---
kind: "range"
citation: "14 C.F.R. §§ 25.1541–25.1587"
title: "14"
from: "25.1541"
to: "25.1587"
count: 15
url: "https://uscodex.org/cfr/14/25.1541..25.1587"
---

# §25.1541. General.

- (a) The airplane must contain—
  - (1) The specified markings and placards; and
  - (2) Any additional information, instrument markings, and placards required for the safe operation if there are unusual design, operating, or handling characteristics.
- (b) **Each marking and placard prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section—**
  - (1) Must be displayed in a conspicuous place; and
  - (2) **May not be easily erased, disfigured, or obscured.**

# §25.1543. Instrument markings: general.


For each instrument—

- (a) When markings are on the cover glass of the instrument, there must be means to maintain the correct alignment of the glass cover with the face of the dial; and
- (b) Each instrument marking must be clearly visible to the appropriate crewmember.

# §25.1545. Airspeed limitation information.


The airspeed limitations required by [§ 25.1583 (a)](/cfr/14/25.1583.md?p=a) must be easily read and understood by the flight crew.


# §25.1547. Magnetic direction indicator.

- (a) A placard meeting the requirements of this section must be installed on, or near, the magnetic direction indicator.
- (b) The placard must show the calibration of the instrument in level flight with the engines operating.
- (c) The placard must state whether the calibration was made with radio receivers on or off.
- (d) Each calibration reading must be in terms of magnetic heading in not more than 45 degree increments.

# §25.1549. Powerplant and auxiliary power unit instruments.


For each required powerplant and auxiliary power unit instrument, as appropriate to the type of instrument—

- (a) Each maximum and, if applicable, minimum safe operating limit must be marked with a red radial or a red line;
- (b) Each normal operating range must be marked with a green arc or green line, not extending beyond the maximum and minimum safe limits;
- (c) Each takeoff and precautionary range must be marked with a yellow arc or a yellow line; and
- (d) Each engine, auxiliary power unit, or propeller speed range that is restricted because of excessive vibration stresses must be marked with red arcs or red lines.

# §25.1551. Oil quantity indication.


Each oil quantity indicating means must be marked to indicate the quantity of oil readily and accurately.


# §25.1553. Fuel quantity indicator.


If the unusable fuel supply for any tank exceeds one gallon, or five percent of the tank capacity, whichever is greater, a red arc must be marked on its indicator extending from the calibrated zero reading to the lowest reading obtainable in level flight.


# §25.1555. Control markings.

- (a) Each cockpit control, other than primary flight controls and controls whose function is obvious, must be plainly marked as to its function and method of operation.
- (b) Each aerodynamic control must be marked under the requirements of §§ [25.677](/cfr/14/25.677.md) and [25.699](/cfr/14/25.699.md).
- (c) **For powerplant fuel controls—**
  - (1) Each fuel tank selector control must be marked to indicate the position corresponding to each tank and to each existing cross feed position;
  - (2) If safe operation requires the use of any tanks in a specific sequence, that sequence must be marked on, or adjacent to, the selector for those tanks; and
  - (3) Each valve control for each engine must be marked to indicate the position corresponding to each engine controlled.
- (d) **For accessory, auxiliary, and emergency controls—**
  - (1) Each emergency control (including each fuel jettisoning and fluid shutoff must be colored red; and
  - (2) Each visual indicator required by [§ 25.729(e)](/cfr/14/25.729.md?p=e) must be marked so that the pilot can determine at any time when the wheels are locked in either extreme position, if retractable landing gear is used.

# §25.1557. Miscellaneous markings and placards.

- (a) **Baggage and cargo compartments and ballast location.** Each baggage and cargo compartment, and each ballast location must have a placard stating any limitations on contents, including weight, that are necessary under the loading requirements. However, underseat compartments designed for the storage of carry-on articles weighing not more than 20 pounds need not have a loading limitation placard.
- (b) **Powerplant fluid filler openings.** The following apply:
  - (1) Fuel filler openings must be marked at or near the filler cover with—
    - (i) The word “fuel”;
    - (ii) For reciprocating engine powered airplanes, the minimum fuel grade;
    - (iii) For turbine engine powered airplanes, the permissible fuel designations; and
    - (iv) For pressure fueling systems, the maximum permissible fueling supply pressure and the maximum permissible defueling pressure.
  - (2) Oil filler openings must be marked at or near the filler cover with the word “oil”.
  - (3) Augmentation fluid filler openings must be marked at or near the filler cover to identify the required fluid.
- (c) **Emergency exit placards.** Each emergency exit placard must meet the requirements of [§ 25.811](/cfr/14/25.811.md).
- (d) **Doors.** Each door that must be used in order to reach any required emergency exit must have a suitable placard stating that the door is to be latched in the open position during takeoff and landing.

