---
kind: "section"
citation: "14 C.F.R. § 61.185"
title: "14"
number: "61.185"
heading: "Aeronautical knowledge."
url: "https://uscodex.org/cfr/14/61.185"
---

# §61.185. Aeronautical knowledge.

- (a) A person who is applying for a flight instructor certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on:
  - (1) **Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the fundamentals of instructing, including—**
    - (i) The learning process;
    - (ii) Elements of effective teaching;
    - (iii) Student evaluation and testing;
    - (iv) Course development;
    - (v) Lesson planning; and
    - (vi) **Classroom training techniques.**
  - (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas for a recreational, private, and commercial pilot certificate applicable to the aircraft category for which flight instructor privileges are sought; and
  - (3) The aeronautical knowledge areas for the instrument rating applicable to the category for which instrument flight instructor privileges are sought.
- (b) **The following applicants do not need to comply with paragraph (a)(1) of this section—**
  - (1) The holder of a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part;
  - (2) The holder of a current teacher's certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or
  - (3) **A person employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university.**

## Notes

### Amendments

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997]

### Authority

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-44711, 44729, 44903, 45102-45103, 45301-45302.

### Source

Source: Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, unless otherwise noted.

### Amendments

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997]