or transition flight instructor training; and - (2) Within the preceding 24 months, that person satisfactorily conducts instruction under the observation of an FAA inspector, a program manager check pilot, or an aircrew designated examiner employed by the program manager. The observation check may be accomplished in part or in full in an aircraft, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device. - (b) The observation check required by [paragraph (a)(2)](#a-2) of this section is considered to have been completed in the month required if completed in the month before, or the month after, the month in which it is due. - (c) The initial ground training for flight instructors must include the following: - (1) **Flight instructor duties, functions, and responsibilities.** - (2) **The applicable Code of Federal Regulations and the program manager's policies and procedures.** - (3) **The applicable methods, procedures, and techniques for conducting flight instruction.** - (4) **Proper evaluation of student performance including the detection of—** - (i) Improper and insufficient training; and - (ii) **Personal characteristics of an applicant that could adversely affect safety.** - (5) **The corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory training progress.** - (6) The approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in the aircraft. - (7) **Except for holders of a flight instructor certificate—** - (i) The fundamental principles of the teaching-learning process; - (ii) Teaching methods and procedures; and - (iii) **The instructor-student relationship.** - (d) The transition ground training for flight instructors must include the approved methods, procedures, and limitations for performing the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures applicable to the type, class, or category aircraft to which the flight instructor is in transition. - (e) The initial and transition flight training for flight instructors (aircraft) must include the following— - (1) The safety measures for emergency situations that are likely to develop during instruction; - (2) The potential results of improper or untimely safety measures during instruction; - (3) Training and practice from the left and right pilot seats in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency maneuvers to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this subpart; and - (4) The safety measures to be taken from either the left or right pilot seat for emergency situations that are likely to develop during instruction. - (f) The requirements of [paragraph (e)](#e) of this section may be accomplished in full or in part in flight, in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device, as appropriate. - (g) The initial and transition flight training for a flight instructor (simulator) must include the following: - (1) Training and practice in the required normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this subpart. These maneuvers and procedures must be accomplished in full or in part in a flight simulator or in a flight training device. - (2) Training in the operation of flight simulators, flight training devices, or both, to ensure competence to conduct the flight instruction required by this subpart.