# §25.1561. Safety equipment.

- (a) Each safety equipment control to be operated by the crew in emergency, such as controls for automatic liferaft releases, must be plainly marked as to its method of operation.
- (b) Each location, such as a locker or compartment, that carries any fire extinguishing, signaling, or other life saving equipment must be marked accordingly.
- (c) Stowage provisions for required emergency equipment must be conspicuously marked to identify the contents and facilitate the easy removal of the equipment.
- (d) Each liferaft must have obviously marked operating instructions.
- (e) Approved survival equipment must be marked for identification and method of operation.

# §25.1563. Airspeed placard.


A placard showing the maximum airspeeds for flap extension for the takeoff, approach, and landing positions must be installed in clear view of each pilot.


# §25.1581. General.

- (a) **Furnishing information.** An Airplane Flight Manual must be furnished with each airplane, and it must contain the following:
  - (1) Information required by [§§ 25.1583 through 25.1587](/cfr/14/25.1583..25.1587.md).
  - (2) Other information that is necessary for safe operation because of design, operating, or handling characteristics.
  - (3) Any limitation, procedure, or other information established as a condition of compliance with the applicable noise standards of [part 36](/cfr/14/part36.md) of this chapter.
- (b) **Approved information.** Each part of the manual listed in [§§ 25.1583 through 25.1587](/cfr/14/25.1583..25.1587.md), that is appropriate to the airplane, must be furnished, verified, and approved, and must be segregated, identified, and clearly distinguished from each unapproved part of that manual.
- (c) [Reserved]
- (d) Each Airplane Flight Manual must include a table of contents if the complexity of the manual indicates a need for it.

# §25.1583. Operating limitations.

- (a) **Airspeed limitations.** The following airspeed limitations and any other airspeed limitations necessary for safe operation must be furnished:
  - (1) The maximum operating limit speed VMO/MMO and a statement that this speed limit may not be deliberately exceeded in any regime of flight (climb, cruise, or descent) unless a higher speed is authorized for flight test or pilot training.
  - (2) If an airspeed limitation is based upon compressibility effects, a statement to this effect and information as to any symptoms, the probable behavior of the airplane, and the recommended recovery procedures.
  - (3) The maneuvering speed established under [§ 25.1507](/cfr/14/25.1507.md) and statements, as applicable to the particular design, explaining that:
    - (i) Full application of pitch, roll, or yaw controls should be confined to speeds below the maneuvering speed; and
    - (ii) Rapid and large alternating control inputs, especially in combination with large changes in pitch, roll, or yaw, and full control inputs in more than one axis at the same time, should be avoided as they may result in structural failures at any speed, including below the maneuvering speed.
  - (4) **The flap extended speed <I>V</I><I>FE</I> and the pertinent flap positions and engine powers.**
  - (5) The landing gear operating speed or speeds, and a statement explaining the speeds as defined in [§ 25.1515(a)](/cfr/14/25.1515.md?p=a).
  - (6) The landing gear extended speed VLE, if greater than VLO, and a statement that this is the maximum speed at which the airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended.
- (b) **Powerplant limitations.** The following information must be furnished:
  - (1) Limitations required by [§ 25.1521](/cfr/14/25.1521.md) and [§ 25.1522](/cfr/14/25.1522.md).
  - (2) **Explanation of the limitations, when appropriate.**
  - (3) Information necessary for marking the instruments required by [§§ 25.1549 through 25.1553](/cfr/14/25.1549..25.1553.md).
- (c) **Weight and loading distribution.** The weight and center of gravity limitations established under [§ 25.1519](/cfr/14/25.1519.md) must be furnished in the Airplane Flight Manual. All of the following information, including the weight distribution limitations established under [§ 25.1519](/cfr/14/25.1519.md), must be presented either in the Airplane Flight Manual or in a separate weight and balance control and loading document that is incorporated by reference in the Airplane Flight Manual:
  - (1) The condition of the airplane and the items included in the empty weight as defined in accordance with [§ 25.29](/cfr/14/25.29.md).
  - (2) Loading instructions necessary to ensure loading of the airplane within the weight and center of gravity limits, and to maintain the loading within these limits in flight.
  - (3) If certification for more than one center of gravity range is requested, the appropriate limitations, with regard to weight and loading procedures, for each separate center of gravity range.
- (d) **Flight crew.** The number and functions of the minimum flight crew determined under [§ 25.1523](/cfr/14/25.1523.md) must be furnished.
- (e) **Kinds of operation.** The kinds of operation approved under [§ 25.1525](/cfr/14/25.1525.md) must be furnished.
- (f) **Ambient air temperatures and operating altitudes.** The extremes of the ambient air temperatures and operating altitudes established under [§ 25.1527](/cfr/14/25.1527.md) must be furnished.
- (g) [Reserved]
- (h) **Additional operating limitations.** The operating limitations established under [§ 25.1533](/cfr/14/25.1533.md) must be furnished.
- (i) **Maneuvering flight load factors.** The positive maneuvering limit load factors for which the structure is proven, described in terms of accelerations, must be furnished.

# §25.1585. Operating procedures.

- (a) Operating procedures must be furnished for—
  - (1) Normal procedures peculiar to the particular type or model encountered in connection with routine operations;
  - (2) Non-normal procedures for malfunction cases and failure conditions involving the use of special systems or the alternative use of regular systems; and
  - (3) Emergency procedures for foreseeable but unusual situations in which immediate and precise action by the crew may be expected to substantially reduce the risk of catastrophe.
- (b) Information or procedures not directly related to airworthiness or not under the control of the crew, must not be included, nor must any procedure that is accepted as basic airmanship.
- (c) Information identifying each operating condition in which the fuel system independence prescribed in [§ 25.953](/cfr/14/25.953.md) is necessary for safety must be furnished, together with instructions for placing the fuel system in a configuration used to show compliance with that section.
- (d) The buffet onset envelopes, determined under [§ 25.251](/cfr/14/25.251.md) must be furnished. The buffet onset envelopes presented may reflect the center of gravity at which the airplane is normally loaded during cruise if corrections for the effect of different center of gravity locations are furnished.
- (e) Information must be furnished that indicates that when the fuel quantity indicator reads “zero” in level flight, any fuel remaining in the fuel tank cannot be used safely in flight.
- (f) Information on the total quantity of usable fuel for each fuel tank must be furnished.

# §25.1587. Performance information.

- (a) Each Airplane Flight Manual must contain information to permit conversion of the indicated temperature to free air temperature if other than a free air temperature indicator is used to comply with the requirements of [§ 25.1303(a)(1)](/cfr/14/25.1303.md?p=a-1).
- (b) Each Airplane Flight Manual must contain the performance information computed under the applicable provisions of this part (including §§ [25.115](/cfr/14/25.115.md), [25.123](/cfr/14/25.123.md), and [25.125](/cfr/14/25.125.md) for the weights, altitudes, temperatures, wind components, and runway gradients, as applicable) within the operational limits of the airplane, and must contain the following:
  - (1) In each case, the conditions of power, configuration, and speeds, and the procedures for handling the airplane and any system having a significant effect on the performance information.
  - (2) VSR determined in accordance with [§ 25.103](/cfr/14/25.103.md).
  - (3) The following performance information (determined by extrapolation and computed for the range of weights between the maximum landing weight and the maximum takeoff weight):
    - (i) **Climb in the landing configuration.**
    - (ii) **Climb in the approach configuration.**
    - (iii) **Landing distance.**
  - (4) Procedures established under § [25.101(f)](/cfr/14/25.101.md?p=f) and [(g)](/cfr/14/25.101.md?p=g) that are related to the limitations and information required by [§ 25.1533](/cfr/14/25.1533.md) and by this [paragraph (b)](#b) in the form of guidance material, including any relevant limitations or information.
  - (5) **An explanation of significant or unusual flight or ground handling characteristics of the airplane.**
  - (6) **Corrections to indicated values of airspeed, altitude, and outside air temperature.**
  - (7) An explanation of operational landing runway length factors included in the presentation of the landing distance, if appropriate.